1
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Coulleray J, Kindler A, Rima M, Cahuzac H, Rochel N, Chaubet G, Krezel W, Wagner A. Retinoids Molecular Probes by Late-stage Azide Insertion - Functional Tools to Decrypt Retinoid Metabolism. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300689. [PMID: 39092796 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Studying the complex and intricate retinoids metabolic pathways by chemical biology approaches requires design and synthesis of biologically functional molecular probes. Only few of such molecular retinoid probes could be found in literature, most of them bearing a molecular structure quite different from natural retinoids. To provide close-to-native retinoid probes, we have developed a versatile late-stage method for the insertion of azide function at the C4 position of several retinoids. This one-step process opens straightforward access to different retinoid and carotenoid probes from commercially available precursors. We have further demonstrated that the different molecular probes retain ability of the original compound to activate genes' transcription, despite azide insertion, highlighting biological activities that were further validated in zebrafish in vivo model. The present work paves the way to future studies on vitamin A's metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Coulleray
- Bio-Functional Chemistry, Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67400, Illkirch-Graffenstaden
| | - Alexia Kindler
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7104, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U 1258, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch-Graffenstaden
| | - Mohamad Rima
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7104, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U 1258, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch-Graffenstaden
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos, P.O. Box 36, Lebanon
| | - Héloïse Cahuzac
- Bio-Functional Chemistry, Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67400, Illkirch-Graffenstaden
| | - Natacha Rochel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7104, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U 1258, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch-Graffenstaden
| | - Guilhem Chaubet
- Bio-Functional Chemistry, Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67400, Illkirch-Graffenstaden
| | - Wojciech Krezel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7104, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U 1258, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch-Graffenstaden
| | - Alain Wagner
- Bio-Functional Chemistry, Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67400, Illkirch-Graffenstaden
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2
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Bu YJ, Tijaro-Bulla S, Cui H, Nitz M. Oxidation-Controlled, Strain-Promoted Tellurophene-Alkyne Cycloaddition (OSTAC): A Bioorthogonal Tellurophene-Dependent Conjugation Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:26161-26177. [PMID: 39259935 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Tellurophene-bearing small molecules have emerged as valuable tools for localizing cellular activities in vivo using mass cytometry. To broaden the utility of tellurophenes in chemical biology, we have developed a bioorthogonal reaction to facilitate tagging of tellurophene-bearing conjugates for downstream applications. Using TePhe, a tellurophene-based phenylalanine analogue, labeled recombinant proteins were generated for reaction development. Using these proteins, we demonstrate an oxidation-controlled, strain-promoted tellurophene-alkyne cycloaddition (OSTAC) reaction. Mild oxidation of the tellurophene ring with N-chlorosuccinimide produces a reactive Te(IV) species which undergoes rapid (k > 100 M-1 s-1) cycloaddition with bicyclo[6.1.0]nonyne (BCN) yielding a benzo-fused cyclooctane. Selective labeling of TePhe-containing proteins can be achieved in complex protein mixtures and on fixed cells. OSTAC reactions can be combined with strain-promoted azide alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) and copper-catalyzed azide alkyne click (CuAAC) reactions. Demonstrating the versatility of this approach, we observe the expected staining patterns for 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (DNA synthesis-CuAAC) and immunohistochemistry targets in combination with TePhe (protein synthesis-OSTAC) in fixed cells. The favorable properties of the OSTAC reaction suggest its broad applicability in chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jia Bu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | | | - Haissi Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Mark Nitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
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3
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Beutick SE, Yu S, Orian L, Bickelhaupt FM, Hamlin TA. Retro-Cope elimination of cyclic alkynes: reactivity trends and rational design of next-generation bioorthogonal reagents. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc04211e. [PMID: 39239482 PMCID: PMC11369967 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc04211e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The retro-Cope elimination reaction between dimethylhydroxylamine (DMHA) and various cyclic alkynes has been quantum chemically explored using DFT at ZORA-BP86/TZ2P. The purpose of this study is to understand the role of the following three unique activation modes on the overall reactivity, that is (i) additional cycloalkyne predistortion via fused cycles, (ii) exocyclic heteroatom substitution on the cycloalkyne, and (iii) endocyclic heteroatom substitution on the cycloalkyne. Trends in reactivity are analyzed and explained by using the activation strain model (ASM) of chemical reactivity. Based on our newly formulated design principles, we constructed a priori a suite of novel bioorthogonal reagents that are highly reactive towards the retro-Cope elimination reaction with DMHA. Our findings offer valuable insights into the design principles for highly reactive bioorthogonal reagents in chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Beutick
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1108 Amsterdam 1081 HZ The Netherlands
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova Via Marzolo 1 Padova 35129 Italy
| | - Song Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1108 Amsterdam 1081 HZ The Netherlands
| | - Laura Orian
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova Via Marzolo 1 Padova 35129 Italy
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1108 Amsterdam 1081 HZ The Netherlands
- Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 Nijmegen 6525 AJ The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg Auckland Park Johannesburg 2006 South Africa
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1108 Amsterdam 1081 HZ The Netherlands
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4
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Ghosh C, Popella L, Dhamodharan V, Jung J, Dietzsch J, Barquist L, Höbartner C, Vogel J. A comparative analysis of peptide-delivered antisense antibiotics using diverse nucleotide mimics. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 30:624-643. [PMID: 38413166 PMCID: PMC11098465 DOI: 10.1261/rna.079969.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Antisense oligomer (ASO)-based antibiotics that target mRNAs of essential bacterial genes have great potential for counteracting antimicrobial resistance and for precision microbiome editing. To date, the development of such antisense antibiotics has primarily focused on using phosphorodiamidate morpholino (PMO) and peptide nucleic acid (PNA) backbones, largely ignoring the growing number of chemical modalities that have spurred the success of ASO-based human therapy. Here, we directly compare the activities of seven chemically distinct 10mer ASOs, all designed to target the essential gene acpP upon delivery with a KFF-peptide carrier into Salmonella. Our systematic analysis of PNA, PMO, phosphorothioate (PTO)-modified DNA, 2'-methylated RNA (RNA-OMe), 2'-methoxyethylated RNA (RNA-MOE), 2'-fluorinated RNA (RNA-F), and 2'-4'-locked RNA (LNA) is based on a variety of in vitro and in vivo methods to evaluate ASO uptake, target pairing and inhibition of bacterial growth. Our data show that only PNA and PMO are efficiently delivered by the KFF peptide into Salmonella to inhibit bacterial growth. Nevertheless, the strong target binding affinity and in vitro translational repression activity of LNA and RNA-MOE make them promising modalities for antisense antibiotics that will require the identification of an effective carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandradhish Ghosh
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Linda Popella
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Cluster for Nucleic Acid Therapeutics Munich (CNATM), Munich, Germany
| | - V Dhamodharan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Jung
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julia Dietzsch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lars Barquist
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Würzburg, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Höbartner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Vogel
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Cluster for Nucleic Acid Therapeutics Munich (CNATM), Munich, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Würzburg, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
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5
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Svatunek D. Computational Organic Chemistry: The Frontier for Understanding and Designing Bioorthogonal Cycloadditions. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2024; 382:17. [PMID: 38727989 PMCID: PMC11087259 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-024-00461-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Computational organic chemistry has become a valuable tool in the field of bioorthogonal chemistry, offering insights and aiding in the progression of this branch of chemistry. In this review, I present an overview of computational work in this field, including an exploration of both the primary computational analysis methods used and their application in the main areas of bioorthogonal chemistry: (3 + 2) and [4 + 2] cycloadditions. In the context of (3 + 2) cycloadditions, detailed studies of electronic effects have informed the evolution of cycloalkyne/1,3-dipole cycloadditions. Through computational techniques, researchers have found ways to adjust the electronic structure via hyperconjugation to enhance reactions without compromising stability. For [4 + 2] cycloadditions, methods such as distortion/interaction analysis and energy decomposition analysis have been beneficial, leading to the development of bioorthogonal reactants with improved reactivity and the creation of orthogonal reaction pairs. To conclude, I touch upon the emerging fields of cheminformatics and machine learning, which promise to play a role in future reaction discovery and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Svatunek
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien (TU Wien), Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
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6
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Voinov MA, Nunn N, Rana R, Davidsson A, Smirnov AI, Smirnova TI. Measuring local pH at interfaces from molecular tumbling: A concept for designing EPR-active pH-sensitive labels and probes. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3652-3667. [PMID: 38647161 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00167b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Molecular probes and indicators are broadly employed for pH measurements in bulk media and at interfaces. The underlying physical principle of pH measurements of most of these probes is based on a change in the electronic structure that, for example, results in a shift of the emission peak of the fluorescence probes, changes in NMR chemical shifts due to the affected electronic shielding, or magnetic parameters of pH-sensitive nitroxides as measured by EPR. Here we explore another concept for measuring local protonation state of molecular tags based on changes in rotational dynamics of electron spin-bearing moieties that are readily detected by conventional continuous wave X-band EPR. Such changes are especially pronounced at biological interfaces, such as lipid bilayer membranes, due to the probe interactions with adjacent charges and polarizable dipoles. The concept was demonstrated by synthesizing a series of pH-sensitive nitroxides and spin-labelled phospholipids. EPR spectra of these newly synthesized nitroxides exhibit relatively small - about 0.5 G - changes in isotropic nitrogen hyperfine coupling constant upon reversible protonation. However, spin-labelled phospholipids incorporated into lipid bilayers demonstrated almost 6-fold change in rotational correlation time upon protonation, readily allowing for pKa determination from large changes in EPR spectra. The demonstrated concept of EPR-based pH measurements leads to a broader range of potential nitroxide structures that can serve as molecular pH sensors at the desired pH range and, thus, facilitates further development of spin-labelling EPR methods to study electrostatic phenomena at chemical and biological interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim A Voinov
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Nicholas Nunn
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Roshan Rana
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Atli Davidsson
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Alex I Smirnov
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Tatyana I Smirnova
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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7
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Wakefield H, Melvin SJ, Jiang J, Kevlishvili I, Siegler MA, Craig SL, Kulik HJ, Klausen RS. Angle-strained sila-cycloalkynes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4842-4845. [PMID: 38619444 PMCID: PMC11102589 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00439f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Second row elements in small- and medium-rings modulate strain. Herein we report the synthesis of two novel oligosilyl-containing cycloalkynes that exhibit angle-strain, as observed by X-ray crystallography. However, the angle-strained sila-cyclooctynes are sluggish participants in cycloadditions with benzyl azide. A distortion-interaction model analysis based on density functional theory calculations was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Wakefield
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Sophia J Melvin
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Jennifer Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Ilia Kevlishvili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 25 Ames St, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Maxime A Siegler
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Box 90354, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Heather J Kulik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 25 Ames St, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Room 18-393, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rebekka S Klausen
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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8
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Zhu Y, Ding W, Chen Y, Shan Y, Liu C, Fan X, Lin S, Chen PR. Genetically encoded bioorthogonal tryptophan decaging in living cells. Nat Chem 2024; 16:533-542. [PMID: 38418535 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01463-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Tryptophan (Trp) plays a critical role in the regulation of protein structure, interactions and functions through its π system and indole N-H group. A generalizable method for blocking and rescuing Trp interactions would enable the gain-of-function manipulation of various Trp-containing proteins in vivo, but generating such a platform remains challenging. Here we develop a genetically encoded N1-vinyl-caged Trp capable of rapid and bioorthogonal decaging through an optimized inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction, allowing site-specific activation of Trp on a protein of interest in living cells. This chemical activation of a genetically encoded caged-tryptophan (Trp-CAGE) strategy enables precise activation of the Trp of interest underlying diverse important molecular interactions. We demonstrate the utility of Trp-CAGE across various protein families, such as catalase-peroxidases and kinases, as translation initiators and posttranslational modification readers, allowing the modulation of epigenetic signalling in a temporally controlled manner. Coupled with computer-aided prediction, our strategy paves the way for bioorthogonal Trp activation on more than 28,000 candidate proteins within their native cellular settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Zhu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenlong Ding
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yulin Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Center for Life Sciences, Shaoxing Institute, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Ye Shan
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Center for Life Sciences, Shaoxing Institute, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Xinyuan Fan
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Shixian Lin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Center for Life Sciences, Shaoxing Institute, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, China.
- Department of Medical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Peng R Chen
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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9
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Ciferri MC, Bruno S, Rosenwasser N, Gorgun C, Reverberi D, Gagliani MC, Cortese K, Grange C, Bussolati B, Quarto R, Tasso R. Standardized Method to Functionalize Plasma-Extracellular Vesicles via Copper-Free Click Chemistry for Targeted Drug Delivery Strategies. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:827-838. [PMID: 38227342 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as potential vehicles for targeted drug delivery and diagnostic applications. However, achieving consistent and reliable functionalization of EV membranes remains a challenge. Copper-catalyzed click chemistry, commonly used for EV surface modification, poses limitations due to cytotoxicity and interference with biological systems. To overcome these limitations, we developed a standardized method for functionalizing an EV membrane via copper-free click chemistry. EVs derived from plasma hold immense potential as diagnostic and therapeutic agents. However, the isolation and functionalization of EVs from such a complex biofluid represent considerable challenges. We compared three different EV isolation methods to obtain an EV suspension with an optimal purity/yield ratio, and we identified sucrose cushion ultracentrifugation (sUC) as the ideal protocol. We then optimized the reaction conditions to successfully functionalize the plasma-EV surface through a copper-free click chemistry strategy with a fluorescently labeled azide, used as a proof-of-principle molecule. Click-EVs maintained their identity, size, and, more importantly, capacity to be efficiently taken up by responder tumor cells. Moreover, once internalized, click EVs partially followed the endosomal recycling route. The optimized reaction conditions and characterization techniques presented in this study offer a foundation for future investigations and applications of functionalized EVs in drug delivery, diagnostics, and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Ciferri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Silvia Bruno
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Nicole Rosenwasser
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Cansu Gorgun
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Daniele Reverberi
- UO Molecular Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Gagliani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Katia Cortese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Cristina Grange
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Benedetta Bussolati
- UO Cellular Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Quarto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genova 16132, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Roberta Tasso
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genova 16132, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino 10126, Italy
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10
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Gwak S, Park JY, Cho M, Kwon HJ, Han H. Efficient and Inexpensive Synthesis of 15N-Labeled 2-Azido-1,3-dimethylimidazolinium Salts Using Na 15NO 2 Instead of Na 15NNN. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:6556-6560. [PMID: 38371833 PMCID: PMC10870284 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
15N-Labeled azides are important probes for infrared and magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging. They can be synthesized by reaction of primary amines with a 15N-labeled diazo-transfer reagent. We present the synthesis of 15N-labeled 2-azido-1,3-dimethylimidazolinium salts 1 as a 15N-labeled diazo-transfer reagent. Nitrosation of 1,3-dimethylimidazolinium-2-yl hydrazine (2) with Na15NO2 under acidic conditions gave 1 as a 1:1 mixture of α- and γ-15N-labeled azides, α- and γ-1, rather than γ-1 alone. The isotopomeric mixture thus obtained was then subjected to the diazo-transfer reaction with primary amines 3 to afford azides 4 as a 1:1 mixture of β-15N-labeled azides β-4 and unlabeled ones 4'. The efficient and inexpensive synthesis of 1 as a 1:1 mixture of α- and γ-1 using Na15NO2 instead of Na15NNN facilitates their wide use as a 15N-labeled diazo-transfer reagent for preparing 15N-labeled azides as molecular probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungduk Gwak
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jun Young Park
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Center
for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Minhaeng Cho
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Center
for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Hyeok-Jun Kwon
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Hogyu Han
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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11
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MAO-SiR is a tool for visualizing the inner workings of mitochondria. Nat Chem Biol 2024; 20:15-16. [PMID: 37857993 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01451-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
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12
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Zheng S, Dadina N, Mozumdar D, Lesiak L, Martinez KN, Miller EW, Schepartz A. Long-term super-resolution inner mitochondrial membrane imaging with a lipid probe. Nat Chem Biol 2024; 20:83-92. [PMID: 37857992 PMCID: PMC10746544 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01450-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) generates power to drive cell function, and its dynamics control mitochondrial health and cellular homeostasis. Here, we describe the cell-permeant, lipid-like small molecule MAO-N3 and use it to assemble high-density environmentally sensitive (HIDE) probes that selectively label and image the IMM in live cells and multiple cell states. MAO-N3 pairs with strain-promoted azide-alkyne click chemistry-reactive fluorophores to support HIDE imaging using confocal, structured illumination, single-molecule localization and stimulated emission depletion microscopy, all with significantly improved resistance to photobleaching. These probes generate images with excellent spatial and temporal resolution, require no genetic manipulations, are non-toxic in model cell lines and primary cardiomyocytes (even under conditions that amplify the effects of mitochondrial toxins) and can visualize mitochondrial dynamics for 12.5 h. This probe will enable comprehensive studies of IMM dynamics with high temporal and spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Neville Dadina
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Deepto Mozumdar
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lauren Lesiak
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kayli N Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Evan W Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Alanna Schepartz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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13
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Kang D, Kim J. Enamine N-oxides: Design, Synthesis, and Function in Bioorthogonal Reactions. Synlett 2024; 35:145-154. [PMID: 38947226 PMCID: PMC11210832 DOI: 10.1055/a-2127-1086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Enamine N-oxides act as a chemical linchpin bridging two bioorthogonal associative and dissociative reactions. This article describes the design of enamine N-oxides; their synthesis through the retro-Cope elimination reaction; the use of solvent, hyperconjugation, strain, and rehybridization effects to achieve bioorthogonal reactivity; and their rapid reductive cleavage with diboron reagents. The coordinated assembly and disassembly of the enamine N-oxide motif constitutes a powerful chemical operation that enables the attachment and detachment of small molecules from biomacromolecules in a biological setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahye Kang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Justin Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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14
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Li Y, Zeng P, Lou Q, Su X, Li W, Wang X. Prediction of 19F NMR chemical shifts for organic compounds with ORCA. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2024; 358:107611. [PMID: 38104491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2023.107611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Accurate assignment of 19F NMR has long been a challenge, and quantum chemical methods are possible solutions. Herein we reported a scaling method for the prediction of 19F NMR chemical shift with freely available ORCA program package. Performance of 31 DFT functionals coupled with 11 basis sets were evaluated and influence of geometry optimization was also studied with five functionals coupled with three basis sets. The significance of geometry was further examined through the execution of relaxed surface scans of seven flexible compounds, and averaged shieldings of obtained conformers yielded notable improvement of the correlation between calculated isotropic shielidings and experimental chemical shifts. Utilization of the best scaling factor obtained successfully assigned of fluorine atoms in multifluorinated molecules with different conformations. The method reported here was computationally inexpensive, easily available with acceptable accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyang Li
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Biology and Functional Molecules, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Ping Zeng
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Biology and Functional Molecules, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Qing Lou
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Biology and Functional Molecules, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiao Su
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Biology and Functional Molecules, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Biology and Functional Molecules, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China(1)
| | - Xiaojian Wang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Biology and Functional Molecules, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
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15
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Das E, Feliciano MAM, Yamanushkin P, Lin X, Gold B. Oxa-azabenzobenzocyclooctynes (O-ABCs): heterobiarylcyclooctynes bearing an endocyclic heteroatom. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8857-8862. [PMID: 37881858 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01559a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of heterobiarylcyclooctynes bearing an endocyclic heteroatom, oxa-azabenzobenzocyclooctynes (O-ABCs). The integration of design strategies for accelerating strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloadditions results in reactivity with organic azides that surpasses all cyclooctyne reagents reported to date. O-ABCs and related compounds provide insights into the effects of structural modifications on reactivity that can aid in the design of new reagents for click and bioorthogonal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshani Das
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, New Mexico, 87131, USA
| | - Mark Aldren M Feliciano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, 88003, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, New Mexico, 87131, USA
| | - Pavel Yamanushkin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, New Mexico, 87131, USA
| | - Xinsong Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Brian Gold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, 88003, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, New Mexico, 87131, USA
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16
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Liu K, Zhang Z, Liu R, Li JP, Jiang D, Pan R. Click-Chemistry-Enabled Nanopipettes for the Capture and Dynamic Analysis of a Single Mitochondrion inside One Living Cell. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202303053. [PMID: 37334855 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202303053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The in-depth study of single cells requires the dynamically molecular information in one particular nanometer-sized organelle in a living cell, which is difficult to achieve using current methods. Due to high efficiency of click chemistry, a new nanoelectrode-based pipette architecture with dibenzocyclooctyne at the tip is designed to realize fast conjugation with azide group-containing triphenylphosphine, which targets mitochondrial membranes. The covalent binding of one mitochondrion at the tip of the nanopipette allows a small region of the membrane to be isolated on the Pt surface inside the nanopipette. Therefore, the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from the mitochondrion is monitored, which is not interfered by the species present in the cytosol. The dynamic tracking of ROS release from one mitochondrion reveals the distinctive "ROS-induced ROS release" within the mitochondria. Further study of RSL3-induced ferroptosis using nanopipettes provides direct evidence for supporting the noninvolvement of glutathione peroxidase 4 in the mitochondria during RSL3-induced ROS generation, which has not previously been observed at the single-mitochondrion level. Eventually, this established strategy should overcome the existing challenge of the dynamic measurement of one special organelle in the complicated intracellular environment, which opens a new direction for electroanalysis in subcellular analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Liu
- The State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- The State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| | - Rujia Liu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jie P Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| | - Dechen Jiang
- The State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| | - Rongrong Pan
- The State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
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17
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Liu X, Gaihre B, Li L, Rezaei A, Tilton M, Elder BD, Lu L. Bioorthogonal "Click Chemistry" Bone Cement with Bioinspired Natural Mimicking Microstructures for Bone Repair. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:1585-1597. [PMID: 36854041 PMCID: PMC10123962 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Current bone cement systems often demand free radical or metal-related initiators and/or catalysts for the crosslinking process, which may cause serious toxicity to the human body. In addition, the resultant dense scaffolds may have a prolonged degradation time and are difficult for cells to infiltrate and form new tissue. In this study, we developed a porous "click" organic-inorganic nanohybrid (PO-click-ON) cement that crosslinks via metal-free biorthogonal click chemistry and forms porous structures mimicking the native bone tissue via particulate leaching. Strain-promoted click reaction enables fast and efficient crosslinking of polymer chains with the exclusion of any toxic initiator or catalyst. The resulting PO-click-ON implants supported exceptional in vitro stem cell adhesion and osteogenic differentiation with a large portion of stem cells infiltrated deep into the scaffolds. In vivo study using a rat cranial defect model demonstrated that the PO-click-ON system achieved outstanding cell adsorption, neovascularization, and bone formation. The porous click cement developed in this study serves as a promising platform with multifunctionality for bone and other tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifeng Liu
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Bipin Gaihre
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Linli Li
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Asghar Rezaei
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Maryam Tilton
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Benjamin D Elder
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Lichun Lu
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
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18
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Holzmann MJ, Khanal N, Yamanushkin P, Gold B. Remote Strain Activation in a Sulfate-Linked Dibenzocycloalkyne. Org Lett 2023; 25:309-313. [PMID: 36455206 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Cycloalkynes and their utilization in cycloaddition reactions enable modular strategies spanning the molecular sciences. Strain─imparted by deviation from linearity─enables sufficient alkyne reactivity without the need for a catalyst (e.g., copper); however, the design and synthesis of stable reagents with suitable reactivity remains an ongoing challenge. We report the incorporation of an endocyclic sulfate within a dibenzocyclononyne scaffold to generate a cyclononyne displaying remarkable reactivity and stability. Through computational analyses, we revealed that the endocyclic sulfate group shares nearly half the total strain energy, providing an activation strategy that reduces alkyne bending. Rehybridization of alkyne carbons in the formation of the heterocyclic product relieves strain both at the reactive site and in the transannular sulfate group. This mode of remote activation enables rapid reactivity while minimizing distortion─and strain─at the reactive site (the alkyne). The result: a design strategy for a new class of cycloalkynes with increased stability and reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Holzmann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Namrata Khanal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Pavel Yamanushkin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Brian Gold
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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19
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Wang P, Moreno S, Janke A, Boye S, Wang D, Schwarz S, Voit B, Appelhans D. Probing Crowdedness of Artificial Organelles by Clustering Polymersomes for Spatially Controlled and pH-Triggered Enzymatic Reactions. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:3648-3662. [PMID: 35981858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Most sophisticated biological functions and features of cells are based on self-organization, and the coordination and connection between their cell organelles determines their key functions. Therefore, spatially ordered and controllable self-assembly of polymersomes to construct clusters to simulate complex intracellular biological functions has attracted widespread attention. Here, we present a simple one-step copper-free click strategy to cross-link nanoscale pH-responsive and photo-cross-linked polymersomes (less than 100 nm) to micron-level clusters (more than 90% in 0.5-2 μm range). Various influencing factors in the clustering process and subsequent purification methods were studied to obtain optimal clustered polymeric vesicles. Even when polymeric vesicles separately loaded with different enzymes (glucose oxidase and myoglobin) are coclustered, the overall permeability of the clusters can still be regulated through tuning the pH values on demand. Compared with simple blending of those enzyme-loaded polymersomes, the rate of enzymatic cascade reaction increased significantly due to the interconnected complex microstructure established. The connection of catalytic nanocompartments into clusters confining different enzymes of a cascade reaction provides an excellent platform for the development of artificial systems mimicking natural organelles or cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany.,Organic Chemistry of Polymers, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Silvia Moreno
- Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Janke
- Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Boye
- Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dishi Wang
- Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany.,Organic Chemistry of Polymers, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Simona Schwarz
- Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany.,Organic Chemistry of Polymers, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
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20
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Banerjee C, Liauw BWH, Vafabakhsh R. Visualizing the Conformational Dynamics of Membrane Receptors Using Single-Molecule FRET. J Vis Exp 2022:10.3791/64254. [PMID: 36062999 PMCID: PMC11287711 DOI: 10.3791/64254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of cells to respond to external signals is essential for cellular development, growth, and survival. To respond to a signal from the environment, a cell must be able to recognize and process it. This task mainly relies on the function of membrane receptors, whose role is to convert signals into the biochemical language of the cell. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest family of membrane receptor proteins in humans. Among GPCRs, metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are a unique subclass that function as obligate dimers and possess a large extracellular domain that contains the ligand-binding site. Recent advances in structural studies of mGluRs have improved the understanding of their activation process. However, the propagation of large-scale conformational changes through mGluRs during activation and modulation is poorly understood. Single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) is a powerful technique to visualize and quantify the structural dynamics of biomolecules at the single-protein level. To visualize the dynamic process of mGluR2 activation, fluorescent conformational sensors based on unnatural amino acid (UAA) incorporation were developed that allowed site-specific protein labeling without perturbation of the native structure of receptors. The protocol described here explains how to perform these experiments, including the novel UAA labeling approach, sample preparation, and smFRET data acquisition and analysis. These strategies are generalizable and can be extended to investigate the conformational dynamics of a variety of membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Reza Vafabakhsh
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University;
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21
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Xiao M, Zhang YK, Li R, Li S, Wang D, An P. Photoactivatable Fluorogenic Azide-Alkyne Click Reaction: A Dual-Activation Fluorescent Probe. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200634. [PMID: 35819362 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Aryl azide and diaryl tetrazole are both photoactive molecules, which can form nitrene and nitrile imine intermediates respectively by photolysis. Depending on the new finding that the azide can suppress the photolysis of tetrazole in the azide-tetrazole conjugated system, we developed aryl azide-tetrazole probes for the photoactivatable fluorogenic azide alkyne click (PFAAC) reaction, in which the aryl azide-tetrazole probes were not phoroactivatable fluorogenic itself, but the triazole products after click reaction were prefluorophore that can be activated by light. Therefore, in PFAAC chemistry, the fluorescent probes can be activated by two orthogonal events: azide-alkyne click reaction and light, which leads to spatiotemporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio. This PFAAC process was proved in vitro by copper catalyzed or strain-promoted azide-alkyne reactions and in live cells by spatiotemporally controlled organelle imaging. By incorporation a linker to the azide-tetrazole conjugate, this PFAAC chemistry could covalently label extra probes to the biomolecules and spatiotemporally detecting this process by photoinduced fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Di Wang
- Yunnan University, chemistry, CHINA
| | - Peng An
- Yunnan University, school of chemical science and technology, South Outer Ring Road, 650500, Kunming, CHINA
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22
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Wu J, Peng Z, Shen T, Liu ZQ. Electrosynthesis of ortho‐Amino Aryl Ketones by Aerobic Electrooxidative Cleavage of the C(2)=C(3)/C(2)‐N Bonds of N‐Boc Indoles. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jintao Wu
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine CHINA
| | - Zehui Peng
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine CHINA
| | - Tong Shen
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine CHINA
| | - Zhong-Quan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University CHINA
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23
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Sun H, Schanze KS. Functionalization of Water-Soluble Conjugated Polymers for Bioapplications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:20506-20519. [PMID: 35473368 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble conjugated polymers (WS-CPs) have found widespread use in bioapplications ranging from in vitro optical sensing to in vivo phototherapy. Modification of WS-CPs with specific molecular functional units is necessary to enable them to interact with biological targets. These targets include proteins, nucleic acids, antibodies, cells, and intracellular components. WS-CPs have been modified with covalently linked sugars, peptides, nucleic acids, biotin, proteins, and other biorecognition elements. The objective of this article is to comprehensively review the various synthetic chemistries that have been used to covalently link biofunctional groups onto WS-CP platforms. These chemistries include amidation, nucleophilic substitution, Click reactions, and conjugate addition. Different types of WS-CP backbones have been used as platforms including poly(fluorene), poly(phenylene ethynylene), polythiophene, poly(phenylenevinylene), and others. Example applications of biofunctionalized WS-CPs are also reviewed. These include examples of protein sensing, flow cytometry labeling, and cancer therapy. The major challenges and future development of functionalized conjugated polymers are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Kirk S Schanze
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
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24
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Hou Z, Wang Y, Wan C, Song L, Wang R, Guo X, Yang D, Zhang Y, Qin X, Zhou Z, Zhang X, Yin F, Li Z. Sulfonium Triggered Alkyne–Azide Click Cycloaddition. Org Lett 2022; 24:1448-1453. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanfeng Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Lan Jing Road No. 16, Pingshan, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Yuena Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chuan Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lijuan Song
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Lan Jing Road No. 16, Pingshan, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Xiaochun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dongyan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ziyuan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen Center, Shenzhen 518115, China
| | - Xinhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Feng Yin
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Lan Jing Road No. 16, Pingshan, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Zigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Lan Jing Road No. 16, Pingshan, Shenzhen 518118, China
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25
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Qi Q, Zhang Y, Xiong W, Liu X, Cui S, Ye X, Zhang K, Tian T, Xiang Zhou. Norbornene-tetrazine ligation chemistry for controlling RNA-guided CRISPR systems. Chem Sci 2022; 13:12577-12587. [DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02635j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, norbornene-tetrazine ligation chemistry is harnessed to control RNA-guided CRISPR systems in vitro and in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Qi
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Yutong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Xingyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Shuangyu Cui
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaofang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Kaisong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
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26
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Hosseinnejad T, Omrani-Pachin M. Quantum chemistry study on the promoted reactivity of substituted cyclooctynes in bioorthogonal cycloaddition reactions. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/hc-2020-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In the present research, we focus on the energetics and electronic aspects of enhanced reactivity in the regioselective bioorthogonal 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of various substituted cyclooctynes with methyl azide, applying quantum chemistry approaches. In this respect, we assessed the structural and energetic properties of regioisomeric products and their corresponded transition states and calculated the reaction electronic energy changes and energy barriers through the cycloaddition pathways. The obtained results revealed that the trifluoromethyl substitution and fluorination of cyclooctynes lead to improved reactivity, in conjunction with increased exothermicity and decreased activation energy values. On the other hand, quantum theory of atoms in molecules computations were performed on some key bond and ring critical points that demonstrated the stabilizing topological properties of electron density and its derivatives upon trifluoromethyl substitution and fluorination of propargylic carbon of cyclooctynes which can be regarded as the essential origin of enhanced reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayebeh Hosseinnejad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University , Vanak , Tehran , Iran
| | - Marzieh Omrani-Pachin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University , Vanak , Tehran , Iran
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27
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Abstract
Bioorthogonal chemistry is a set of methods using the chemistry of non-native functional groups to explore and understand biology in living organisms. In this review, we summarize the most common reactions used in bioorthogonal methods, their relative advantages and disadvantages, and their frequency of occurrence in the published literature. We also briefly discuss some of the less common but potentially useful methods. We then analyze the bioorthogonal-related publications in the CAS Content Collection to determine how often different types of biomolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, glycans, and lipids have been studied using bioorthogonal chemistry. The most prevalent biological and chemical methods for attaching bioorthogonal functional groups to these biomolecules are elaborated. We also analyze the publication volume related to different types of bioorthogonal applications in the CAS Content Collection. The use of bioorthogonal chemistry for imaging, identifying, and characterizing biomolecules and for delivering drugs to treat disease is discussed at length. Bioorthogonal chemistry for the surface attachment of proteins and in the use of modified carbohydrates is briefly noted. Finally, we summarize the state of the art in bioorthogonal chemistry and its current limitations and promise for its future productive use in chemistry and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Bird
- CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, 2540 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, Ohio 43202, United States
| | - Steven A Lemmel
- CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, 2540 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, Ohio 43202, United States
| | - Xiang Yu
- CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, 2540 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, Ohio 43202, United States
| | - Qiongqiong Angela Zhou
- CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, 2540 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, Ohio 43202, United States
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28
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Jana R, Begam HM, Dinda E. The emergence of the C-H functionalization strategy in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10842-10866. [PMID: 34596175 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04083a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the market competitiveness and urgent societal need, an optimum speed of drug discovery is an important criterion for successful implementation. Despite the rapid ascent of artificial intelligence and computational and bioanalytical techniques to accelerate drug discovery in big pharma, organic synthesis of privileged scaffolds predicted in silico for in vitro and in vivo studies is still considered as the rate-limiting step. C-H activation is the latest technology added into an organic chemist's toolbox for the rapid construction and late-stage modification of functional molecules to achieve the desired chemical and physical properties. Particularly, elimination of prefunctionalization steps, exceptional functional group tolerance, complexity-to-diversity oriented synthesis, and late-stage functionalization of privileged medicinal scaffolds expand the chemical space. It has immense potential for the rapid synthesis of a library of molecules, structural modification to achieve the required pharmacological properties such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicology (ADMET) and attachment of chemical reporters for proteome profiling, metabolite synthesis, etc. for preclinical studies. Although heterocycle synthesis, late-stage drug modification, 18F labelling, methylation, etc. via C-H functionalization have been reviewed from the synthetic standpoint, a general overview of these protocols from medicinal and drug discovery aspects has not been reviewed. In this feature article, we will discuss the recent trends of C-H activation methodologies such as synthesis of medicinal scaffolds through C-H activation/annulation cascade; C-H arylation for sp2-sp2 and sp2-sp3 cross-coupling; C-H borylation/silylation to introduce a functional linchpin for further manipulation; C-H amination for N-heterocycles and hydrogen bond acceptors; C-H fluorination/fluoroalkylation to tune polarity and lipophilicity; C-H methylation: methyl magic in drug discovery; peptide modification and macrocyclization for therapeutics and biologics; fluorescent labelling and radiolabelling for bioimaging; bioconjugation for chemical biology studies; drug-metabolite synthesis for biodistribution and excretion studies; late-stage diversification of drug-molecules to increase efficacy and safety; cutting-edge DNA encoded library synthesis and improved synthesis of drug molecules via C-H activation in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Jana
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Hasina Mamataj Begam
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Enakshi Dinda
- Department of Chemistry and Environment, Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata-700107, India
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29
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Danilkina NA, Govdi AI, Khlebnikov AF, Tikhomirov AO, Sharoyko VV, Shtyrov AA, Ryazantsev MN, Bräse S, Balova IA. Heterocycloalkynes Fused to a Heterocyclic Core: Searching for an Island with Optimal Stability-Reactivity Balance. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:16519-16537. [PMID: 34582682 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the search for fundamentally new, active, stable, and readily synthetically accessible cycloalkynes as strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) reagents for bioorthogonal bioconjugation, we integrated two common approaches: the reagent destabilization by the increase of a ring strain and the transition state stabilization through electronic effects. As a result new SPAAC reagents, heterocyclononynes fused to a heterocyclic core, were created. These compounds can be obtained through a general synthetic route based on four crucial steps: the electrophile-promoted cyclization, Sonogashira coupling, Nicholas reaction, and final deprotection of Co-complexes of cycloalkynes from cobalt. Varying the natures of the heterocycle and heteroatom allows for reaching the optimal stability-reactivity balance for new strained systems. Computational and experimental studies revealed similar SPAAC reactivities for stable 9-membered isocoumarin- and benzothiophene-fused heterocycloalkynes and their unstable 8-membered homologues. We discovered that close reactivity is a result of the interplay of two electronic effects, which stabilize SPAAC transition states (πin* → σ* and π* → πin*) with structural effects such as conformational changes from eclipsed to staggered conformations in the cycloalkyne scaffold, that noticeably impact alkyne bending and reactivity. The concerted influence of a heterocycle and a heteroatom on the polarization of a triple bond in highly strained cycles along with a low HOMO-LUMO gap was assumed to be the reason for the unpredictable kinetic instability of all the cyclooctynes and the benzothiophene-fused oxacyclononyne. The applicability of stable isocoumarin-fused azacyclononyne IC9N-BDP-FL for in vitro bioconjugation was exemplified by labeling and visualization of HEK293 cells carrying azido-DNA and azido-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Danilkina
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia I Govdi
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander F Khlebnikov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander O Tikhomirov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Sharoyko
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrey A Shtyrov
- Nanotechnology Research and Education Centre RAS, Saint Petersburg Academic University, 8/3 Khlopina Street, 194021 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mikhail N Ryazantsev
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Irina A Balova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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30
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Liu X, Camilleri ET, Li L, Gaihre B, Rezaei A, Park S, Miller Ii AL, Tilton M, Waletzki BE, Terzic A, Elder BD, Yaszemski MJ, Lu L. Injectable catalyst-free "click" organic-inorganic nanohybrid (click-ON) cement for minimally invasive in vivo bone repair. Biomaterials 2021; 276:121014. [PMID: 34280821 PMCID: PMC8916681 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Injectable polymers have attracted intensive attention in tissue engineering and drug delivery applications. Current injectable polymer systems often require free-radical or heavy-metal initiators and catalysts for the crosslinking process, which may be extremely toxic to the human body. Here, we report a novel polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) based strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) "click" organic-inorganic nanohybrids (click-ON) system that can be click-crosslinked without any toxic initiators or catalysts. The click-ON scaffolds supported excellent adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenesis of stem cells. In vivo evaluation using a rat cranial defect model showed outstanding bone formation with minimum cytotoxicity. Essential osteogenic alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and vascular CD31 marker expression were detected on the defect site, indicating excellent support of in vivo osteogenesis and vascularization. Using salt leaching techniques, an injectable porous click-ON cement was developed to create porous structures and support better in vivo bone regeneration. Beyond defect filling, the click-ON cement also showed promising application for spinal fusion using rabbits as a model. Compared to the current clinically used poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) cement, this click-ON cement showed great advantages of low heat generation, better biocompatibility and biodegradability, and thus has great potential for bone and related tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifeng Liu
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Emily T Camilleri
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Linli Li
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Bipin Gaihre
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Asghar Rezaei
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Sungjo Park
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - A Lee Miller Ii
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Maryam Tilton
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Brian E Waletzki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Andre Terzic
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Benjamin D Elder
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA; Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Michael J Yaszemski
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Lichun Lu
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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31
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Simov V, Altman MD, Bianchi E, DelRizzo S, DiNunzio EN, Feng G, Goldenblatt P, Ingenito R, Johnson SA, Mansueto MS, Mayhood T, Mortison JD, Serebrov V, Sondey C, Sriraman V, Tucker TJ, Walji A, Wan H, Yue Y, Stoeck A, DiMauro EF. Discovery and characterization of novel peptide inhibitors of the NRF2/MAFG/DNA ternary complex for the treatment of cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113686. [PMID: 34303079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pathway activating mutations of the transcription factor NRF2 and its negative regulator KEAP1 are strongly correlative with poor clinical outcome with pemetrexed/carbo(cis)platin/pembrolizumab (PCP) chemo-immunotherapy in lung cancer. Despite the strong genetic support and therapeutic potential for a NRF2 transcriptional inhibitor, currently there are no known direct inhibitors of the NRF2 protein or its complexes with MAF and/or DNA. Herein we describe the design of a novel and high-confidence homology model to guide a medicinal chemistry effort that resulted in the discovery of a series of peptides that demonstrate high affinity, selective binding to the Antioxidant Response Element (ARE) DNA and thereby displace NRF2-MAFG from its promoter, which is an inhibitory mechanism that to our knowledge has not been previously described. In addition to their activity in electrophoretic mobility shift (EMSA) and TR-FRET-based assays, we show significant dose-dependent ternary complex disruption of NRF2-MAFG binding to DNA by SPR, as well as cellular target engagement by thermal destabilization of HiBiT-tagged NRF2 in the NCI-H1944 NSCLC cell line upon digitonin permeabilization, and SAR studies leading to improved cellular stability. We report the characterization and unique profile of lead peptide 18, which we believe to be a useful in vitro tool to probe NRF2 biology in cancer cell lines and models, while also serving as an excellent starting point for additional in vivo optimization toward inhibition of NRF2-driven transcription to address a significant unmet medical need in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Simov
- Merck & Co., Inc., Chemistry, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02127, USA.
| | - Michael D Altman
- Merck & Co., Inc., Chemistry, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02127, USA
| | - Elisabetta Bianchi
- Peptides and Small Molecules R&D, IRBM, Via Pontina, 30,600, 00071 Pomezia RM, Italy
| | - Sonia DelRizzo
- Peptides and Small Molecules R&D, IRBM, Via Pontina, 30,600, 00071 Pomezia RM, Italy
| | - Edward N DiNunzio
- Merck & Co., Inc., Chemistry, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, K-15, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Guo Feng
- Merck & Co., Inc., Quantitative Biosciences, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02127, USA
| | - Peter Goldenblatt
- Merck & Co., Inc., Quantitative Biosciences, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02127, USA
| | - Raffaele Ingenito
- Peptides and Small Molecules R&D, IRBM, Via Pontina, 30,600, 00071 Pomezia RM, Italy
| | - Scott A Johnson
- Merck & Co., Inc., Chemistry, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02127, USA
| | - My Sam Mansueto
- Merck & Co., Inc., Quantitative Biosciences, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02127, USA
| | - Todd Mayhood
- Merck & Co., Inc., Chemistry, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, K-15, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Jonathan D Mortison
- Merck & Co., Inc., Chemistry, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02127, USA
| | - Victor Serebrov
- Merck & Co., Inc., Quantitative Biosciences, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02127, USA
| | - Christopher Sondey
- Merck & Co., Inc., Quantitative Biosciences, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02127, USA
| | - Venkat Sriraman
- Merck & Co., Inc., Quantitative Biosciences, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02127, USA
| | - Thomas J Tucker
- Merck & Co., Inc., Chemistry, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Abbas Walji
- Merck & Co., Inc., Chemistry, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Hui Wan
- Merck & Co., Inc., PPDM, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Yingzi Yue
- Merck & Co., Inc., Biology, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02127, USA
| | - Alexander Stoeck
- Merck & Co., Inc., Biology, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02127, USA
| | - Erin F DiMauro
- Merck & Co., Inc., Chemistry, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02127, USA
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32
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Dones JM, Abularrage NS, Khanal N, Gold B, Raines RT. Acceleration of 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions by Integration of Strain and Electronic Tuning. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9489-9497. [PMID: 34151576 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between azides and alkynes provides new means to probe and control biological processes. A major challenge is to achieve high reaction rates with stable reagents. The optimization of alkynyl reagents has relied on two strategies: increasing strain and tuning electronics. We report on the integration of these strategies. A computational analysis suggested that a CH → N aryl substitution in dibenzocyclooctyne (DIBO) could be beneficial. In transition states, the nitrogen of 2-azabenzo-benzocyclooctyne (ABC) engages in an n→π* interaction with the C=O of α-azidoacetamides and forms a hydrogen bond with the N-H of α-diazoacetamides. These dipole-specific interactions act cooperatively with electronic activation of the strained π-bond to increase reactivity. We found that ABC does indeed react more quickly with α-azidoacetamides and α-diazoacetamides than its constitutional isomer, dibenzoazacyclooctyne (DIBAC). ABC and DIBAC have comparable chemical stability in a biomimetic solution. Both ABC and DIBO are accessible in three steps by the alkylidene carbene-mediated ring expansion of commercial cycloheptanones. Our findings enhance the accessibility and utility of 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions and encourage further innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús M Dones
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nile S Abularrage
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Namrata Khanal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Brian Gold
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Ronald T Raines
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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33
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Agrahari AK, Bose P, Jaiswal MK, Rajkhowa S, Singh AS, Hotha S, Mishra N, Tiwari VK. Cu(I)-Catalyzed Click Chemistry in Glycoscience and Their Diverse Applications. Chem Rev 2021; 121:7638-7956. [PMID: 34165284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Copper(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between organic azides and terminal alkynes, commonly known as CuAAC or click chemistry, has been identified as one of the most successful, versatile, reliable, and modular strategies for the rapid and regioselective construction of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles as diversely functionalized molecules. Carbohydrates, an integral part of living cells, have several fascinating features, including their structural diversity, biocompatibility, bioavailability, hydrophilicity, and superior ADME properties with minimal toxicity, which support increased demand to explore them as versatile scaffolds for easy access to diverse glycohybrids and well-defined glycoconjugates for complete chemical, biochemical, and pharmacological investigations. This review highlights the successful development of CuAAC or click chemistry in emerging areas of glycoscience, including the synthesis of triazole appended carbohydrate-containing molecular architectures (mainly glycohybrids, glycoconjugates, glycopolymers, glycopeptides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycoclusters, and glycodendrimers through regioselective triazole forming modular and bio-orthogonal coupling protocols). It discusses the widespread applications of these glycoproducts as enzyme inhibitors in drug discovery and development, sensing, gelation, chelation, glycosylation, and catalysis. This review also covers the impact of click chemistry and provides future perspectives on its role in various emerging disciplines of science and technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand K Agrahari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Priyanka Bose
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Manoj K Jaiswal
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Sanchayita Rajkhowa
- Department of Chemistry, Jorhat Institute of Science and Technology (JIST), Jorhat, Assam 785010, India
| | - Anoop S Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Srinivas Hotha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science and Engineering Research (IISER), Pune, Maharashtra 411021, India
| | - Nidhi Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Vinod K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
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34
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Fairbanks BD, Macdougall LJ, Mavila S, Sinha J, Kirkpatrick BE, Anseth KS, Bowman CN. Photoclick Chemistry: A Bright Idea. Chem Rev 2021; 121:6915-6990. [PMID: 33835796 PMCID: PMC9883840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
At its basic conceptualization, photoclick chemistry embodies a collection of click reactions that are performed via the application of light. The emergence of this concept has had diverse impact over a broad range of chemical and biological research due to the spatiotemporal control, high selectivity, and excellent product yields afforded by the combination of light and click chemistry. While the reactions designated as "photoclick" have many important features in common, each has its own particular combination of advantages and shortcomings. A more extensive realization of the potential of this chemistry requires a broader understanding of the physical and chemical characteristics of the specific reactions. This review discusses the features of the most frequently employed photoclick reactions reported in the literature: photomediated azide-alkyne cycloadditions, other 1,3-dipolarcycloadditions, Diels-Alder and inverse electron demand Diels-Alder additions, radical alternating addition chain transfer additions, and nucleophilic additions. Applications of these reactions in a variety of chemical syntheses, materials chemistry, and biological contexts are surveyed, with particular attention paid to the respective strengths and limitations of each reaction and how that reaction benefits from its combination with light. Finally, challenges to broader employment of these reactions are discussed, along with strategies and opportunities to mitigate such obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Fairbanks
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Laura J Macdougall
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Sudheendran Mavila
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Jasmine Sinha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Bruce E Kirkpatrick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Coorado 80045, United States
| | - Kristi S Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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35
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Chen PP, Ma P, He X, Svatunek D, Liu F, Houk KN. Computational Exploration of Ambiphilic Reactivity of Azides and Sustmann's Paradigmatic Parabola. J Org Chem 2021; 86:5792-5804. [PMID: 33769821 PMCID: PMC8154615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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We
examine the theoretical underpinnings of the seminal discoveries
by Reiner Sustmann about the ambiphilic nature of Huisgen’s
phenyl azide cycloadditions. Density functional calculations with
ωB97X-D and B2PLYP-D3 reproduce the experimental data and provide
insights into ambiphilic control of reactivity. Distortion/interaction-activation
strain and energy decomposition analyses show why Sustmann’s
use of dipolarophile ionization potential is such a powerful predictor
of reactivity. We add to Sustmann’s data set several modern
distortion-accelerated dipolarophiles used in bioorthogonal chemistry
to show how these fit into the orbital energy criteria that are often
used to understand cycloaddition reactivity. We show why such a simple
indicator of reactivity is a powerful predictor of reaction rates
that are actually controlled by a combination of distortion energies,
charge transfer, closed-shell repulsion, polarization, and electrostatic
effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Pan Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Pengchen Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Xue He
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dennis Svatunek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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36
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Kardelis V, Denk MM, Adronov A. Click-Functionalization of a Poly(Tetrazine-co-Fluorene)-Conjugated Polymer with a Series of trans-Cyclooctene Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:2980-2986. [PMID: 33258541 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A soluble poly(tetrazine) polymer was prepared via Suzuki polycondensation of 3,6-bis(5-bromofuran-2-yl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine and a fluorene diboronate derivative. It can undergo efficient and quantitative post-polymerization inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder click reactions with a variety of trans-cyclooctene (TCO) derivatives. The resulting polymers were oxidized to convert dihydropyridazine rings into pyridazines. The absorption spectra of the product polymers, both before and after oxidation, showed hypsochromic shifts that correlated with steric hindrance of the appended side chains. They also exhibited a significantly enhanced fluorescence intensity relative to the original poly(tetrazine). While gel-permeation chromatography indicated that the product polymers exhibited longer retention times, NMR end-group analysis showed that the polymers retained relatively constant degrees of polymerization. Graft copolymers were easily prepared via reaction with TCO-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) chains and a cross-linked foam was produced by reacting the poly(tetrazine) with a bis-TCO crosslinker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Kardelis
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and the Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Maria M Denk
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and the Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Alex Adronov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and the Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
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37
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Destito P, Vidal C, López F, Mascareñas JL. Transition Metal‐Promoted Reactions in Aqueous Media and Biological Settings. Chemistry 2021; 27:4789-4816. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Destito
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais, Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Cristian Vidal
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais, Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Fernando López
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais, Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General (CSIC) Juan de la Cierva 3 28006 Madrid Spain
| | - José L. Mascareñas
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais, Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
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38
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Deb T, Tu J, Franzini RM. Mechanisms and Substituent Effects of Metal-Free Bioorthogonal Reactions. Chem Rev 2021; 121:6850-6914. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Titas Deb
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, 30 S 2000 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Julian Tu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, 30 S 2000 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Raphael M. Franzini
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, 30 S 2000 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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39
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40
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Kardelis V, Denk MM, Adronov A. Click‐Functionalization of a Poly(Tetrazine‐co‐Fluorene)‐Conjugated Polymer with a Series of
trans
‐Cyclooctene Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Kardelis
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and the Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Maria M. Denk
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and the Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Alex Adronov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and the Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
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41
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Shi W, Tang F, Ao J, Yu Q, Liu J, Tang Y, Jiang B, Ren X, Huang H, Yang W, Huang W. Manipulating the Click Reactivity of Dibenzoazacyclooctynes: From Azide Click Component to Caged Acylation Reagent by Silver Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Pudong Shanghai 201203 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences No.19A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Hangzhou 310024 China
| | - Feng Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Pudong Shanghai 201203 China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Hangzhou 310024 China
| | - Jiwei Ao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Pudong Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Qun Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Pudong Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Junjie Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Pudong Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Yubo Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Pudong Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Bofeng Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Pudong Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Xuelian Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Pudong Shanghai 201203 China
| | - He Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Pudong Shanghai 201203 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences No.19A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Weibo Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Pudong Shanghai 201203 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences No.19A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Hangzhou 310024 China
| | - Wei Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Pudong Shanghai 201203 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences No.19A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Hangzhou 310024 China
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42
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Hira J, Uddin MJ, Haugland MM, Lentz CS. From Differential Stains to Next Generation Physiology: Chemical Probes to Visualize Bacterial Cell Structure and Physiology. Molecules 2020; 25:E4949. [PMID: 33114655 PMCID: PMC7663024 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical probes have been instrumental in microbiology since its birth as a discipline in the 19th century when chemical dyes were used to visualize structural features of bacterial cells for the first time. In this review article we will illustrate the evolving design of chemical probes in modern chemical biology and their diverse applications in bacterial imaging and phenotypic analysis. We will introduce and discuss a variety of different probe types including fluorogenic substrates and activity-based probes that visualize metabolic and specific enzyme activities, metabolic labeling strategies to visualize structural features of bacterial cells, antibiotic-based probes as well as fluorescent conjugates to probe biomolecular uptake pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Hira
- Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology and Centre for New Antibacterial Strategies (CANS), UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway; (J.H.); (M.J.U.)
| | - Md. Jalal Uddin
- Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology and Centre for New Antibacterial Strategies (CANS), UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway; (J.H.); (M.J.U.)
| | - Marius M. Haugland
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for New Antibacterial Strategies (CANS), UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway;
| | - Christian S. Lentz
- Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology and Centre for New Antibacterial Strategies (CANS), UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway; (J.H.); (M.J.U.)
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43
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Shi W, Tang F, Ao J, Yu Q, Liu J, Tang Y, Jiang B, Ren X, Huang H, Yang W, Huang W. Manipulating the Click Reactivity of Dibenzoazacyclooctynes: From Azide Click Component to Caged Acylation Reagent by Silver Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:19940-19944. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Pudong Shanghai 201203 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences No.19A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Hangzhou 310024 China
| | - Feng Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Pudong Shanghai 201203 China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Hangzhou 310024 China
| | - Jiwei Ao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Pudong Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Qun Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Pudong Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Junjie Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Pudong Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Yubo Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Pudong Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Bofeng Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Pudong Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Xuelian Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Pudong Shanghai 201203 China
| | - He Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Pudong Shanghai 201203 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences No.19A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Weibo Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Pudong Shanghai 201203 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences No.19A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Hangzhou 310024 China
| | - Wei Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Road Pudong Shanghai 201203 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences No.19A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Hangzhou 310024 China
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44
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Svatunek D, Eilenberger G, Denk C, Lumpi D, Hametner C, Allmaier G, Mikula H. Live Monitoring of Strain-Promoted Azide Alkyne Cycloadditions in Complex Reaction Environments by Inline ATR-IR Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2020; 26:9851-9854. [PMID: 31944448 PMCID: PMC7496163 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The strain-promoted azide alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) is a powerful tool for forming covalent bonds between molecules even under physiological conditions, and therefore found broad application in fields ranging from biological chemistry and biomedical research to materials sciences. For many applications, knowledge about reaction kinetics of these ligations is of utmost importance. Kinetics are commonly assessed and studied by NMR measurements. However, these experiments are limited in terms of temperature and restricted to deuterated solvents. By using an inline ATR-IR probe we show that the cycloaddition of azides and alkynes can be monitored in aqueous and even complex biological fluids enabling the investigation of reaction kinetics in various solvents and even human blood plasma under controlled conditions in low reaction volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Svatunek
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU WienGetreidemarkt 91060ViennaAustria
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and AnalyticsTU WienGetreidemarkt 91060ViennaAustria
| | | | - Christoph Denk
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU WienGetreidemarkt 91060ViennaAustria
| | - Daniel Lumpi
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU WienGetreidemarkt 91060ViennaAustria
| | - Christian Hametner
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU WienGetreidemarkt 91060ViennaAustria
| | - Günter Allmaier
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and AnalyticsTU WienGetreidemarkt 91060ViennaAustria
| | - Hannes Mikula
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU WienGetreidemarkt 91060ViennaAustria
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45
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Nakajima M, Bilodeau DA, Pezacki JP. Predicting reactivity for bioorthogonal cycloadditions involving nitrones. RSC Adv 2020; 10:29306-29310. [PMID: 35521144 PMCID: PMC9055992 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05092j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrones are useful dipoles in both synthesis and in bioorthogonal transformations to report on biological phenomena. In bioorthogonal reactions, nitrones are both small and relatively easy to incorporate into biomolecules, while providing versatility in their ability to harbor different substituents that tune their reactivity. Herein, we examine the reactivities of some common and useful nitrone cycloadditions using density functional theory (DFT) and the distortion/interaction (D/I) model. The data show that relative reactivities can be predicted using these approaches, and useful insights gained further enchancing reactivities of both nitrones and their dipolarophile reaction partners. We find that D/I is a useful guide to understanding and predicting reactivities of cycloadditions involving nitrones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Nakajima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University 1-8-1 Inohana Chuo-ku Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Didier A Bilodeau
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa 150 Louis-Pasteur Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - John Paul Pezacki
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa 150 Louis-Pasteur Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
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46
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Li Y, Fu H. Bioorthogonal Ligations and Cleavages in Chemical Biology. ChemistryOpen 2020; 9:835-853. [PMID: 32817809 PMCID: PMC7426781 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioorthogonal reactions including the bioorthogonal ligations and cleavages have become an active field of research in chemical biology, and they play important roles in chemical modification and functional regulation of biomolecules. This review summarizes the developments and applications of the representative bioorthogonal reactions including the Staudinger reactions, the metal-mediated bioorthogonal reactions, the strain-promoted cycloadditions, the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions, the light-triggered bioorthogonal reactions, and the reactions of chloroquinoxalines and ortho-dithiophenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youshan Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)Department of ChemistryTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Hua Fu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)Department of ChemistryTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
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47
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Nguyen SS, Prescher JA. Developing bioorthogonal probes to span a spectrum of reactivities. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:476-489. [PMID: 34291176 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-0205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal chemistries enable researchers to interrogate biomolecules in living systems. These reactions are highly selective and biocompatible and can be performed in many complex environments. However, like any organic transformation, there is no perfect bioorthogonal reaction. Choosing the "best fit" for a desired application is critical. Correspondingly, there must be a variety of chemistries-spanning a spectrum of rates and other features-to choose from. Over the past few years, significant strides have been made towards not only expanding the number of bioorthogonal chemistries, but also fine-tuning existing reactions for particular applications. In this Review, we highlight recent advances in bioorthogonal reaction development, focusing on how physical organic chemistry principles have guided probe design. The continued expansion of this toolset will provide more precisely tuned reagents for manipulating bonds in distinct environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean S Nguyen
- Departments of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jennifer A Prescher
- Departments of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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48
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Margison KD, Bilodeau DA, Mahmoudi F, Pezacki JP. Cycloadditions of
Trans
‐Cyclooctenes and Nitrones as Tools for Bioorthogonal Labelling. Chembiochem 2020; 21:948-951. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn D. Margison
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa 150 Louis-Pasteur Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Didier A. Bilodeau
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa 150 Louis-Pasteur Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Farnaz Mahmoudi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa 150 Louis-Pasteur Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - John Paul Pezacki
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa 150 Louis-Pasteur Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
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49
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Anderson K, Eastabrook AS, Sperry J. One-pot oxidative hydrolysis-oxidative cleavage of 7-borylindoles enables access to o-amidophenols and 4-acylbenzoxazoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:3559-3562. [PMID: 32104796 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09807k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
7-Borylindoles undergo a one-pot oxidative-hydrolysis of the arylboronate and oxidative cleavage of the indole C2-C3 double bond to afford o-amidophenol derivatives. Subsequent cyclisation delivers benzoxazoles bearing an acyl group at C4, a substitution pattern common to fungal-derived benzoxazole alkaloids. Using 7-borylindoles as substrates to access functionalised o-amidophenols circumvents the difficult preparation of these compounds from arenes, streamlining access to substituted 4-acylbenzoxazoles in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Anderson
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand.
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50
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Sharma K, Strizhak AV, Fowler E, Xu W, Chappell B, Sore HF, Galloway WRJD, Grayson MN, Lau YH, Itzhaki LS, Spring DR. Functionalized Double Strain-Promoted Stapled Peptides for Inhibiting the p53-MDM2 Interaction. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:1157-1169. [PMID: 31984273 PMCID: PMC6977200 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Sondheimer dialkyne reagent has previously been employed in strain-promoted double-click cycloadditions with bis-azide peptides to generate stapled peptide inhibitors of protein-protein interactions. The substituted variants of the Sondheimer dialkyne can be used to generate functionalized stapled peptide inhibitors with improved biological properties; however, this remains a relatively underdeveloped field. Herein, we report the synthesis of new substituted variants of Sondheimer dialkyne and their application in the stapling of p53-based diazido peptides to generate potent stapled peptide-based inhibitors of the oncogenic p53-MDM2 interaction. The functionalized stapled peptide formed from a meta-fluoro-substituted Sondheimer dialkyne was found to be the most potent inhibitor. Furthermore, through experimental studies and density functional theory calculations, we investigated the impact of the substituent on the strain-promoted double-click reactivity of Sondheimer dialkyne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Sharma
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Alexander V. Strizhak
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Elaine Fowler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Wenshu Xu
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, U.K.
| | - Ben Chappell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Hannah F. Sore
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | | | - Matthew N. Grayson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Yu Heng Lau
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Eastern Avenue, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Laura S. Itzhaki
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, U.K.
| | - David R. Spring
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
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