1
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Jodra A, García-Iriepa C, Frutos LM. Mechanical Activation of Forbidden Photoreactivity in Oxa-di-π-methane Rearrangement. J Org Chem 2022; 87:12586-12595. [PMID: 36166757 PMCID: PMC9552220 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
In this work, we demonstrate that the forbidden oxirane-type
photoproduct
(the cyclopropyl ketone photoproduct is the allowed one) of the oxa-di-π-methane
photorearrangement can be obtained by mechanochemical control of the
photoreactions. This control is achieved by the application of simple
force pairs rationally chosen. By analyzing in detail the effect of
the applied forces on this photoreaction, it comes to light that the
mechanical action affects the diverse properties of the oxa-di-π-methane
rearrangement, modifying all the steps of the reaction: (i) the initial
ground-state conformers’ distribution becomes affected; (ii)
the new conformational population makes the triplet excitation process
to be changed, responding to the magnitude of the applied force; (iii)
the stability of the different intermediates along the triplet pathway
also becomes affected, changing the dynamical behavior of the system
and the reaction kinetics; and (iv) the intersystem crossing also
becomes strongly affected, making the forbidden oxirane-type photoproduct
to decay more efficiently to the ground state. All these changes provide
a complex scenario where a detailed study of the effect of applied
forces is necessary in order to predict its overall effect on the
photoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Jodra
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Grupo de Reactividad y Estructura Molecular (RESMOL), Alcalá de Henares 28806, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina García-Iriepa
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Grupo de Reactividad y Estructura Molecular (RESMOL), Alcalá de Henares 28806, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Química ''Andrés M. del Río'' (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares 28806, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Manuel Frutos
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Grupo de Reactividad y Estructura Molecular (RESMOL), Alcalá de Henares 28806, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Química ''Andrés M. del Río'' (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares 28806, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Gonnet L, Baron M, Baltas M. Synthesis of Biologically Relevant 1,2,3- and 1,3,4-Triazoles: From Classical Pathway to Green Chemistry. Molecules 2021; 26:5667. [PMID: 34577138 PMCID: PMC8464795 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Green Chemistry has become in the last two decades an increasing part of research interest. Nonconventional «green» sources for chemical reactions include micro-wave, mechanical mixing, visible light and ultrasound. 1,2,3-triazoles have important applications in pharmaceutical chemistry while their 1,2,4 counterparts are developed to a lesser extent. In the review presented here we will focus on synthesis of 1,2,3 and 1,2,4-triazole systems by means of classical and « green chemistry » conditions involving ultrasound chemistry and mechanochemistry. The focus will be on compounds/scaffolds that possess biological/pharmacophoric properties. Finally, we will also present the formal cycloreversion of 1,2,3-triazole compounds under mechanical forces and its potential use in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Gonnet
- IMT Mines Albi, UMR CNRS 5302, Centre Rapsodee, Campus Jarlard, Allée des Sciences, Université de Toulouse, CEDEX 09, 81013 Albi, France; (L.G.); (M.B.)
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Michel Baron
- IMT Mines Albi, UMR CNRS 5302, Centre Rapsodee, Campus Jarlard, Allée des Sciences, Université de Toulouse, CEDEX 09, 81013 Albi, France; (L.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Michel Baltas
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, Inserm ERL 1289, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, CEDEX 4, F-31077 Toulouse, France
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3
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Izak-Nau E, Campagna D, Baumann C, Göstl R. Polymer mechanochemistry-enabled pericyclic reactions. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01937e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polymer mechanochemical pericyclic reactions are reviewed with regard to their structural features and substitution prerequisites to the polymer framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Izak-Nau
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Davide Campagna
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
| | - Christoph Baumann
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
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4
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García-Iriepa C, Sampedro D, Mendicuti F, Léonard J, Frutos LM. Photoreactivity Control Mediated by Molecular Force Probes in Stilbene. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:1063-1067. [PMID: 30707586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b03802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report theoretical and experimental evidence showing that photochemical reactivity of a chromophore can be modified by applying mechanical forces via molecular force probes. This mechanical action permits us to modulate main photochemical properties, such as fluorescence yield, excited-state lifetime, or photoisomerization quantum yield. The effect of molecular force probes can be rationalized in terms of simple mechanochemical models, establishing a qualitative framework for understanding the mechanical control of photoreactivity in stilbenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina García-Iriepa
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química , Universidad de Alcalá , E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid , Spain
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ) , Universidad de La Rioja , E-26006 Logroño , Spain
| | - Diego Sampedro
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ) , Universidad de La Rioja , E-26006 Logroño , Spain
| | - Francisco Mendicuti
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química , Universidad de Alcalá , E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid , Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río" , Universidad de Alcalá , 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid , Spain
| | - Jérémie Léonard
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg , Université de Strasbourg , CNRS, UMR 7504 and Labex NIE, 67034 Strasbourg , France
| | - Luis Manuel Frutos
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química , Universidad de Alcalá , E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid , Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río" , Universidad de Alcalá , 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid , Spain
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5
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Tireli M, Maračić S, Lukin S, Kulcsár MJ, Žilić D, Cetina M, Halasz I, Raić-Malić S, Užarević K. Solvent-free copper-catalyzed click chemistry for the synthesis of N-heterocyclic hybrids based on quinoline and 1,2,3-triazole. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:2352-2363. [PMID: 29181115 PMCID: PMC5687011 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper-catalyzed mechanochemical click reactions using Cu(II), Cu(I) and Cu(0) catalysts have been successfully implemented to provide novel 6-phenyl-2-(trifluoromethyl)quinolines with a phenyl-1,2,3-triazole moiety at O-4 of the quinoline core. Milling procedures proved to be significantly more efficient than the corresponding solution reactions, with up to a 15-fold gain in yield. Efficiency of both solution and milling procedures depended on the p-substituent in the azide reactant, resulting in H < Cl < Br < I reactivity bias. Solid-state catalysis using Cu(II) and Cu(I) catalysts entailed the direct involvement of the copper species in the reaction and generation of highly luminescent compounds which hindered in situ monitoring by Raman spectroscopy. However, in situ monitoring of the milling processes was enabled by using Cu(0) catalysts in the form of brass milling media which offered a direct insight into the reaction pathway of mechanochemical CuAAC reactions, indicating that the catalysis is most likely conducted on the surface of milling balls. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy was used to determine the oxidation and spin states of the respective copper catalysts in bulk products obtained by milling procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Tireli
- Laboratory for Green Synthesis, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Silvija Maračić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 20, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Stipe Lukin
- Laboratory for Green Synthesis, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marina Juribašić Kulcsár
- Laboratory for Green Synthesis, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dijana Žilić
- Laboratory for Green Synthesis, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mario Cetina
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Textile Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry, Prilaz baruna Filipovića 28a, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Halasz
- Laboratory for Green Synthesis, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Silvana Raić-Malić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 20, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Krunoslav Užarević
- Laboratory for Green Synthesis, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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6
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Sammon MS, Ončák M, Beyer MK. Theoretical simulation of the infrared signature of mechanically stressed polymer solids. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:1710-1716. [PMID: 28904614 PMCID: PMC5564256 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stress leads to deformation of strands in polymer solids, including elongation of covalent bonds and widening of bond angles, which changes the infrared spectrum. Here, the infrared spectrum of solid polymer samples exposed to mechanical stress is simulated by density functional theory calculations. Mechanical stress is described with the external force explicitly included (EFEI) method. The uneven distribution of the external stress on individual polymer strands is accounted for by a convolution of simulated spectra with a realistic force distribution. N-Propylpropanamide and propyl propanoate are chosen as model molecules for polyamide and polyester, respectively. The effect of a specific force on the polymer backbone is a redshift of vibrational modes involving the C-N and C-O bonds in the backbone, while the free C-O stretching mode perpendicular to the backbone is largely unaffected. The convolution with a realistic force distribution shows that the dominant effect on the strongest infrared bands is not a shift of the peak position, but rather peak broadening and a characteristic change in the relative intensities of the strongest bands, which may serve for the identification and quantification of mechanical stress in polymer solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Sammon
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin K Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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7
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Stauch T, Dreuw A. Force-induced retro-click reaction of triazoles competes with adjacent single-bond rupture. Chem Sci 2017; 8:5567-5575. [PMID: 30155228 PMCID: PMC6103003 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc01562c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly controversial force-induced cycloreversion of 1,2,3-triazole, its well-known retro-click reaction, is shown to be possible only for 1,5-substituted triazoles, but competes with rupture of an adjacent single-bond. We draw this conclusion from both static and dynamic calculations under external mechanical forces applied to unsubstituted and 1,4- and 1,5-substituted triazoles. The JEDI (Judgement of Energy DIstribution) analysis, a quantum chemical tool quantifying the distribution of strain energy in mechanically deformed molecules, is employed to identify the key factors facilitating the force-induced retro-click reaction in these systems. For 1,4-substituted triazoles it is shown to be impossible, but the parallel alignment of the scissile bond in 1,5-substituted triazoles with the acting force makes it generally feasible. However, the weakness of the carbon-nitrogen bond connecting the triazole ring to the linker prevents selective cycloreversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Stauch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing , Im Neuenheimer Feld 205 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany . ;
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing , Im Neuenheimer Feld 205 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany . ;
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8
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Hou Q, Han Y, Wang J, Dong Y, Pan J. The impacts of stress on the chemical structure of coals: a mini-review based on the recent development of mechanochemistry. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2017; 62:965-970. [PMID: 36659468 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The chemical structure evolution of coal, which is important for understanding coalification and the accompanying volatile and possible oil generation, is generally thought to be influenced by temperature, time and confining pressure. Though evidence concerning the impacts of stress on the chemical structure has accumulated for many years and some hypotheses have been proposed, the mechanism remains controversial. Recent years have seen a breakthrough in mechanochemistry, which proves that stress can act on the molecule directly to initiate or accelerate reactions by deforming the chemical bonds. The progress in mechanochemistry gives researchers incentive to consider how stress works on the chemical structure of coals. Preliminary quantum chemical calculations have been performed on the macromolecule of anthracite to explain the mechanism of gas generation during the deformation experiments at low temperatures. This paper briefly reviews the evidence regarding the impacts of stress on the chemical structure of coals and introduces the recent achievements in the mechanism research. To further investigate this problem, more work should be undertaken by researchers from both geology and quantum chemistry fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanlin Hou
- Key Laboratory of Computational Geodynamics, CAS, College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yuzhen Han
- Key Laboratory of Computational Geodynamics, CAS, College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yijing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Computational Geodynamics, CAS, College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jienan Pan
- School of Resource & Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
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9
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Krupička M, Dopieralski P, Marx D. Unclicking the Click: Metal-Assisted Mechanochemical Cycloreversion of Triazoles Is Possible. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201612507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Krupička
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
- Present address: Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Chemistry and Technology; Technická 5 16628 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Przemyslaw Dopieralski
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
- Permanent address: Faculty of Chemistry; University of Wroclaw; Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wroclaw Poland
| | - Dominik Marx
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
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10
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Krupička M, Dopieralski P, Marx D. Unclicking the Click: Metal-Assisted Mechanochemical Cycloreversion of Triazoles Is Possible. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:7745-7749. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201612507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Krupička
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
- Present address: Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Chemistry and Technology; Technická 5 16628 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Przemyslaw Dopieralski
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
- Permanent address: Faculty of Chemistry; University of Wroclaw; Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wroclaw Poland
| | - Dominik Marx
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
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11
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Akbulatov S, Boulatov R. Experimental Polymer Mechanochemistry and its Interpretational Frameworks. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:1422-1450. [PMID: 28256793 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201601354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polymer mechanochemistry is an emerging field at the interface of chemistry, materials science, physics and engineering. It aims at understanding and exploiting unique reactivities of polymer chains confined to highly non-equilibrium stretched geometries by interactions with their surroundings. Macromolecular chains or their segments become stretched in bulk polymers under mechanical loads or when polymer solutions are sonicated or flow rapidly through abrupt contractions. An increasing amount of empirical data suggests that mechanochemical phenomena are widespread wherever polymers are used. In the past decade, empirical mechanochemistry has progressed enormously, from studying fragmentations of commodity polymers by simple backbone homolysis to demonstrations of self-strengthening and stress-reporting materials and mechanochemical cascades using purposefully designed monomers. This progress has not yet been matched by the development of conceptual frameworks within which to rationalize, systematize and generalize empirical mechanochemical observations. As a result, mechanistic and/or quantitative understanding of mechanochemical phenomena remains, with few exceptions, tentative. In this review we aim at systematizing reported macroscopic manifestations of polymer mechanochemistry, and critically assessing the interpretational framework that underlies their molecular rationalizations from a physical chemist's perspective. We propose a hierarchy of mechanochemical phenomena which may guide the development of multiscale models of mechanochemical reactivity to match the breadth and utility of the Eyring equation of chemical kinetics. We discuss the limitations of the approaches to quantifying and validating mechanochemical reactivity, with particular focus on sonicated polymer solutions, in order to identify outstanding questions that need to be solved for polymer mechanochemistry to become a rigorous, quantitative field. We conclude by proposing 7 problems whose solution may have a disproportionate impact on the development of polymer mechanochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Akbulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
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12
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Johansson JR, Beke-Somfai T, Said Stålsmeden A, Kann N. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Azide Alkyne Cycloaddition Reaction: Scope, Mechanism, and Applications. Chem Rev 2016; 116:14726-14768. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johan R. Johansson
- Cardiovascular
and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development
Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, SE-43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Tamás Beke-Somfai
- Research
Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok
krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Said Stålsmeden
- Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Nina Kann
- Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Göteborg, Sweden
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13
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Stauch T, Dreuw A. Advances in Quantum Mechanochemistry: Electronic Structure Methods and Force Analysis. Chem Rev 2016; 116:14137-14180. [PMID: 27767298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In quantum mechanochemistry, quantum chemical methods are used to describe molecules under the influence of an external force. The calculation of geometries, energies, transition states, reaction rates, and spectroscopic properties of molecules on the force-modified potential energy surfaces is the key to gain an in-depth understanding of mechanochemical processes at the molecular level. In this review, we present recent advances in the field of quantum mechanochemistry and introduce the quantum chemical methods used to calculate the properties of molecules under an external force. We place special emphasis on quantum chemical force analysis tools, which can be used to identify the mechanochemically relevant degrees of freedom in a deformed molecule, and spotlight selected applications of quantum mechanochemical methods to point out their synergistic relationship with experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Stauch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing , Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing , Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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14
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Abstract
Many strained hydrocarbons are prone to isomerization, dimerization, and trimerization under normal laboratory conditions. Here we investigate a method to stabilize angle-strained cycloalkynes by applying a mechanical pulling force to the carbon atoms adjacent to the triple bond, which partially linearizes the C≡C-C bond angles. We discuss various methods of applying such pulling forces, including photoswitches and incorporation into additional strained macrocycles. We use the computational JEDI (Judgement of Energy DIstribution) analysis to quantify the distribution of energy in strained cycloheptyne and judge the change in stability upon application of an external force via isodesmic and homodesmotic reactions. We find that cycloheptyne can indeed be stabilized by external forces. However, the force generated by photoswitches during isomerization is too low to lead to a significant stabilization of the molecule. Hence, stronger forces are needed, which can be achieved by incorporating cycloheptyne into a second strained macrocycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Stauch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing , Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Günther
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing , Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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Click and chemically triggered declick reactions through reversible amine and thiol coupling via a conjugate acceptor. Nat Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Kouznetsova TB, Wang J, Craig SL. Combined Constant-Force and Constant-Velocity Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy of the Conrotatory Ring Opening Reaction of Benzocyclobutene. Chemphyschem 2016; 18:1486-1489. [PMID: 27348210 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) of multi-mechanophore polymers has been used to provide kinetic and mechanistic insights into mechanochemical reactions. Whereas biological systems have benefitted from force clamp spectroscopy, synthetic polymers have been studied primarily with constant-velocity methods. Here, force clamp SMFS is applied to the mechanically accelerated conrotatory ring opening of benzocyclobutene, and a comparison with constant-velocity SMFS extends the range of available rate-versus-force data and corroborates the use of constant-velocity SMFS to extract force dependencies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Junpeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and the James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 E 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA
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17
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Khanal A, Long F, Cao B, Shahbazian‐Yassar R, Fang S. Evidence of Splitting 1,2,3‐Triazole into an Alkyne and Azide by Low Mechanical Force in the Presence of Other Covalent Bonds. Chemistry 2016; 22:9760-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Khanal
- Department of Chemistry Michigan Technological University Houghton MI 49931 USA
| | - Fei Long
- Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics Michigan Technological University Houghton MI 49931 USA
| | - Bin Cao
- Department of Chemistry Michigan Technological University Houghton MI 49931 USA
| | - Reza Shahbazian‐Yassar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics Michigan Technological University Houghton MI 49931 USA
| | - Shiyue Fang
- Department of Chemistry Michigan Technological University Houghton MI 49931 USA
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18
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Jacobs MJ, Schneider G, Blank KG. Mechanical Reversibility of Strain-Promoted Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:2899-902. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monique J. Jacobs
- Institute for Molecules and Materials; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Guenter Schneider
- Department of Physics; Oregon State University; 301 Weniger Hall Corvallis OR 97331-6501 USA
| | - Kerstin G. Blank
- Institute for Molecules and Materials; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; Potsdam Golm Science Park 14424 Potsdam Germany
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19
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Jacobs MJ, Schneider G, Blank KG. Mechanische Reversibilität der spannungskatalysierten Azid-Alkin-Cycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monique J. Jacobs
- Institute for Molecules and Materials; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen Niederlande
| | - Guenter Schneider
- Department of Physics; Oregon State University; 301 Weniger Hall Corvallis OR 97331-6501 USA
| | - Kerstin G. Blank
- Institute for Molecules and Materials; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen Niederlande
- Max Planck Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung; Wissenschaftspark Potsdam Golm; 14424 Potsdam Deutschland
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20
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Brown CL, Craig SL. Molecular engineering of mechanophore activity for stress-responsive polymeric materials. Chem Sci 2015; 6:2158-2165. [PMID: 28694949 PMCID: PMC5485571 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc01945h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Force reactive functional groups, or mechanophores, have emerged as the basis of a potential strategy for sensing and countering stress-induced material failure. The general utility of this strategy is limited, however, because the levels of mechanophore activation in the bulk are typically low and observed only under large, typically irreversible strains. Strategies that enhance activation are therefore quite useful. Molecular-level design principles by which to engineer enhanced mechanophore activity are reviewed, with an emphasis on quantitative structure-activity studies determined for a family of gem-dihalocyclopropane mechanophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron L Brown
- Department of Chemistry , Duke University , Durham , NC 27708-0346 , USA . ; Tel: +1 919 660 1538
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry , Duke University , Durham , NC 27708-0346 , USA . ; Tel: +1 919 660 1538
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21
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Stauch T, Dreuw A. A quantitative quantum-chemical analysis tool for the distribution of mechanical force in molecules. J Chem Phys 2015; 140:134107. [PMID: 24712780 DOI: 10.1063/1.4870334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The promising field of mechanochemistry suffers from a general lack of understanding of the distribution and propagation of force in a stretched molecule, which limits its applicability up to the present day. In this article, we introduce the JEDI (Judgement of Energy DIstribution) analysis, which is the first quantum chemical method that provides a quantitative understanding of the distribution of mechanical stress energy among all degrees of freedom in a molecule. The method is carried out on the basis of static or dynamic calculations under the influence of an external force and makes use of a Hessian matrix in redundant internal coordinates (bond lengths, bond angles, and dihedral angles), so that all relevant degrees of freedom of a molecule are included and mechanochemical processes can be interpreted in a chemically intuitive way. The JEDI method is characterized by its modest computational effort, with the calculation of the Hessian being the rate-determining step, and delivers, except for the harmonic approximation, exact ab initio results. We apply the JEDI analysis to several example molecules in both static quantum chemical calculations and Born-Oppenheimer Molecular Dynamics simulations in which molecules are subject to an external force, thus studying not only the distribution and the propagation of strain in mechanically deformed systems, but also gaining valuable insights into the mechanochemically induced isomerization of trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene to trans,trans-2,4-hexadiene. The JEDI analysis can potentially be used in the discussion of sonochemical reactions, molecular motors, mechanophores, and photoswitches as well as in the development of molecular force probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Stauch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 368, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 368, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Schütze D, Holz K, Müller J, Beyer MK, Lüning U, Hartke B. Pinpointing Mechanochemical Bond Rupture by Embedding the Mechanophore into a Macrocycle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:2556-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Schütze D, Holz K, Müller J, Beyer MK, Lüning U, Hartke B. Lokalisierung eines mechanochemischen Bindungsbruchs durch Einbettung des Mechanophors in einen Makrocyclus. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Haehnel AP, Sagara Y, Simon YC, Weder C. Mechanochemistry in Polymers with Supramolecular Mechanophores. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2015; 369:345-75. [PMID: 26054388 DOI: 10.1007/128_2015_640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry is a burgeoning field of materials science. Inspired by nature, many scientists have looked at different ways to introduce weak bonds into polymeric materials to impart them with function and in particular mechano-responsiveness. In the following sections, the incorporation of some of the weakest bonds, i.e. non-covalent bonds, into polymeric solids is being surveyed. This review covers sequentially π-π interactions, H-bonding and metal-ligand coordination bonds and tries to highlight some of the advantages and limitations of such systems, while providing some key perspective of what may come next in this tantalizing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Haehnel
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yoshimitsu Sagara
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yoan C Simon
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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25
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Kochhar GS, Heverly-Coulson GS, Mosey NJ. Theoretical Approaches for Understanding the Interplay Between Stress and Chemical Reactivity. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2015; 369:37-96. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2015_648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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26
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Konda SSM, Avdoshenko SM, Makarov DE. Exploring the topography of the stress-modified energy landscapes of mechanosensitive molecules. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:104114. [PMID: 24628159 DOI: 10.1063/1.4867500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose a method for computing the activation barrier for chemical reactions involving molecules subjected to mechanical stress. The method avoids reactant and transition-state saddle optimizations at every force by, instead, solving the differential equations governing the force dependence of the critical points (i.e., minima and saddles) on the system's potential energy surface (PES). As a result, only zero-force geometry optimization (or, more generally, optimization performed at a single force value) is required by the method. In many cases, minima and transition-state saddles only exist within a range of forces and disappear beyond a certain critical point. Our method identifies such force-induced instabilities as points at which one of the Hessian eigenvalues vanishes. We elucidate the nature of those instabilities as fold and cusp catastrophes, where two or three critical points on the force-modified PES coalesce, and provide a classification of various physically distinct instability scenarios, each illustrated with a concrete chemical example.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stanislav M Avdoshenko
- Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Dmitrii E Makarov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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27
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Avdoshenko SM, Konda SSM, Makarov DE. On the calculation of internal forces in mechanically stressed polyatomic molecules. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:134115. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4896944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav M. Avdoshenko
- Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | | | - Dmitrii E. Makarov
- Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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28
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Smalø HS, Rybkin VV, Klopper W, Helgaker T, Uggerud E. Mechanochemistry: the effect of dynamics. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:7683-94. [PMID: 25105205 DOI: 10.1021/jp504959z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Dynamical effects on the mechanochemistry of linear alkane chains, mimicking polyethylene, are studied by means of molecular dynamics simulations. Butane and octane are studied using density-functional theory (DFT), whereas higher homologues are studied using a simple one-dimensional model in which the molecules are represented by a linear chain of Morse potentials (LCM). The application of a fixed external force to a thermodynamically pre-equilibrated molecule leads to a preference for cleavage of the terminal C-C bonds, whereas a sudden application of the force favors bond breaking in the central part of the chain. In all cases, transition-state theory predicts higher bond-breaking rates than found from the more realistic molecular dynamics simulations. The event of bond dissociation is related to dynamic states involving symmetric vibrational modes. Such modes do in general have lower frequencies of vibration than antisymmetric modes, which explains the deviation between the statistical theory and the dynamics simulations. The good qualitative agreement between the DFT and LCM models makes the latter a useful tool to investigate the mechanochemistry of long polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans S Smalø
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1033, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
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29
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Balkenende DWR, Coulibaly S, Balog S, Simon YC, Fiore GL, Weder C. Mechanochemistry with metallosupramolecular polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:10493-8. [PMID: 24972163 DOI: 10.1021/ja5051633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The transduction of mechanical force into useful chemical reactions is an emerging design approach to impart soft materials with new functions. Here, we report that mechanochemical transductions can be achieved in metallosupramolecular polymers. We show that both reversible and irreversible reactions are possible and useful to create mechanically responsive materials that display new functions. The metallopolymer studied was a cross-linked network assembled from a europium salt and a telechelic poly(ethylene-co-butylene) with 2,6-bis(1'-methylbenzimidazolyl)pyridine (Mebip) ligands at the termini. The Eu(3+) complexes serve both as mechanically responsive binding motifs and as built-in optical probes that can monitor the extent of (dis)assembly due to their characteristic photoluminescent properties. Indeed, dose-dependent and reversible metal-ligand dissociation occurs upon exposure to ultrasound in solution. The absence of ultrasound-induced dissociation of a low-molecular weight model complex and in-depth studies of temperature effects confirm that the dissociation is indeed the result of mechanical activation. The influence of the strength of the metal-ligand interactions on the mechanically induced dissociation was also explored. Metallopolymers in which the Mebip ligands were substituted with more strongly coordinating dipicolinate (dpa) ligands do not dissociate upon exposure to ultrasound. Finally, we show that mechanochemical transduction in metallosupramolecular polymers is also possible in the solid state. We demonstrate mending of damaged objects through ultrasound as well as mechanochromic behavior based on metal-exchange reactions in metallopolymers imbibed with an auxiliary metal salt.
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30
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May PA, Moore JS. Polymer mechanochemistry: techniques to generate molecular force via elongational flows. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 42:7497-506. [PMID: 23306817 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35463b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Long chain polymers have a unique ability to become highly extended in elongational flow fields. The forces developed along the backbone give rise to scission of the chains near their center. Recently, this unique property of polymers has been adopted to explore new chemical transformations by embedding structural elements into the backbone designed to undergo site-specific bond cleavage, termed mechanophores. Experimental techniques to generate elongational flow fields exist in a variety of different arrangements and have been used to study polymer mechanochemistry in solution. This tutorial review will discuss progress in the field of polymer mechanochemistry as well as survey the techniques used to generate elongational flow fields. Ultrasonication will be highlighted as the technique that has been widely adopted to screen mechanophore reactivity in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preston A May
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave., MC 251, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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31
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Zhang H, Lin Y, Xu Y, Weng W. Mechanochemistry of Topological Complex Polymer Systems. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2014; 369:135-207. [PMID: 25791486 DOI: 10.1007/128_2014_617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Although existing since the concept of macromolecules, polymer mechanochemistry is a burgeoning field which attracts great scientific interest in its ability to bias conventional reaction pathways and its potential to fabricate mechanoresponsive materials. We review here the effect of topology on the mechanical degradation of polymer chains and the activation of mechanophores in polymer backbones. The chapter focuses on both experimental and theoretical work carried out in the past 70 years. After a general introduction (Sect. 1), where the concept, the history, and the application of polymer mechanochemistry are briefly described, flow fields to study polymer mechanochemistry are discussed (Sect. 2), results of mechanochemistry study are presented for linear polymers (Sect. 3), cyclic polymers (Sect. 4), graft polymers (Sect. 5), star-shaped polymers (Sect. 6), hyperbranched polymers and dendrimers (Sect. 7), and systems with dynamic topology (Sect. 8). Here we focus on (1) experimental results involving the topological effect on the coil-to-stretch transition and the fracture of the polymer chains, (2) the underlying mechanisms and the key factor that determines the mechanical stability of the macromolecules, (3) theoretical models that relate to the experimental observations, and (4) rational design of mechanophores in complex topology to achieve multiple activations according to the existing results observed in chain degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yangju Lin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yuanze Xu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Wengui Weng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China.
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32
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Diesendruck CE, Zhu L, Moore JS. Alkyne mechanochemistry: putative activation by transoidal bending. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:13235-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc03514c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemical transoidal bending of triple bonds lead to an unexpected reaction between alkynes and azide traps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lingyang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana, USA
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33
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Konda SSM, Brantley JN, Varghese BT, Wiggins KM, Bielawski CW, Makarov DE. Molecular Catch Bonds and the Anti-Hammond Effect in Polymer Mechanochemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:12722-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4051108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sai Sriharsha M. Konda
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Johnathan N. Brantley
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Bibin T. Varghese
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Kelly M. Wiggins
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Christopher W. Bielawski
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Dmitrii E. Makarov
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Institute for Computational
Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- H. S. Smalø
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - E. Uggerud
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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35
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Larsen MB, Boydston AJ. "Flex-activated" mechanophores: using polymer mechanochemistry to direct bond bending activation. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:8189-92. [PMID: 23687904 DOI: 10.1021/ja403757p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe studies in mechanochemical transduction that probe the activation of bonds orthogonal to an elongated polymer main chain. Compression of mechanophore-cross-linked materials resulted in the release of small molecules via cleavage of covalent bonds that were not integral components of the elongated polymer segments. The reactivity is proposed to arise from the distribution of force through the cross-linking units of the polymer network and subsequent bond bending motions that are consistent with the geometric changes in the overall reaction. This departure from contemporary polymer mechanochemistry, in which activation is achieved primarily by force-induced bond elongation, is a first step toward mechanophores capable of releasing side-chain functionalities without inherently compromising the overall macromolecular architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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36
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Wiggins KM, Brantley JN, Bielawski CW. Methods for activating and characterizing mechanically responsive polymers. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:7130-47. [PMID: 23389104 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs35493h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mechanically responsive polymers harness mechanical energy to facilitate unique chemical transformations and bestow materials with force sensing (e.g., mechanochromism) or self-healing capabilities. A variety of solution- and solid-state techniques, covering a spectrum of forces and strain rates, can be used to activate mechanically responsive polymers. Moreover, many of these methods have been combined with optical spectroscopy or chemical labeling techniques to characterize the products formed via mechanical activation of appropriate precursors in situ. In this tutorial review, we discuss the methods and techniques that have been used to supply mechanical force to macromolecular systems, and highlight the advantages and challenges associated with each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Wiggins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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37
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Brantley JN, Bailey CB, Wiggins KM, Keatinge-Clay AT, Bielawski CW. Mechanobiochemistry: harnessing biomacromolecules for force-responsive materials. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00001j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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38
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A backbone lever-arm effect enhances polymer mechanochemistry. Nat Chem 2012; 5:110-4. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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39
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Brantley JN, Wiggins KM, Bielawski CW. Polymer mechanochemistry: the design and study of mechanophores. POLYM INT 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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40
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Kean ZS, Black Ramirez AL, Yan Y, Craig SL. Bicyclo[3.2.0]heptane mechanophores for the non-scissile and photochemically reversible generation of reactive bis-enones. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:12939-42. [PMID: 22817476 PMCID: PMC3511912 DOI: 10.1021/ja3063666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Force-induced transformations of polymer-bound functionalities have the potential to produce a rich array of stress-responsive behavior. One area of particular interest is the activation of non-scissile mechanophores in which latent reactivity can be unveiled that, under the appropriate conditions, could lead to constructive bond formation in materials exposed to typically destructive stress. Here, the mechanical activation of a bicyclo[3.2.0]heptane (BCH) mechanophore is demonstrated via selective labeling of bis-enone products. BCH ring-opening produces large local elongation (>4 Å) and products that are reactive to conjugate additions under mild conditions. Subsequent photocyclization regenerates the initial BCH functionality, providing switchable structure and reactivity along the polymer backbone in response to stress and visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yufan Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Stephen L. Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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41
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Smalø HS, Uggerud E. Ring opening vs. direct bond scission of the chain in polymeric triazoles under the influence of an external force. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:10443-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc34056a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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