1
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Žurauskas J, Boháčová S, Wu S, Butera V, Schmid S, Domański M, Slanina T, Barham JP. Electron-Poor Acridones and Acridiniums as Super Photooxidants in Molecular Photoelectrochemistry by Unusual Mechanisms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307550. [PMID: 37584300 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Electron-deficient acridones and in situ generated acridinium salts are reported as potent, closed-shell photooxidants that undergo surprising mechanisms. When bridging acyclic triarylamine catalysts with a carbonyl group (acridones), this completely diverts their behavior away from open-shell, radical cationic, 'beyond diffusion' photocatalysis to closed-shell, neutral, diffusion-controlled photocatalysis. Brønsted acid activation of acridones dramatically increases excited state oxidation power (by +0.8 V). Upon reduction of protonated acridones, they transform to electron-deficient acridinium salts as even more potent photooxidants (*E1/2 =+2.56-3.05 V vs SCE). These oxidize even electron-deficient arenes where conventional acridinium salt photooxidants have thusfar been limited to electron-rich arenes. Surprisingly, upon photoexcitation these electron-deficient acridinium salts appear to undergo two electron reductive quenching to form acridinide anions, spectroscopically-detected as their protonated forms. This new behaviour is partly enabled by a catalyst preassembly with the arene, and contrasts to conventional SET reductive quenching of acridinium salts. Critically, this study illustrates how redox active chromophoric molecules initially considered photocatalysts can transform during the reaction to catalytically active species with completely different redox and spectroscopic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Žurauskas
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Soňa Boháčová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16000, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Shangze Wu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Valeria Butera
- Central European Institute of Technology, CEITEC, 61200 Brno (Czech Republic), Department of Science and Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, University of Palermo, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Simon Schmid
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michał Domański
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tomáš Slanina
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16000, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Joshua P Barham
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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2
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Zhang Y, Wang H, Jiang D, Sun N, He W, Zhao L, Qin N, Zhu N, Fang Z, Guo K. Photomediated core modification of diaryl dihydrophenzines through three-component alkylarylation of alkenes toward organocatalyzed ATRP. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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3
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Abdellaoui C, Hermanns V, Reinfelds M, Scheurer M, Dreuw A, Heckel A, Wachtveitl J. A long-lived fluorenyl cation: efficiency booster for uncaging and photobase properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:5294-5300. [PMID: 35174833 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05292f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photochemistry of fluorenols has been of special interest for many years. This is because both the fluorenol and the fluorenyl cation are antiaromatic in the ground state due to their 4n π-electrons according to the Hückel rule. The photolysis reaction of various fluorene derivatives takes place via a cation intermediate and is preferred due to its excited state aromaticity. Here we present an extremely long-lived fluorenyl cation and its effects on the uncaging of various leaving groups. We analyze the relationship between uncaging quantum yields of fluorene-based cages and the longevity of their fluorenyl cations with different spectroscopic methods in the steady state and on an ultrafast time scale and find that the uncaging quantum yield rises with the stability of the cation. In contrast to previous reports, the cation can be observed on a time scale of minutes, even in moderately protic solvents as methanol and ethanol. The stability of this cation depends on the dimethylamino-substituents on the fluorene scaffold and the properties of the solvent. In addition, with bis-dimethylamino fluorenol, a photobase is introduced that expands the small group of known photoinduced hydroxide emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chahinez Abdellaoui
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany.
| | - Volker Hermanns
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany.
| | - Matiss Reinfelds
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany. .,Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Graz 8010, Austria.
| | - Maximilian Scheurer
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| | - Alexander Heckel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany.
| | - Josef Wachtveitl
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany.
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4
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Jacquot de Rouville HP, Hu J, Heitz V. N-Substituted Acridinium as a Multi-Responsive Recognition Unit in Supramolecular Chemistry. Chempluschem 2021; 86:110-129. [PMID: 33400395 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The N-substituted acridinium motif is an electron-deficient unit with appealing multi-responsive properties which have been exploited in the field of supramolecular chemistry. This building block reversibly alters its shape, with its chemical and optical properties in response to a chemical or redox signal. In this Review, we discuss selected examples where the switchable properties of 9-aryl-N-methyl-acridinium lead to actuators, multi-input and multi-output systems, host or guest systems, and to interlocked systems with controllable motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri-Pierre Jacquot de Rouville
- Laboratoire de Synthèse des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Johnny Hu
- Laboratoire de Synthèse des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Heitz
- Laboratoire de Synthèse des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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5
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Tan ML, Tong S, Hou SK, You J, Wang MX. Copper-Catalyzed N,N-Diarylation of Amides for the Construction of 9,10-Dihydroacridine Structure and Applications in the Synthesis of Diverse Nitrogen-Embedded Polyacenes. Org Lett 2020; 22:5417-5422. [PMID: 32588635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We reported herein CuI/DMEDA catalyzed N,N-diarylation reaction of amides with various di(o-bromoaryl)methanes to produce diverse 9,10-dihydroacridine derivatives. The resulting 9,10-dihydroacridine derivatives were oxidized selectively under mild conditions to afford acridine, acridinone, and acridinium derivatives. The copper-catalyzed N,N-diarylation reaction coupled with oxidative aromatization reaction enabled the facile construction of nitrogen atom-embedded tetracenes and pentacenes of different ortho-fused patterns. The luminescence properties, especially the effect of fusion pattern on fluorescence emission of acquired N-polycenes, were also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Tan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Shuo Tong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Sheng-Kai Hou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jingsong You
- MOE Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Mei-Xiang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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6
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Joung JF, Lee J, Hwang J, Choi K, Park S. A new visible light triggered Arrhenius photobase and its photo-induced reactions. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj05404a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Visible light triggered Arrhenius photobases are of potential use for excited state hydroxide ion dissociation (ESHID), photo-induced pOH jump experiments, and base-catalyzed reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonyoung F. Joung
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Science
- Korea University
- Seoul
- Korea
| | - Jeeun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Science
- Korea University
- Seoul
- Korea
| | - Joungin Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Science
- Korea University
- Seoul
- Korea
| | - Kihang Choi
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Science
- Korea University
- Seoul
- Korea
| | - Sungnam Park
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Science
- Korea University
- Seoul
- Korea
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7
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Durka K, Urban M, Dąbrowski M, Jankowski P, Kliś T, Luliński S. Cationic and Betaine-Type Boronated Acridinium Dyes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Photocatalytic Activity. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:2482-2492. [PMID: 31459486 PMCID: PMC6648561 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of isomeric boronated acridinium dyes were obtained by reactions of 10-(4'-octyloxyphenyl) functionalized 9(10H)-acridanone derivative with lithiated phenylboronic azaesters followed by aromatization with perchloric acid. The effect of the position of boronic group attached at ortho, meta, and para positions of the 9-phenyl ring on the photophysical properties was investigated. Conversion to related betaine trifluoroborato-substituted compounds was successfully performed, and the effect of this structural change on UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy characteristics was established. Furthermore, cyclic voltammetry studies revealed that electrochemical behavior of cationic versus betaine structures is different in terms of redox potential values as well as stability. The theoretical calculations revealed a different scheme for molecular excitation processes in B(OH)2 versus BF3 --substituted compounds as charge transfer to acridinium core is observed from N-aryl or B-aryl moiety, respectively. Obtained compounds were active as photocatalysts in selected visible-light-promoted addition reactions to unsaturated substrates.
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8
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Gini A, Uygur M, Rigotti T, Alemán J, García Mancheño O. Novel Oxidative Ugi Reaction for the Synthesis of Highly Active, Visible-Light, Imide-Acridinium Organophotocatalysts. Chemistry 2018; 24:12509-12514. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gini
- Institute for Organic Chemistry; University of Regensburg; 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Mustafa Uygur
- Organic Chemistry Institute; University of Münster; 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Thomas Rigotti
- Organic Chemistry Department; Módulo 1; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - José Alemán
- Organic Chemistry Department; Módulo 1; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; 28049 Madrid Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Olga García Mancheño
- Organic Chemistry Institute; University of Münster; 48149 Münster Germany
- Institute for Organic Chemistry; University of Regensburg; 93053 Regensburg Germany
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9
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Eberhard J, Peuntinger K, Fröhlich R, Guldi DM, Mattay J. Synthesis and Properties of Acridine and Acridinium Dye Functionalized Bis(terpyridine) Ruthenium(II) Complexes. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Eberhard
- Organische Chemie I; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33501 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Katrin Peuntinger
- Physikalische Chemie I; Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Roland Fröhlich
- Röntgenstrukturanalyse; Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstr. 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Physikalische Chemie I; Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jochen Mattay
- Organische Chemie I; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33501 Bielefeld Germany
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10
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Turlington MD, Troian-Gautier L, Sampaio RN, Beauvilliers EE, Meyer GJ. Ligand Control of Supramolecular Chloride Photorelease. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:5624-5631. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Turlington
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Murray Hall 2202B, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Murray Hall 2202B, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Renato N. Sampaio
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Murray Hall 2202B, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Evan E. Beauvilliers
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Murray Hall 2202B, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Gerald J. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Murray Hall 2202B, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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11
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Gosset A, Xu Z, Maurel F, Chamoreau LM, Nowak S, Vives G, Perruchot C, Heitz V, Jacquot de Rouville HP. A chemically-responsive bis-acridinium receptor. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj03712k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The recognition and the chemical-response properties of a bis-acridinium triphenylene receptor were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Gosset
- Univ Paris Diderot
- Sorbonne Paris Cite
- ITODYS
- UMR CNRS 7086
- France
| | - Z. Xu
- Univ Paris Diderot
- Sorbonne Paris Cite
- ITODYS
- UMR CNRS 7086
- France
| | - F. Maurel
- Univ Paris Diderot
- Sorbonne Paris Cite
- ITODYS
- UMR CNRS 7086
- France
| | - L.-M. Chamoreau
- Sorbonne Universités
- UPMC Univ Paris 06
- CNRS
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire
- Paris
| | - S. Nowak
- Univ Paris Diderot
- Sorbonne Paris Cite
- ITODYS
- UMR CNRS 7086
- France
| | - G. Vives
- Sorbonne Universités
- UPMC Univ Paris 06
- CNRS
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire
- Paris
| | - C. Perruchot
- Univ Paris Diderot
- Sorbonne Paris Cite
- ITODYS
- UMR CNRS 7086
- France
| | - V. Heitz
- Laboratoire de Synthèse des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg
- CNRS/UMR 7177
- France
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12
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Xiao H, Ma L, Fang W, Chen X. A pOH Jump Driven by N═N Out-of-Plane Motion in the Photoisomerization of Water-Solvated Triazabutadiene. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:4939-4947. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b04817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical
and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, Department
of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xin-wai-da-jie No. 19, Beijing, 100875, Peoplés Republic of China
| | - Lishuang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical
and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, Department
of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xin-wai-da-jie No. 19, Beijing, 100875, Peoplés Republic of China
| | - Weihai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical
and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, Department
of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xin-wai-da-jie No. 19, Beijing, 100875, Peoplés Republic of China
| | - Xuebo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical
and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, Department
of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xin-wai-da-jie No. 19, Beijing, 100875, Peoplés Republic of China
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13
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Xie Y, Ilic S, Skaro S, Maslak V, Glusac KD. Excited-State Hydroxide Ion Release From a Series of Acridinol Photobases. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:448-457. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b10980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xie
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Stefan Ilic
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Sanja Skaro
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Veselin Maslak
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Ksenija D. Glusac
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A. Romero
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - David A. Nicewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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15
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O'Donnell RM, Sampaio RN, Li G, Johansson PG, Ward CL, Meyer GJ. Photoacidic and Photobasic Behavior of Transition Metal Compounds with Carboxylic Acid Group(s). J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:3891-903. [PMID: 26901780 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Excited state proton transfer studies of six Ru polypyridyl compounds with carboxylic acid/carboxylate group(s) revealed that some were photoacids and some were photobases. The compounds [Ru(II)(btfmb)2(LL)](2+), [Ru(II)(dtb)2(LL)](2+), and [Ru(II)(bpy)2(LL)](2+), where bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine, btfmb is 4,4'-(CF3)2-bpy, and dtb is 4,4'-((CH3)3C)2-bpy, and LL is either dcb = 4,4'-(CO2H)2-bpy or mcb = 4-(CO2H),4'-(CO2Et)-2,2'-bpy, were synthesized and characterized. The compounds exhibited intense metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) absorption bands in the visible region and room temperature photoluminescence (PL) with long τ > 100 ns excited state lifetimes. The mcb compounds had very similar ground state pKa's of 2.31 ± 0.07, and their characterization enabled accurate determination of the two pKa values for the commonly utilized dcb ligand, pKa1 = 2.1 ± 0.1 and pKa2 = 3.0 ± 0.2. Compounds with the btfmb ligand were photoacidic, and the other compounds were photobasic. Transient absorption spectra indicated that btfmb compounds displayed a [Ru(III)(btfmb(-))L2](2+)* localized excited state and a [Ru(III)(dcb(-))L2](2+)* formulation for all the other excited states. Time dependent PL spectral shifts provided the first kinetic data for excited state proton transfer in a transition metal compound. PL titrations, thermochemical cycles, and kinetic analysis (for the mcb compounds) provided self-consistent pKa* values. The ability to make a single ionizable group photobasic or photoacidic through ligand design was unprecedented and was understood based on the orientation of the lowest-lying MLCT excited state dipole relative to the ligand that contained the carboxylic acid group(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M O'Donnell
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Renato N Sampaio
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Guocan Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Patrik G Johansson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Cassandra L Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Gerald J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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16
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Romero NA, Nicewicz DA. Mechanistic insight into the photoredox catalysis of anti-markovnikov alkene hydrofunctionalization reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:17024-35. [PMID: 25390821 PMCID: PMC4277776 DOI: 10.1021/ja506228u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We describe our efforts to understand
the key mechanistic aspects
of the previously reported alkene hydrofunctionalization reactions
using 9-mesityl-10-methylacridinium (Mes-Acr+) as a photoredox catalyst. Importantly, we are able
to detect alkene cation radical intermediates, and confirm that phenylthiyl
radical is capable of oxidizing the persistent acridinyl radical in
a fast process that unites the catalytic activity of the photoredox
and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) manifolds. Additionally, we present
evidence that diphenyl disulfide ((PhS)2)
operates on a common catalytic cycle with thiophenol (PhSH) by way of photolytic cleaveage of the disulfide bond. Transition
structure analysis of the HAT step using DFT reveals that the activation
barrier for H atom donation from PhSH is significantly
lower than 2-phenylmalononitrile (PMN) due to structural
reorganization. In the early stages of the reaction, Mes-Acr+ is observed to engage in off-cycle adduct
formation, presumably as buildup of PhS− becomes significant. The kinetic differences between PhSH and (PhS)2 as HAT catalysts indicate that
the proton transfer step may have significant rate limiting influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Romero
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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17
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Xie Y, Luk HL, Yang X, Glusac KD. Excited-State Hydroxide Ion Transfer from a Model Xanthenol Photobase. J Phys Chem B 2014; 119:2498-506. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5080169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xie
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling
Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Hoi Ling Luk
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling
Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling
Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Ksenija D. Glusac
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling
Green, Ohio 43403, United States
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18
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Morioka R, Hirano K, Satoh T, Miura M. Unexpected Cyclization of Tritylamines Promoted by Copper Salt through CH and CN Bond Cleavages to Produce Acridine Derivatives. Chemistry 2014; 20:12720-4. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Yang X, Walpita J, Zhou D, Luk HL, Vyas S, Khnayzer RS, Tiwari SC, Diri K, Hadad CM, Castellano FN, Krylov AI, Glusac KD. Toward Organic Photohydrides: Excited-State Behavior of 10-Methyl-9-phenyl-9,10-dihydroacridine. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:15290-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jp401770e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Janitha Walpita
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Dapeng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Hoi Ling Luk
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United
States
| | - Shubham Vyas
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United
States
| | - Rony S. Khnayzer
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Subodh C. Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
90089-0482, United States
| | - Kadir Diri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
90089-0482, United States
| | - Christopher M. Hadad
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United
States
| | - Felix N. Castellano
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Anna I. Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
90089-0482, United States
| | - Ksenija D. Glusac
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
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20
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Raskosova A, Stösser R, Abraham W. Molecular photoswitches based on spiro-acridans. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:3964-6. [PMID: 23549438 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc41135d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thermally reversible photochromic spiro-acridans have been synthesized for the first time. They exhibit high ring opening efficiencies. As the formed zwitterions do not possess a merocyanine structure their lifetime is in the range of milliseconds to seconds. An observed side reaction can be avoided by suitable substitution of hydrogen atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Raskosova
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute for Chemistry, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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