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Zhang Y, Wang T, He Y. Initial Response of Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (PETN) under the Coupling Effect of Preheating, Shock and Defect via the Molecular Dynamics Simulations with the Multiscale Shock Technique Method. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28072911. [PMID: 37049675 PMCID: PMC10096352 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28072911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The initial response of PETN under the coupling of preheating, impact and defects was simulated by Multiscale Shock Technique (MSST) method and molecular dynamics. The temperature change of PETN during impact compression can be divided into three stages: (1) the elastoplastic change of the system caused by initial compression; (2) part of PETN decomposes and releases energy to raise temperature; (3) a secondary chemical reaction occurs, resulting in rapid temperature rise. Under the given conditions, a higher initial preheating temperature will lead to faster decomposition of PETN; The existence of defects will accelerate the decomposition of PETN molecules; Coupling the highest preheating temperature with defects will lead to the fastest decomposition of PETN molecules, while in the defect-free PETN system with a preheating temperature of 300 K, the decomposition of PETN molecules is the slowest. For the case of Us = 8 km·s-1, the effect of defects on the initial PETN reaction is greater than the initial preheating temperature; When the impact velocity is greater than 9 km·s-1, the impact velocity is an important factor affecting the decomposition of PETN molecules. For Us = 10 km·s-1, NO2 is the main initial product in the defective PETN crystal, while in the perfect PETN crystal, it is the combination of NO2 and HONO. The chemical reaction kinetics analysis shows that the preheating temperature and defects will accelerate the decomposition of PETN. The higher the preheating temperature, the faster the decomposition of PETN. For the case of Us = 7 km·s-1, 8 km·s-1 and 9 km·s-1, the existence of defects will increase the decomposition rate by more than 50% regardless of the initial preheating temperature. In the case of Us = 10 km·s-1, the improvement of decomposition rate by defects is not as significant as the initial preheating temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Zhang
- Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuanhang He
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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2
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Huang YY, He ZH, Ji GF. Reaction mechanism and kinetics properties of β-HMX under different thermodynamics States: A theoretical study for thermal decomposition. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.139877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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3
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Zhou M, Wei G, Zhang Y, Xiang D, Ye C. Molecular dynamic insight into octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) and the nano-HMX decomposition mechanism. RSC Adv 2022; 12:32508-32517. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05394b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The entire decomposition reaction process of a 30 Å HMX nanoparticle at 2000 K by ReaxFF molecular dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, PR China
| | - Genwang Wei
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies & Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China
| | - Yao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, PR China
| | - Dong Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, PR China
| | - Caichao Ye
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies & Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Science and Material Design, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China
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4
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Li G, Zhang C. Review of the molecular and crystal correlations on sensitivities of energetic materials. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 398:122910. [PMID: 32768822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Highly efficient design on the levels of molecule and crystal, as well as formulation, is highly desired for accelerating the development of energetic materials (EMs). Sensitivity is one of the most important characteristics of EMs and should be compulsorily considered in the design. However, owing to multiple factors responsible for the sensitivity, it usually undergoes a low predictability. Thus, it becomes urgent to clarify which factors govern the sensitivity and what is the importance of these factors. The present article focuses upon the progress of the molecular and crystal correlations on the sensitivity, and the molecule-based numerical models for sensitivity prediction in the past decades. On the molecular level, composition, geometric structure, electronic structure, energy and reactivity can be correlated with the sensitivity; while the sensitivity can be also related with molecular packing pattern, intermolecular interaction, crystal morphology, crystal size and distribution, crystal surface/interface and crystal defect on the crystal level. And most of these factors, in particle on the crystal level, have been employed as variables in numerical models for predicting sensitivity of categorized EMs. Besides, we stress that more attention should be paid to the sensitivity correlations on the inherent structures of EMs, molecule and crystal packing, because they can be readily dealt by molecular simulations nowadays, facilitating to reveal the physical nature of sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P. O. Box 919-311, Mianyang, Sichuan 621999, China
| | - Chaoyang Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P. O. Box 919-311, Mianyang, Sichuan 621999, China; Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100048, China.
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5
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Wu X, Liu Z, Zhu W. Theoretical studies of size effects on surfacial properties for CL-20 and NTO nanoparticles. Struct Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-020-01642-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Theorectical Studies on Surface-Induced Energetic, Electronic, and Vibrational Properties of Triamino-trinitrobenzene Nanoparticles. J CLUST SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-020-01850-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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Yu Q, Zhao C, Liao L, Li H, Sui H, Yin Y, Li J. A mechanism for two-step thermal decomposition of 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:13729-13736. [PMID: 32530012 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02159h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
2,6-Diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105) is a representative of the new generation of low-sensitivity energetic materials and has been applied extensively in formulations as an insensitive high-energetic ingredient. Although the initial thermal decomposition mechanism of LLM-105 has been studied based on quantum chemical calculations, the internal mechanism of the two-step thermal decomposition still lacks experimental research. Thus, this study involves a detailed experimental study to reveal the mechanism of the two-step thermal decomposition of LLM-105. The results showed that LLM-105 decay was a consecutive reaction. The first-step reaction dominated the early stage of the LLM-105 decomposition, and its products participated in the reaction of the second step. The cleavage of NO2 and NH2 groups of LLM-105 mainly occurred in the first step, while gaseous products NO and C2N2 were released during the second reaction step. The first-step reaction had a higher oxygen consumption rate and a lower carbon consumption rate, producing more heat due to more extensive oxidation of the carbon backbone. The difference in the oxidative ability and reaction rate between the two steps resulted in a two-step exothermic and mass loss behavior. This study provides further insights into the entire reaction process of LLM-105 and would be helpful for its better application and for the design of new explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P. O. Box 919-311, Mianyang, 621900, P. R. China.
| | - Chuande Zhao
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P. O. Box 919-311, Mianyang, 621900, P. R. China.
| | - Longyu Liao
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P. O. Box 919-311, Mianyang, 621900, P. R. China.
| | - Hongzhen Li
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P. O. Box 919-311, Mianyang, 621900, P. R. China.
| | - Heliang Sui
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P. O. Box 919-311, Mianyang, 621900, P. R. China.
| | - Ying Yin
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P. O. Box 919-311, Mianyang, 621900, P. R. China.
| | - Jinshan Li
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P. O. Box 919-311, Mianyang, 621900, P. R. China.
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8
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Ren C, Liu H, Li X, Guo L. Decomposition mechanism scenarios of CL-20 co-crystals revealed by ReaxFF molecular dynamics: similarities and differences. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:2827-2840. [PMID: 31965130 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06102a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the similarities and differences of decomposition mechanisms of CL-20 and its cocrystals is of great interest for practical applications of CL-20 cocrystals. The responses of CL-20 cocrystals to thermal stimulus were investigated using ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations of two representative cocrystals, CL-20/HMX and CL-20/TNT, under adiabatic conditions and comparing to the baseline system of pure CL-20. The comprehensive chemical details were revealed with the aid of the unique code of VARxMD. The three CL-20-involved reactive systems all exhibit a distinct three-stage character during adiabatic decomposition when using the double peaks of the major intermediate NO2 amount as the boundary. By taking advantage of the three-stage classification, a clear scenario for the similar stimulus-response of the CL-20 cocrystals can be elucidated for the dominant primary decomposition of CL-20 in stage I and the transition of favored chemical mechanisms from the generation of intermediates/radicals in stage II into their consumption to form stable products in stage III. The similar chemical behaviors are rooted in the dominance of CL-20 chemistry in the initial response of its cocrystals to thermal stimulus. The prolonged reaction zone uncovers the slowed decomposition kinetics of CL-20/HMX and CL-20/TNT, which is associated with the altered kinetics of CL-20 decomposition specifically by N-NO2 bond scission and CL-20 skeleton decay. The retarded CL-20 decomposition in its cocrystals consequently results in more moderate self-heating and less violent exothermic reactions that agrees with the experimental observations of improved stability and damaged detonation performance of CL-20 cocrystals, particularly for CL-20/TNT. The results obtained in this work suggest that ReaxFF MD simulations can provide useful insight for the modulated chemical properties of varied CL-20 cocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Han Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China and Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. R. China
| | - Li Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China and Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. R. China
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9
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Pressure-induced structure, vibrational properties, and initial decomposition mechanisms of δ-HMX crystal: A periodic DFT study. J Mol Graph Model 2019; 90:144-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Zhong M, Qin H, Liu QJ, Jiang CL, Zhao F, Shang HL, Liu FS, Tang B. A systematic study of the surface structures and energetics of CH 3NO 2 surfaces by first-principles calculations. J Mol Model 2019; 25:164. [PMID: 31101992 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-4061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) has been employed within the generalized gradient approximation and Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof functional (GGA-PBE) to study the structural and electronic properties of nitromethane (NM) surface models. Different surfaces, including (100), (001), (101), (110), and (111), are considered in this work. The corresponding properties of bulk crystal for NM were also calculated to form a contrast to the slab models. Results with anisotropic characteristics of different surfaces have been observed in this study. There was an obviously great anisotropy in electronic parameters, especially the band gaps of different surfaces, indicating the anisotropic impact sensitivity along different directions of NM. The band gap value for (111) surface, 2.687 eV, was smaller than that of other surfaces, showing a higher impact sensitivity for NM. The estimated anisotropy has been revealed in surface energies for different surfaces. Graphical Abstract The valence band minimum (VBM) and conduction band maximum (CBM) of the nitromethane (100), (001), (101), (110) and (111) surface models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Zhong
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China. .,Bond and Band Engineering Group, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory (for Universities) of High Pressure Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Han Qin
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China.,Bond and Band Engineering Group, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory (for Universities) of High Pressure Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Jun Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China. .,Bond and Band Engineering Group, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory (for Universities) of High Pressure Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Cheng-Lu Jiang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China.,Bond and Band Engineering Group, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory (for Universities) of High Pressure Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Lin Shang
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Sheng Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China.,Bond and Band Engineering Group, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory (for Universities) of High Pressure Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, People's Republic of China
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11
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Zheng K, Wen Y, Huang B, Wang J, Chen J, Xie G, Lv G, Liu J, Qiao Z, Yang G. The solid phase thermal decomposition and nanocrystal effect of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) via ReaxFF large-scale molecular dynamics simulation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:17240-17252. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01482a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The solid phase thermal decomposition and nanocrystal effect are extremely important to understand the ignition, combustion, reaction growth and buildup to detonation under shock wave action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zheng
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- China
- School of Mechanical Engineering
| | - Yushi Wen
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- China
| | - Bing Huang
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- China
| | - Jin Chen
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- China
| | - Gongnan Xie
- School of Mechanical Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Guoqing Lv
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- China
| | - Jian Liu
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- China
| | - Zhiqiang Qiao
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- China
| | - Guangcheng Yang
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- China
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12
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Xiang D, Zhu W. Adiabatic and constant volume decomposition process of condensed phase δ-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane at high temperatures: Quantum molecular dynamics simulations. J Mol Graph Model 2018; 85:68-74. [PMID: 30099224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We performed quantum molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the initiation chemistry of condensed phase δ-HMX at high temperatures by maintaining constant energy and volume to model adiabatic initiation process. The decomposition of HMX began by the C-N bond breaking in one molecule and by the C-H bond cleavage in other HMX molecule at 2400 K. At 2700 K, HMX is triggered by only one path that the C-N bond broke and the ring opened. At 3000 K, the decomposition of HMX is triggered by the C-H bond and N-O bond fission in the branch chains. There are seven decomposition channels observed during the whole decomposition stage. The N-O bond cleavage is a dominant reaction pathway. The boat configuration of the HMX molecule caused a new reaction channel to be happened by forming a new N-N bond. Another new reaction channel took place to form a new N-C bond due to intermolecular effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xiang
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Weihua Zhu
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China.
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13
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Abstract
This work is a study of 5-amino-3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (ANTA), 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), and nitrated derivatives of ANTA and NTO. RDX and TNT were studied for comparison. ANTA and NTO are low-sensitive high explosives with detonation properties comparable to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). We showed previously that nitrated NTO and ANTA compounds, when used in a glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) matrix in rocket propellants, could give impulses above 2600 m/s and that the oxygen balance is positive. If used in aluminized explosives, the heat of detonation may be increased to a practical level significantly above RDX/aluminum compositions. Here, we use two different methods for sensitivity and two density functional theory functionals, B3LYP and M06-2X with the 6-31G(d) basis set, together with the complete basis set method CBS-4M. Calculations indicate that most of the nitrated derivatives have nearly equal sensitivity to RDX. Significantly different bond dissociation energies in the nitrimino functional group are predicted, although most models give much the same result.
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14
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A method for fast safety screening of explosives in terms of crystal packing and molecular stability. J Mol Model 2016; 22:170. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-016-3031-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Molecular Theory of Detonation Initiation: Insight from First Principles Modeling of the Decomposition Mechanisms of Organic Nitro Energetic Materials. Molecules 2016; 21:236. [PMID: 26907231 PMCID: PMC6273078 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents a concept, which assumes that thermal decomposition processes play a major role in defining the sensitivity of organic energetic materials to detonation initiation. As a science and engineering community we are still far away from having a comprehensive molecular detonation initiation theory in a widely agreed upon form. However, recent advances in experimental and theoretical methods allow for a constructive and rigorous approach to design and test the theory or at least some of its fundamental building blocks. In this review, we analyzed a set of select experimental and theoretical articles, which were augmented by our own first principles modeling and simulations, to reveal new trends in energetic materials and to refine known existing correlations between their structures, properties, and functions. Our consideration is intentionally limited to the processes of thermally stimulated chemical reactions at the earliest stage of decomposition of molecules and materials containing defects.
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16
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He ZH, Chen J, Wu Q, Ji GF. Special catalytic effects of intermediate-water for rapid shock initiation of β-HMX. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra21384g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The intermediate-water efficiently promoted the decomposition of β-HMX, corresponding to a rapid shock initiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Hua He
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics
- Institute of Fluid Physics
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- China
| | - Jun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Computational Physics
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics
- Beijing 100088
- China
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology
| | - Qiang Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics
- Institute of Fluid Physics
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- China
| | - Guang-Fu Ji
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics
- Institute of Fluid Physics
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- China
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17
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He ZH, Chen J, Ji GF, Liu LM, Zhu WJ, Wu Q. Dynamic Responses and Initial Decomposition under Shock Loading: A DFTB Calculation Combined with MSST Method for β-HMX with Molecular Vacancy. J Phys Chem B 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b05081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Hua He
- National
Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100084, China
- National
Key Laboratory of Computational Physics, Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Jun Chen
- National
Key Laboratory of Computational Physics, Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Guang-Fu Ji
- National
Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China
| | - Li-Min Liu
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhu
- National
Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- National
Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China
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18
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Liu Z, Wu Q, Zhu W, Xiao H. Formation and growth mechanisms of natural metastable twin boundary in crystalline β-octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine: a computational study. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra15324g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The twin boundary (TB), a typical planar defect, occurs naturally in molecular explosives and manipulates their sensitivities to external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Liu
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Weihua Zhu
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Heming Xiao
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
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19
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Kuklja MM, Tsyshevsky RV, Sharia O. Effect of Polar Surfaces on Decomposition of Molecular Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:13289-302. [DOI: 10.1021/ja506297e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maija M. Kuklja
- Materials Science and Engineering
Department, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Roman V. Tsyshevsky
- Materials Science and Engineering
Department, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Onise Sharia
- Materials Science and Engineering
Department, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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20
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Ge NN, Wei YK, Song ZF, Chen XR, Ji GF, Zhao F, Wei DQ. Anisotropic Responses and Initial Decomposition of Condensed-Phase β-HMX under Shock Loadings via Molecular Dynamics Simulations in Conjunction with Multiscale Shock Technique. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:8691-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp502432g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ni-Na Ge
- National
Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of
Fluid Physics, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, China
- Key
Laboratory of High Energy Density Physics and Technology of Ministry
of Education, College of Physical Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yong-Kai Wei
- Key
Laboratory of High Energy Density Physics and Technology of Ministry
of Education, College of Physical Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zhen-Fei Song
- National
Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of
Fluid Physics, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Chen
- Key
Laboratory of High Energy Density Physics and Technology of Ministry
of Education, College of Physical Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Guang-Fu Ji
- National
Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of
Fluid Physics, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- National
Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of
Fluid Physics, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, China
| | - Dong-Qing Wei
- State
Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 00081, China
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21
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Politzer P, Murray JS. Impact sensitivity and crystal lattice compressibility/free space. J Mol Model 2014; 20:2223. [PMID: 24756553 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2223-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable evidence, which we discuss, indicating that compressibility and available free space in the crystal lattice are among the factors that govern the sensitivity of an explosive compound. Expanding and extending earlier work, we demonstrate, for 25 explosives, that there is an overall general tendency for greater impact sensitivity as the estimated free space per molecule increases. More specific relationships can be discerned by looking at subgroups of the compounds. The nitramine sensitivities, most of which are quite high, increase nearly linearly but only very gradually with free space. The nitroaromatics cover a wide range of sensitivities but all have an approximately similar intermediate level of free space. The remaining types of compounds show a reasonable sensitivity-free space relationship with one outlier: FOX-7 (1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Politzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, 70148, USA,
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23
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Tsyshevsky RV, Kuklja MM. Decomposition mechanisms and kinetics of novel energetic molecules BNFF-1 and ANFF-1: quantum-chemical modeling. Molecules 2013; 18:8500-17. [PMID: 23873388 PMCID: PMC6269948 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18078500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Decomposition mechanisms, activation barriers, Arrhenius parameters, and reaction kinetics of the novel explosive compounds, 3,4-bis(4-nitro-1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-yl)-1,2,5-oxadiazole (BNFF-1), and 3-(4-amino-1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-yl)-4-(4-nitro-1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-yl)-1,2,5-oxadiazole (ANFF-1) were explored by means of density functional theory with a range of functionals combined with variational transition state theory. BNFF-1 and ANFF-1 were recently suggested to be good candidates for insensitive high energy density materials. Our modeling reveals that the decomposition initiation in both BNFF-1 and ANFF-1 molecules is triggered by ring cleavage reactions while the further process is defined by a competition between two major pathways, the fast C-NO2 homolysis and slow nitro-nitrite isomerization releasing NO. We discuss insights on design of new energetic materials with targeted properties gained from our modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maija M. Kuklja
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: , ; Tel.: +1-703-292-4940; Fax: +1-301-314-2029
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24
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Duan XH, Li WP, Pei CH, Zhou XQ. Molecular dynamics simulations of void defects in the energetic material HMX. J Mol Model 2013; 19:3893-9. [PMID: 23828248 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-013-1924-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was carried out to characterize the dynamic evolution of void defects in crystalline octahydro-1, 3, 5, 7-tetranitro-1, 3, 5, 7-tetrazocine (HMX). Different models were constructed with the same concentration of vacancies (10 %) to discuss the size effects of void. Energetic ground state properties were determined by annealing simulations. The void formation energy per molecule removed was found to be 55-63 kcal/mol(-1), and the average binding energy per molecule was between 32 and 34 kcal/mol(-1) according to the change in void size. Voids with larger size had lower formation energy. Local binding energies for molecules directly on the void surface decreased greatly compared to those in defect-free lattice, and then gradually increased until the distance away from the void surface was around 10 Å. Analysis of 1 ns MD simulations revealed that the larger the void size, the easier is void collapse. Mean square displacements (MSDs) showed that HMX molecules that had collapsed into void present liquid structure characteristics. Four unique low-energy conformers were found for HMX molecules in void: two whose conformational geometries corresponded closely to those found in HMX polymorphs and two, additional, lower energy conformers that were not seen in the crystalline phases. The ratio of different conformers changed with the simulated temperature, in that the ratio of α conformer increased with the increase in temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hui Duan
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composites and Functional Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Abstract
Despite extensive efforts to study the explosive decomposition of HMX, a cyclic nitramine widely used as a solid fuel, explosive, and propellant, an understanding of the physicochemical processes, governing the sensitivity of condensed HMX to detonation initiation is not yet achieved. Experimental and theoretical explorations of the initiation of chemistry are equally challenging because of many complex parallel processes, including the β-δ phase transition and the decomposition from both phases. Among four known polymorphs, HMX is produced in the most stable β-phase, which transforms into the most reactive δ-phase under heat or pressure. In this study, the homolytic NO2 loss and HONO elimination precursor reactions of the gas-phase, ideal crystal, and the (100) surface of δ-HMX are explored by first principles modeling. Our calculations revealed that the high sensitivity of δ-HMX is attributed to interactions of surfaces and molecular dipole moments. While both decomposition reactions coexist, the exothermic HONO-isomer formation catalyzes the N-NO2 homolysis, leading to fast violent explosions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onise Sharia
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Roman Tsyshevsky
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Maija M Kuklja
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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26
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Ge NN, Wei YK, Ji GF, Chen XR, Zhao F, Wei DQ. Initial Decomposition of the Condensed-Phase β-HMX under Shock Waves: Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:13696-704. [DOI: 10.1021/jp309120t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ni-Na Ge
- National Key Laboratory of Shock
Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900,
China
- Institute of Computational
Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064,
China
| | - Yong-Kai Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Shock
Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900,
China
- Institute of Computational
Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064,
China
| | - Guang-Fu Ji
- National Key Laboratory of Shock
Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900,
China
| | - Xiang-Rong Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Shock
Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900,
China
- International Centre
for Materials Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Shock
Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900,
China
| | - Dong-Qing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 00081, China
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27
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Vibrational spectra of an RDX film over an aluminum substrate from molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory. J Mol Model 2012; 19:2773-8. [PMID: 23086462 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-012-1623-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We report calculated vibrational spectra in the range of 0-3,500 cm(-1) of RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) molecules adsorbed on a model aluminum surface. A molecular film was modeled using two approaches: (1) density functional theory (DFT) was used to optimize a single RDX molecule interacting with its periodic images, and (2) a group of nine molecules extracted from the crystal structure was deposited on the surface and interacted with its periodic images via molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In both cases, the molecule was initialized in the AAA conformer geometry having the three nitro groups in axial positions, and kept that conformation in the DFT examination, but some molecules were found to change to the AAE conformer (two nitro groups in axial and one in equatorial position) in the MD analysis. The vibrational spectra obtained from both methods are similar to each other, except in the regions where collective RDX intermolecular interactions (captured by MD simulations) are important, and compare fairly well with experimental findings.
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