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Yuan S, Gopal JV, Ren S, Chen L, Liu L, Gao Z. Anticancer fungal natural products: Mechanisms of action and biosynthesis. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 202:112502. [PMID: 32652407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Many fungal metabolites show promising anticancer properties both in vitro and in animal models, and some synthetic analogs of those metabolites have progressed into clinical trials. However, currently, there are still no fungi-derived agents approved as anticancer drugs. Two potential reasons could be envisioned: 1) lacking a clear understanding of their anticancer mechanism of action, 2) unable to supply enough materials to support the preclinical and clinic developments. In this review, we will summarize recent efforts on elucidating the anticancer mechanisms and biosynthetic pathways of several promising anticancer fungal natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Yuan
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jannu Vinay Gopal
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shuya Ren
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Litong Chen
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lan Liu
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Zhizeng Gao
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China.
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2
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Sunnapu R, Banoth SN, R S R, Thomas A, Venugopal N, Rajendar G. Stereoselective Total Synthesis of (-)-(2 S,4 R)-3'-Methoxyl Citreochlorol: Preparation and Use of New Proline-Based Auxiliary for Asymmetric Acetate Aldol Reaction. J Org Chem 2020; 85:4103-4113. [PMID: 32048505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first stereoselective total synthesis of (-)-(2S,4R)-3'-methoxy citreochlorol and (-)-(2S,4S)-3'-methoxy citreochlorol is demonstrated. A proline-based imidazolidinone was synthesized and used as chiral auxiliary for asymmetric acetate aldol reaction to generate initial chirality in the targeted molecule. Geminal dichloromethane functionality was introduced by the addition of in situ generated dichloromethyllithium to Weinreb's amide functional group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranganayakulu Sunnapu
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India
| | - Saikumar Naik Banoth
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India
| | - Reyno R S
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India
| | - Aleena Thomas
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India
| | - Navyasree Venugopal
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India
| | - Goreti Rajendar
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India
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3
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Rahman MA, Reddy NM, Yadav JS. Progress towards the Synthesis of (‐)‐Ushikulide A: Synthesis of C1‐C15 Aliphatic and C17‐C31 Spiroketal Fragments by an Aldol Approach. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201900252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ataur Rahman
- Centre for Semiochemicals DivisionCSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyHarvard University, Cambridge Massachusetts 02138 United States
| | - N. Mallikarjuna Reddy
- Centre for Semiochemicals DivisionCSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad
| | - Jhillu Singh Yadav
- Centre for Semiochemicals DivisionCSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad
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4
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Sanichar R, Carroll C, Kimmis R, Reiz B, Vederas JC. Dess–Martin periodinane oxidative rearrangement for preparation of α-keto thioesters. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:593-597. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02959d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Facile preparation of α-keto thioesters via a new rearrangement reaction mediated by the Dess–Martin Periodinane reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy Sanichar
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada T6G-2G2
| | - Ciaran Carroll
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada T6G-2G2
| | - Ryan Kimmis
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada T6G-2G2
| | - Bela Reiz
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada T6G-2G2
| | - John C. Vederas
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada T6G-2G2
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Jana N, Nanda S. Resorcylic acid lactones (RALs) and their structural congeners: recent advances in their biosynthesis, chemical synthesis and biology. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj02534g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Resorcylic acid lactones (RALs) are naturally occurring 14-membered macrolactones that constitute a class of polyketides derived from fungal metabolites and that possess significant and promising biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandan Jana
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur
- India
| | - Samik Nanda
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur
- India
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Franke J, Hertweck C. Biomimetic Thioesters as Probes for Enzymatic Assembly Lines: Synthesis, Applications, and Challenges. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:1179-1192. [PMID: 27693058 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Thioesters play essential roles in many biosynthetic pathways to fatty acids, esters, polyketides, and non-ribosomal peptides. Coenzyme A (CoA) and related phosphopantetheine thioesters are typically employed as activated acyl units for diverse C-C, C-O, and C-N coupling reactions. To study and control these enzymatic assembly lines in vitro and in vivo structurally simplified analogs such as N-acetylcysteamine (NAC) thioesters have been developed. This review gives an overview on experimental strategies enabled by synthetic NAC thioesters, such as the elucidation of complex biosynthetic pathways and enzyme mechanisms as well as precursor-directed biosynthesis and mutasynthesis. The review also summarizes synthetic protocols and protection group strategies to access these versatile synthetic tools, which are reactive and often unstable compounds. In addition, alternative phosphopantetheine thioester mimics are presented that can be used as protein tags or suicide inhibitors for protein crosslinking and off-loading probes to elucidate polyketide intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Franke
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany; Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Bond C, Tang Y, Li L. Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a tool for mining, studying and engineering fungal polyketide synthases. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 89:52-61. [PMID: 26850128 PMCID: PMC4789138 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Small molecule secondary metabolites produced by organisms such as plants, bacteria, and fungi form a fascinating and important group of natural products, many of which have shown promise as medicines. Fungi in particular have been important sources of natural product polyketide pharmaceuticals. While the structural complexity of these polyketides makes them interesting and useful bioactive compounds, these same features also make them difficult and expensive to prepare and scale-up using synthetic methods. Currently, nearly all commercial polyketides are prepared through fermentation or semi-synthesis. However, elucidation and engineering of polyketide pathways in the native filamentous fungi hosts are often hampered due to a lack of established genetic tools and of understanding of the regulation of fungal secondary metabolisms. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has many advantages beneficial to the study and development of polyketide pathways from filamentous fungi due to its extensive genetic toolbox and well-studied metabolism. This review highlights the benefits S. cerevisiae provides as a tool for mining, studying, and engineering fungal polyketide synthases (PKSs), as well as notable insights this versatile tool has given us into the mechanisms and products of fungal PKSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Bond
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
| | - Li Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
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8
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Parascandolo JS, Havemann J, Potter HK, Huang F, Riva E, Connolly J, Wilkening I, Song L, Leadlay PF, Tosin M. Insights into 6-Methylsalicylic Acid Bio-assembly by Using Chemical Probes. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 128:3524-3528. [PMID: 27478274 PMCID: PMC4950124 DOI: 10.1002/ange.201509038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Chemical probes capable of reacting with KS (ketosynthase)-bound biosynthetic intermediates were utilized for the investigation of the model type I iterative polyketide synthase 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase (6-MSAS) in vivo and in vitro. From the fermentation of fungal and bacterial 6-MSAS hosts in the presence of chain termination probes, a full range of biosynthetic intermediates was isolated and characterized for the first time. Meanwhile, in vitro studies of recombinant 6-MSA synthases with both nonhydrolyzable and hydrolyzable substrate mimics have provided additional insights into substrate recognition, providing the basis for further exploration of the enzyme catalytic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Judith Havemann
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickLibrary RoadCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | - Helen K. Potter
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Fanglu Huang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Cambridge80 Tennis Court RoadCambridgeCB2 1GAUK
| | - Elena Riva
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickLibrary RoadCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | - Jack Connolly
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickLibrary RoadCoventryCV4 7ALUK
- School of BiosciencesThe University of BirminghamBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Ina Wilkening
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickLibrary RoadCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | - Lijiang Song
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickLibrary RoadCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | - Peter F. Leadlay
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Cambridge80 Tennis Court RoadCambridgeCB2 1GAUK
| | - Manuela Tosin
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickLibrary RoadCoventryCV4 7ALUK
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9
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Parascandolo JS, Havemann J, Potter HK, Huang F, Riva E, Connolly J, Wilkening I, Song L, Leadlay PF, Tosin M. Insights into 6-Methylsalicylic Acid Bio-assembly by Using Chemical Probes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:3463-7. [PMID: 26833898 PMCID: PMC4797705 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Chemical probes capable of reacting with KS (ketosynthase)-bound biosynthetic intermediates were utilized for the investigation of the model type I iterative polyketide synthase 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase (6-MSAS) in vivo and in vitro. From the fermentation of fungal and bacterial 6-MSAS hosts in the presence of chain termination probes, a full range of biosynthetic intermediates was isolated and characterized for the first time. Meanwhile, in vitro studies of recombinant 6-MSA synthases with both nonhydrolyzable and hydrolyzable substrate mimics have provided additional insights into substrate recognition, providing the basis for further exploration of the enzyme catalytic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Parascandolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Library Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Judith Havemann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Library Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Helen K Potter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Fanglu Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Elena Riva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Library Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Jack Connolly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Library Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ina Wilkening
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Library Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Lijiang Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Library Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Peter F Leadlay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Manuela Tosin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Library Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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10
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References. Antibiotics (Basel) 2015. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555819316.refs] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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11
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Winter JM, Cascio D, Dietrich D, Sato M, Watanabe K, Sawaya MR, Vederas JC, Tang Y. Biochemical and Structural Basis for Controlling Chemical Modularity in Fungal Polyketide Biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:9885-93. [PMID: 26172141 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b04520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Modular collaboration between iterative fungal polyketide synthases (IPKSs) is an important mechanism for generating structural diversity of polyketide natural products. Inter-PKS communication and substrate channeling are controlled in large by the starter unit acyl carrier protein transacylase (SAT) domain found in the accepting IPKS module. Here, we reconstituted the modular biosynthesis of the benzaldehyde core of the chaetoviridin and chaetomugilin azaphilone natural products using the IPKSs CazF and CazM. Our studies revealed a critical role of CazM's SAT domain in selectively transferring a highly reduced triketide product from CazF. In contrast, a more oxidized triketide that is also produced by CazF and required in later stages of biosynthesis of the final product is not recognized by the SAT domain. The structural basis for the acyl unit selectivity was uncovered by the first X-ray structure of a fungal SAT domain, highlighted by a covalent hexanoyl thioester intermediate in the SAT active site. The crystal structure of SAT domain will enable protein engineering efforts aimed at mixing and matching different IPKS modules for the biosynthesis of new compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn M Winter
- †Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Duilio Cascio
- §Department of Energy (DOE) Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - David Dietrich
- ∥Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michio Sato
- ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Michael R Sawaya
- §Department of Energy (DOE) Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - John C Vederas
- ∥Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Yi Tang
- †Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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Heberlig GW, Wirz M, Wang M, Boddy CN. Resorcylic acid lactone biosynthesis relies on a stereotolerant macrocyclizing thioesterase. Org Lett 2014; 16:5858-61. [PMID: 25372311 DOI: 10.1021/ol502747t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone and radicicol are highly related resorcylic acid lactones with the rare property of having opposite stereochemical configurations of the secondary alcohol involved in lactone formation. The ability of the thioesterases from the zearalenone and radicicol biosynthetic pathways to macrocyclize both D and L configured synthetic substrate analogs was biochemically characterized and showed that both enzymes were highly stereotolerant, macrocyclizing both substrates with similar kinetic parameters. This observed stereotolerance is consistent with a proposed evolution of both natural products from a common ancestral resorcylic acid lactone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham W Heberlig
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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Kim HJ, Karki S, Kwon SY, Park SH, Nahm BH, Kim YK, Kwon HJ. A single module type I polyketide synthase directs de novo macrolactone biogenesis during galbonolide biosynthesis in Streptomyces galbus. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:34557-68. [PMID: 25336658 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.602334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Galbonolide (GAL) A and B are antifungal macrolactone polyketides produced by Streptomyces galbus. During their polyketide chain assembly, GAL-A and -B incorporate methoxymalonate and methylmalonate, respectively, in the fourth chain extension step. The methoxymalonyl-acyl carrier protein biosynthesis locus (galG to K) is specifically involved in GAL-A biosynthesis, and this locus is neighbored by a gene cluster composed of galA-E. GalA-C constitute a single module, highly reducing type I polyketide synthase (PKS). GalD and GalE are cytochrome P450 and Rieske domain protein, respectively. Gene knock-out experiments verified that galB, -C, and -D are essential for GAL biosynthesis. A galD mutant accumulated a GAL-C that lacked two hydroxyl groups and a double bond when compared with GAL-B. A [U-(13)C]propionate feeding experiment indicated that no rare precursor other than methoxymalonate was incorporated during GAL biogenesis. A search of the S. galbus genome for a modular type I PKS system, the type that was expected to direct GAL biosynthesis, resulted in the identification of only one modular type I PKS gene cluster. Homology analysis indicated that this PKS gene cluster is the locus for vicenistatin biosynthesis. This cluster was previously reported in Streptomyces halstedii. A gene deletion of the vinP2 ortholog clearly demonstrated that this modular type I PKS system is not involved in GAL biosynthesis. Therefore, we propose that GalA-C direct macrolactone polyketide formation for GAL. Our studies provide a glimpse into a novel biochemical strategy used for polyketide synthesis; that is, the iterative assembly of propionates with highly programmed β-keto group modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ju Kim
- From the Department of Biological Science, Myongji University, Yongin 449-728
| | - Suman Karki
- From the Department of Biological Science, Myongji University, Yongin 449-728
| | - So-Yeon Kwon
- From the Department of Biological Science, Myongji University, Yongin 449-728
| | - Si-Hyung Park
- the Department of Oriental Medicine Resources, Mokpo National University, Muan 534-729, and
| | - Baek-Hie Nahm
- From the Department of Biological Science, Myongji University, Yongin 449-728, GreenGene BioTech Inc., Yongin 449-728, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ki Kim
- GreenGene BioTech Inc., Yongin 449-728, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Jin Kwon
- From the Department of Biological Science, Myongji University, Yongin 449-728,
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15
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Vederas JC. Explorations of fungal biosynthesis of reduced polyketides – a personal viewpoint. Nat Prod Rep 2014; 31:1253-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4np00091a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Leitão AL, Enguita FJ. Fungal extrolites as a new source for therapeutic compounds and as building blocks for applications in synthetic biology. Microbiol Res 2014; 169:652-65. [PMID: 24636745 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolic pathways of fungal origin provide an almost unlimited resource of new compounds for medical applications, which can fulfill some of the, currently unmet, needs for therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of a number of diseases. Secondary metabolites secreted to the extracellular medium (extrolites) belong to diverse chemical and structural families, but the majority of them are synthesized by the condensation of a limited number of precursor building blocks including amino acids, sugars, lipids and low molecular weight compounds also employed in anabolic processes. In fungi, genes related to secondary metabolic pathways are frequently clustered together and show a modular organization within fungal genomes. The majority of fungal gene clusters responsible for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites contain genes encoding a high molecular weight condensing enzyme which is responsible for the assembly of the precursor units of the metabolite. They also contain other auxiliary genes which encode enzymes involved in subsequent chemical modification of the metabolite core. Synthetic biology is a branch of molecular biology whose main objective is the manipulation of cellular components and processes in order to perform logically connected metabolic functions. In synthetic biology applications, biosynthetic modules from secondary metabolic processes can be rationally engineered and combined to produce either new compounds, or to improve the activities and/or the bioavailability of the already known ones. Recently, advanced genome editing techniques based on guided DNA endonucleases have shown potential for the manipulation of eukaryotic and bacterial genomes. This review discusses the potential application of genetic engineering and genome editing tools in the rational design of fungal secondary metabolite pathways by taking advantage of the increasing availability of genomic and biochemical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lúcia Leitão
- Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologia da Biomassa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal.
| | - Francisco J Enguita
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Lisboa 1649-028, Portugal.
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Fahad AA, Abood A, Fisch KM, Osipow A, Davison J, Avramović M, Butts CP, Piel J, Simpson TJ, Cox RJ. Oxidative dearomatisation: the key step of sorbicillinoid biosynthesis†Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Containing all experimental details. See DOI: 10.1039/c3sc52911hClick here for additional data file. Chem Sci 2013; 5:523-527. [PMID: 25580210 PMCID: PMC4285102 DOI: 10.1039/c3sc52911h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new biosynthetic pathway to the sorbicillinoid natural products is proposed based on the observation of oxidative dearomatisation of dihydrosorbicillin 10b.
An FAD-dependent monooxygenase encoding gene (SorbC) was cloned from Penicillium chrysogenum E01-10/3 and expressed as a soluble protein in Escherichia coli. The enzyme efficiently performed the oxidative dearomatisation of sorbicillin and dihydrosorbicillin to give sorbicillinol and dihydrosorbicillinol respectively. Bioinformatic examination of the gene cluster surrounding SorbC indicated the presence of two polyketide synthase (PKS) encoding genes designated sorbA and sorbB. The gene sorbA-encodes a highly reducing iterative PKS while SorbB encodes a non-reducing iterative PKS which features a reductive release domain usually involved in the production of polyketide aldehydes. Using these observations and previously reported results from isotopic feeding experiments a new and simpler biosynthetic route to the sorbicillin class of secondary metabolites is proposed which is consistent with all reported experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al Fahad
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0) 117 928 9184
| | - Amira Abood
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0) 117 928 9184 ; Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products , National Research Centre , Dokki , Egypt
| | - Katja M Fisch
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0) 117 928 9184
| | - Anna Osipow
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0) 117 928 9184
| | - Jack Davison
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0) 117 928 9184
| | - Marija Avramović
- Institute of Microbiology , Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich , Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Craig P Butts
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0) 117 928 9184
| | - Jörn Piel
- Institute of Microbiology , Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich , Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland ; Kekulé Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Bonn , Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Thomas J Simpson
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0) 117 928 9184
| | - Russell J Cox
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol BS8 1TS , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0) 117 928 9184 ; Institut für Organische Chemie , Leibniz Universität Hannover , Schneiderberg 1B , 30167 Hannover , Germany .
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