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Mondal S, Chatterjee N, Maity S. Recent Developments on Photochemical Synthesis of 1,n-Dicarbonyls. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301147. [PMID: 37335758 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
1,n-dicarbonyls are one of the most fascinating chemical feedstocks finding abundant usage in the field of pharmaceuticals. Besides, they are utilized in a plethora of synthesis in general synthetic organic chemistry. A number of 'conventional' methods are available for their synthesis, such as the Stetter reaction, Baker-Venkatraman rearrangement, oxidation of vicinal diols, and oxidation of deoxybenzoins, synonymous with unfriendly reagents and conditions. In the last 15 years or so, photocatalysis has taken the world of synthetic organic chemistry by a remarkable renaissance. It is fair to say now that everybody loves the light and photoredox chemistry has opened a new gateway to organic chemists towards milder, more simpler alternatives to the previously available methods, allowing access to many sensitive reactions and products. In this review, we present the readers with the photochemical synthesis of a variety of 1,n-dicarbonyls. Diverse photocatalytic pathways to these fascinating molecules have been discussed, placing special emphasis on the mechanisms, giving the reader an opportunity to find all these significant developments in one place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashis Mondal
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, 826004, Jharkhand, India
| | - Nirbhik Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Kanchrapara College, North 24 Parganas, 743145, West Bengal, India
| | - Soumitra Maity
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, 826004, Jharkhand, India
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2
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Wang S, Yang L, Liang F, Zhong Y, Liu X, Wang Q, Zhu D. Synthetic exploration of electrophilic xanthylation via powerful N-xanthylphthalimides. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9197-9206. [PMID: 37655020 PMCID: PMC10466340 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03194b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic xanthates are broadly applied as synthetic intermediates and bioactive molecules in synthetic chemistry. Electrophilic xanthylation represents a promising approach but has rarely been explored mainly due to the lack of powerful electrophilic reagents. Herein, synthetic exploration of electrophilic xanthylation via powerful N-xanthylphthalimides was investigated. This strategy might provide a new avenue to less-concerned but meaningful electrophilic xanthylation in organic synthesis. With the help of these powerful reagents, electrophilic xanthylation of a wide range of substrates including aryl/alkenyl boronic acids, β-keto esters, 2-oxindole, and alkyl amines, as well as previously inaccessible phenols (first report) was achieved under mild reaction conditions. Notably, this simple electrophilic xanthylation of alkyl amine substrates will occur in the desulfuration reaction, consistent with the previously reported methods. Similarly, xanthamide and thioxanthate groups could also be transformed into desired nucleophiles via this electrophilic reagent strategy. The broad substrate scope, excellent functional group compatibility and late-stage functionalization of bioactive or functional molecules made them very attractive as general reagents which will allow rapid incorporation of SC(S)R (R = OEt, Oalkyl, NEt2 and SEt) into the target molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
| | - Liuqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
| | - Fangcan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
| | - Yu Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
| | - Xueru Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
| | - Qingling Wang
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Dianhu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
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3
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Biswal P, Siva Subramani M, Samser S, Chandrasekhar V, Venkatasubbaiah K. Ligand-Controlled Ruthenium-Catalyzed Borrowing-Hydrogen and Interrupted-Borrowing-Hydrogen Methodologies: Functionalization of Ketones Using Methanol as a C1 Source. J Org Chem 2022; 88:5135-5146. [PMID: 35695675 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report simple, highly efficient, and phosphine-free N,C-Ru and N,N-Ru catalysts for ligand-controlled borrowing-hydrogen (BH) and interrupted-borrowing-hydrogen (I-BH) methods, respectively. This protocol has been employed on a variety of ketones using MeOH as a green, sustainable, and alternative C1 source to form a C-C bond through the BH and I-BH methods. Reasonably good substrate scope, functional group tolerance, and good-to-excellent yields at 70 °C are the added highlights of these methodologies. Controlled experiments reveal that an in situ formed formaldehyde is one of the crucial elements in this ligand-controlled selective protocol, which upon reaction with a ketone generates an enone as an intermediate. This enone in the presence of the N,C-Ru catalyst and N,N-Ru catalyst through the BH and I-BH pathways yields methylated ketones and 1,5-diketones, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyabrata Biswal
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, an OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar-752050, Odisha, India
| | - M Siva Subramani
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, an OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar-752050, Odisha, India
| | - Shaikh Samser
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, an OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar-752050, Odisha, India
| | - Vadapalli Chandrasekhar
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad-500046, India.,Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, India
| | - Krishnan Venkatasubbaiah
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, an OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar-752050, Odisha, India
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4
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Li X, Shui Y, Shen P, Wang YP, Zhang C, Feng C. A novel type of radical-addition-induced β-fragmentation and ensuing remote functionalization. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Hong CM, Zou FF, Zhuang X, Luo Z, Liu ZQ, Ren LQ, Li QH, Liu TL. 2-Pyridinylmethyl borrowing: base-promoted C-alkylation of (pyridin-2-yl)-methyl alcohols with ketones via cleavage of unstrained C(sp3)–C(sp3) bonds. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01446c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
2-Pyridinylmethyl Borrowing: Transition-metal-free 2-pyridinylmethyl borrowing C-alkylation of alcohols access to ketones is developed. This unstrained C(sp3)–C(sp3) bonds cleavage of unactivated alcohols avoids the use of transition metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Ming Hong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Fei-Fei Zou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xin Zhuang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhen Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zheng-Qiang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Li-Qing Ren
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qing-Hua Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tang-Lin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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6
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Samser S, Mohapatra O, Biswal P, Venkatasubbaiah K. Palladium-Mediated Tandem Isomerization-Methylenation of Allyl Alcohols: One-Pot Synthesis of 1,5-Diketones. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13744-13753. [PMID: 34546055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel methodology for the synthesis of 1,5-diketones through a one-pot isomerization-methylenation of a variety of allylic alcohols has been established for the first time. This methodology utilizes commercially available palladium acetate and easily accessible BINOL phosphoric acid. Both isomerization of allylic alcohol and oxidation of methanol occurred through a single catalyst. The practical utility of the methodology has been shown by synthesizing substituted pyridines via sequential addition. Mechanistic investigation reveals the isomerization of allylic alcohols to the corresponding ketone, which ultimately undergoes methylenation, leading to 1,5-diketones, having H2 and H2O as the only byproduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaikh Samser
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, HBNI, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Omkar Mohapatra
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, HBNI, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Priyabrata Biswal
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, HBNI, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Krishnan Venkatasubbaiah
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, HBNI, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
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7
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Silver-catalyzed radical cascade cyclization of 1,3-diarylpropynones with 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds to access 2-dicarbonyl indenones. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.151679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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8
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Lübbesmeyer M, Mackay EG, Raycroft MAR, Elfert J, Pratt DA, Studer A. Base-Promoted C-C Bond Activation Enables Radical Allylation with Homoallylic Alcohols. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2609-2616. [PMID: 31941267 PMCID: PMC7021447 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
Cα–Cβ bond in homoallylic
alcohols can be activated under basic conditions, qualifying these
nonstrained acyclic systems as radical allylation reagents. This reactivity
is exemplified by photoinitiated (with visible light and/or blue LEDs)
allylation of perfluoroalkyl and alkyl radicals generated from perfluoroalkyl
iodides and alkylpyridinium salts, respectively, with homoallylic
alcohols. C-radical addition to the double bond of the title reagents
and subsequent base-promoted homolytic Cα–Cβ cleavage leads to the formation of the corresponding
allylated products along with ketyl radicals that act as single electron
reductants to sustain the chain reactions. Substrate scope is documented
and the role of base in the C–C bond activation is studied
by computation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Lübbesmeyer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität , Corrensstraße 40 , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Emily G Mackay
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität , Corrensstraße 40 , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Mark A R Raycroft
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario K1N 6N5 , Canada
| | - Jonas Elfert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität , Corrensstraße 40 , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Derek A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario K1N 6N5 , Canada
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität , Corrensstraße 40 , 48149 Münster , Germany
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9
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Lin Z, Lu M, Liu B, Gao J, Huang M, Gan Z, Cai S. Oxidative alkylation of alkenes with carbonyl compounds through concomitant 1,2-aryl migration by photoredox catalysis. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj03733h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient protocol for the construction of 1,5-diketones was realized in the presence of organic fluorophore 4CzIPN, diaryliodonium salt, and visible light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology of Fujian Province, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University
- Zhangzhou
- China
| | - Maojian Lu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology of Fujian Province, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University
- Zhangzhou
- China
| | - Boyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology of Fujian Province, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University
- Zhangzhou
- China
| | - Jing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology of Fujian Province, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University
- Zhangzhou
- China
| | - Mingqiang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology of Fujian Province, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University
- Zhangzhou
- China
| | - Zhenhong Gan
- Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology of Fujian Province, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University
- Zhangzhou
- China
| | - Shunyou Cai
- Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology of Fujian Province, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University
- Zhangzhou
- China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics of Guangdong Province, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University
- Shenzhen
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10
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11
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Demchuk OP, Hryshchuk OV, Vashchenko BV, Radchenko DS, Kovtunenko VO, Komarov IV, Grygorenko OO. Robust and Scalable Approach to 1,3-Disubstituted Pyridylcyclobutanes. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr P. Demchuk
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv; Volodymyrska Street 60 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr V. Hryshchuk
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv; Volodymyrska Street 60 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Bohdan V. Vashchenko
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv; Volodymyrska Street 60 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Dmytro S. Radchenko
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv; Volodymyrska Street 60 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
| | | | - Igor V. Komarov
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv; Volodymyrska Street 60 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr O. Grygorenko
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv; Volodymyrska Street 60 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
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12
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Ji M, Wu Z, Zhu C. Visible-light-induced consecutive C-C bond fragmentation and formation for the synthesis of elusive unsymmetric 1,8-dicarbonyl compounds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:2368-2371. [PMID: 30724971 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc00378a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of the valuable unsymmetric 1,8-dicarbonyl compounds remains underexplored currently. Herein, we disclose a new strategy for the synthesis of 1,8-diketones through the coupling of cyclopropanols and cyanohydrins under visible-light irradiation. The protocol features a cascade of intriguing ring opening of cyclopropanols and remote cyano migration. The unfavorable addition of an alkyl radical to an electron-rich alkene is facilitated by the intramolecular cyanohydrin interception. A variety of multiply functionalized 1,8-diketones are furnished in useful yields. The products could be further transformed into other valuable compounds, manifesting the utility of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meishan Ji
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
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13
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Sivaguru P, Wang Z, Zanoni G, Bi X. Cleavage of carbon–carbon bonds by radical reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:2615-2656. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00386f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This review provides insights into the in situ generated radicals triggered carbon–carbon bond cleavage reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramasivam Sivaguru
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
| | - Zikun Wang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
| | | | - Xihe Bi
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
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14
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Rout SK, Marghem G, Lan J, Leyssens T, Riant O. A radical exchange process: synthesis of bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane derivatives of xanthates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:14976-14979. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07610g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A new approach for the installation of the bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane unit on the xanthate moiety by means of a radical exchange process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Kumar Rout
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscience. Molecular Chemistry
- Materials and Catalysis Division
- Université Catholique de Louvain
- Belgium
| | - Gilles Marghem
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscience. Molecular Chemistry
- Materials and Catalysis Division
- Université Catholique de Louvain
- Belgium
| | - Junjie Lan
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscience. Molecular Chemistry
- Materials and Catalysis Division
- Université Catholique de Louvain
- Belgium
| | - Tom Leyssens
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscience. Molecular Chemistry
- Materials and Catalysis Division
- Université Catholique de Louvain
- Belgium
| | - Olivier Riant
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscience. Molecular Chemistry
- Materials and Catalysis Division
- Université Catholique de Louvain
- Belgium
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15
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Hu H, Chen X, Sun K, Wang J, Liu Y, Liu H, Fan L, Yu B, Sun Y, Qu L, Zhao Y. Silver-Catalyzed Radical Cascade Cyclization toward 1,5-/1,3-Dicarbonyl Heterocycles: An Atom-/Step-Economical Strategy Leading to Chromenopyridines and Isoxazole-/Pyrazole-Containing Chroman-4-Ones. Org Lett 2018; 20:6157-6160. [PMID: 30251870 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel and convenient silver-catalyzed radical cascade cyclization toward a large variety of 1,5-/1,3-dicarbonyl heterocycles containing a chroman-4-one, indanone, or 2,3-dihydroquinolin-4(1 H)-one moiety was developed, by reacting various 2-functionalized benzaldehydes, including 2-allyloxy benzaldehydes, 2-allyl benzaldehyde, and 2-N(Ts)CH2-CH═CH2 substituted benzaldehyde, with 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds in the presence of AgNO3/K2S2O8 in one pot under mild reaction conditions. The newly obtained 1,5-/1,3-dicarbonyl-containing heterocycles were further used directly to synthesize more structurally diverse polyheterocycles, mainly including chromenopyridines as well as isoxazole- or pyrazole-containing chroman-4-ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hu
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and Their Bioanalytical Applications. College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Xiaolan Chen
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and Their Bioanalytical Applications. College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China.,The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , China
| | - Kai Sun
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and Their Bioanalytical Applications. College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Junchao Wang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and Their Bioanalytical Applications. College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Yan Liu
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and Their Bioanalytical Applications. College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Hui Liu
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and Their Bioanalytical Applications. College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Lulu Fan
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and Their Bioanalytical Applications. College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Bing Yu
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and Their Bioanalytical Applications. College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Yuanqiang Sun
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and Their Bioanalytical Applications. College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Lingbo Qu
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and Their Bioanalytical Applications. College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and Their Bioanalytical Applications. College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China.,The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , China
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Huang
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, CNRS UMR 7652 Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, 91128 Cedex, France
| | - Samir Z. Zard
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, CNRS UMR 7652 Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, 91128 Cedex, France
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17
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Abstract
The alkylation of enolates is one of the backbones of ketone chemistry, yet in practice it suffers from numerous limitations due to problems of regiochemistry (including O- versus C-alkylation), multiple alkylations, self-condensation, competing elimination, and incompatibility with many polar groups that have to be protected. Over the years, various solutions have been devised to overcome these difficulties, such as the employment of auxiliary ester or sulfone groups to modify the p Ka of the enolizable hydrogens, the passage by the corresponding hydrazones, the use of transition-metal-catalyzed redox systems to formally alkylate ketones with alcohols, etc. Most of these hurdles disappear upon switching to α-ketonyl radicals. Radicals are tolerant of most polar functions, and radical additions to flat sp2 centers are generally easier to accomplish than enolate substitution at tetrahedral sp3 carbons. The main stumbling block, however, has been a lack of generally applicable methods for the generation and intermolecular capture of α-ketonyl radicals. We have found over the past years that the degenerative exchange of xanthates represents in many ways an ideal solution to this problem. It overcomes essentially all of the difficulties faced by other radical processes because of its unique ability to reversibly store reactive radicals in a dormant, nonreactive form. The lifetime of the radicals can therefore be significantly enhanced, even in the concentrated medium needed for bimolecular additions, while at the same time regulating their absolute and relative concentrations. The ability to perform intermolecular additions to highly functionalized alkene partners opens up numerous possibilities for rapid and convergent access to complex structures. Of particular importance is the elaboration of ketones that are prone to self-condensation, such trifluoroacetone, and of base-sensitive ketones, such as chloro- and dichloroacetone, since the products can be used for the synthesis of a myriad fluorinated and heteroaromatic compounds of relevance to medicinal chemistry and agrochemistry. The formal distal dialkylation of ketones, also of utmost synthetic interest, is readily accomplished, allowing convenient access to a wide array of useful ketone building blocks. Cascade processes can be implemented and, in alliance with powerful classical reactions (aldol, alkylative Birch reductions, etc.), furnish a quick route to complex polycyclic scaffolds. Furthermore, the presence of the xanthate group in the adducts can be exploited to obtain a variety of arenes and heteroarenes, such as pyrroles, thiophenes, naphthalenes, and pyridines, as well as enones, dienes, and cyclopropanes. Last but not least, the reagents and most of the starting materials are exceedingly cheap, and the reactions are safe and easy to scale up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Z. Zard
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, CNRS UMR 7652 Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
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18
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Che C, Qian Z, Wu M, Zhao Y, Zhu G. Intermolecular Oxidative Radical Addition to Aromatic Aldehydes: Direct Access to 1,4- and 1,5-Diketones via Silver-Catalyzed Ring-Opening Acylation of Cyclopropanols and Cyclobutanols. J Org Chem 2018; 83:5665-5673. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Che
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Zhaosheng Qian
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Mingchang Wu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Gangguo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, China
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19
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Zhu Z, Tang X, Cen J, Li J, Wu W, Jiang H. Copper-catalyzed synthesis of thiazol-2-yl ethers from oxime acetates and xanthates under redox-neutral conditions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:3767-3770. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc00445e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A copper-catalyzed [3+2] annulation of oxime acetates and xanthates to generate thiazol-2-yl ethers with good regioselectivity under redox-neutral conditions has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzhi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Xiaodong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Jinghe Cen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Jianxiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Wanqing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
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20
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Wada M, Noda Y, Nishikata T. Exchanging Alkyl Groups through Unstrained C−C Bond Cleavage in the Presence of a Copper Catalyst. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:978-981. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201700239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Wada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Yamaguchi University; Ube 755-8611 Japan
| | - Yushi Noda
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Yamaguchi University; Ube 755-8611 Japan
| | - Takashi Nishikata
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Yamaguchi University; Ube 755-8611 Japan
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21
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Harris T, Gomes GDP, Clark RJ, Alabugin IV. Domino Fragmentations in Traceless Directing Groups of Radical Cascades: Evidence for the Formation of Alkoxy Radicals via C–O Scission. J Org Chem 2016; 81:6007-17. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Harris
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Gabriel dos Passos Gomes
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Ronald J. Clark
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Igor V. Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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22
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Zard SZ. The xanthate route to organofluorine derivatives. A brief account. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:6891-912. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01087c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The radical chemistry of xanthates allows numerous approaches to organofluorine compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Z. Zard
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique UMR 7652
- Ecole Polytechnique
- 91128 Palaiseau
- France
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23
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Pan C, Chen R, Shao W, Yu JT. Metal-free radical addition/cyclization of alkynoates with xanthates towards 3-(β-carbonyl)coumarins. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:9033-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01732k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The dilauroyl peroxide-promoted radical carboannulation of alkynoates with xanthates was developed, affording 4-aryl-3-(β-carbonyl) coumarins in moderate to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changduo Pan
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering
- Jiangsu University of Technology
- Changzhou 213001
- P. R. China
- School of Petrochemical Engineering
| | - Rongzhen Chen
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering
- Jiangsu University of Technology
- Changzhou 213001
- P. R. China
- School of Petrochemical Engineering
| | - Weile Shao
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering
- Jiangsu University of Technology
- Changzhou 213001
- P. R. China
| | - Jin-Tao Yu
- School of Petrochemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
- P. R. China
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24
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Medina FG, Marrero JG, Macías-Alonso M, González MC, Córdova-Guerrero I, Teissier García AG, Osegueda-Robles S. Coumarin heterocyclic derivatives: chemical synthesis and biological activity. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:1472-507. [PMID: 26151411 DOI: 10.1039/c4np00162a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the broad range of science that has arisen from the synthesis of coumarin-linked and fused heterocycle derivatives. Specific topics include their synthesis and biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda G Medina
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingeniería Campus Guanajuato, Av. Mineral de Valenciana, No. 200, Col. Fracc. Industrial Puerto Interior, C.P. 36275 Silao de la Victoria, Guanajuato, Mexico.
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25
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Quiclet-Sire B, Zard SZ. Radical Instability in Aid of Efficiency: A Powerful Route to Highly Functional MIDA Boronates. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:6762-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b03893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Quiclet-Sire
- Laboratoire de Synthèse
Organique, CNRS UMR 7652, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau
Cedex, France
| | - Samir Z. Zard
- Laboratoire de Synthèse
Organique, CNRS UMR 7652, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau
Cedex, France
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26
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Abstract
Radical allylations represent effective routes to various alkenes, but to date they have relied chiefly on organostannane derivatives and still suffer from significant limitations with respect to the substitution pattern of the starting allylating agent. Indeed, while substituents at the β-position relative to the radical leaving group are well-tolerated, introduction of α-substituents induces a major complication due to the rapid and usually irreversible isomerization of the starting allylating agents. Although a number of research groups have made substantial efforts to develop heavy-metal-free radical allylations, methods compatible with α-substitution of the allylating agent are still scarce. Furthermore, quite a few systems are limited by the relative inaccessibility of the substrates. This Account summarizes our sustained efforts regarding the development of allylic alcohols into "ideal" radical allylating agents and presents published as well as some unpublished results. The systems we have developed combine the use of readily available xanthates and allylic alcohol derivatives under metal-free conditions to furnish not only alkenes but also aldehydes and saturated and unsaturated ketones through the virtually unprecedented homolytic cleavage of the normally strong C-O or C-C bond. The former route hinges on first converting the allylic alcohol into a 2-fluoro-6-pyridoxy derivative by reacting the corresponding alcoholate with 2,6-difluoropyridine, while the latter relies on attaching a cumyl group to the carbon bearing the free allylic alcohol. Either substrate is then exposed to the action of a suitable xanthate in the presence of a stoichiometric amount of a peroxide, usually lauroyl peroxide (DLP) in refluxing ethyl acetate or di-tert-butyl peroxide (TBHP) in refluxing chlorobenzene for the more difficult cases. Even though C-O or C-C bond homolysis leads to a stabilized 2-fluoro-6-pyridinyloxyl radical or a cumyl radical, respectively, the β-scission in both cases is relatively slow and at the lower limit of useful elementary radical steps. The kinetic barrier of the fragmentation can nevertheless be overcome because of the long relative lifetime of radicals generated by the degenerate transfer of the xanthate group, and this is a key element for success. This novel technology offers numerous advantages. The starting activated allylic alcohol derivatives are readily accessible in two steps from aldehydes or ketones. They can also be obtained by base-induced opening of epoxides. Numerous functional groups are tolerated under the mild reaction conditions for the radical addition-elimination, as nicely illustrated by over 150 examples of radical allylations, not all of which can be included in the present Account. In addition, substitution at both the α- and β-positions of the allylating agent is possible, a rare feature in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Debien
- Laboratoire de Synthèse
Organique, CNRS UMR 7652, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Béatrice Quiclet-Sire
- Laboratoire de Synthèse
Organique, CNRS UMR 7652, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Samir Z. Zard
- Laboratoire de Synthèse
Organique, CNRS UMR 7652, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
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27
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Mohamed RK, Mondal S, Gold B, Evoniuk CJ, Banerjee T, Hanson K, Alabugin IV. Alkenes as Alkyne Equivalents in Radical Cascades Terminated by Fragmentations: Overcoming Stereoelectronic Restrictions on Ring Expansions for the Preparation of Expanded Polyaromatics. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:6335-49. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b02373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rana K. Mohamed
- Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Sayantan Mondal
- Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Brian Gold
- Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | | | - Tanmay Banerjee
- Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Kenneth Hanson
- Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Igor V. Alabugin
- Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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28
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Kamimura A, Yoshinaga T, Noguchi F, Miyazaki K, Uno H. A mechanistic study on the SHi reaction at tin atoms in a radical cascade reaction. Org Chem Front 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5qo00063g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A kinetic study on the intramolecular direct radical substitution reaction on tin atoms was undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Kamimura
- Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience
- Graduate School of Medicine
- Yamaguchi University
- Ube 755-8611
- Japan
| | - Tatsuro Yoshinaga
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Engineering
- Yamaguchi University
- Ube 755-8611
- Japan
| | - Fumiaki Noguchi
- Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience
- Graduate School of Medicine
- Yamaguchi University
- Ube 755-8611
- Japan
| | - Koichiro Miyazaki
- Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience
- Graduate School of Medicine
- Yamaguchi University
- Ube 755-8611
- Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Uno
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- Ehime University
- Matsuyama 790-8577
- Japan
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29
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De Vleeschouwer F, Chankisjijev A, Geerlings P, De Proft F. Designing Stable Radicals with Highly Electrophilic or Nucleophilic Character: Thiadiazinyl as a Case Study. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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30
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Cinar SA, De Proft F, Avci D, Aviyente V, De Vleeschouwer F. Relationship Between the Free Radical Polymerization Rates of Methacrylates and the Chemical Properties of their Monomeric Radicals. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201400484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank De Proft
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC); Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Pleinlaan 2 B-1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Duygu Avci
- Department of Chemistry; Bogazici University; 34342 Bebek Istanbul Turkey
| | - Viktorya Aviyente
- Department of Chemistry; Bogazici University; 34342 Bebek Istanbul Turkey
| | - Freija De Vleeschouwer
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC); Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Pleinlaan 2 B-1050 Brussels Belgium
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31
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Chu XQ, Meng H, Zi Y, Xu XP, Ji SJ. Metal-Free Oxidative Radical Addition of Carbonyl Compounds to α,α-Diaryl Allylic Alcohols: Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Ketones. Chemistry 2014; 20:17198-206. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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32
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Mondal S, Gold B, Mohamed RK, Alabugin IV. Design of Leaving Groups in Radical CC Fragmentations: Through-Bond 2c-3e Interactions in Self-Terminating Radical Cascades. Chemistry 2014; 20:8664-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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33
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Debien L, Braun MG, Quiclet-Sire B, Zard SZ. Tri- and Tetrasubstituted Functionalized Vinyl Sulfides by Radical Allylation. Org Lett 2013; 15:6250-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol403103u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Debien
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, CNRS UMR 7652 Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Gabrielle Braun
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, CNRS UMR 7652 Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Béatrice Quiclet-Sire
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, CNRS UMR 7652 Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Samir Z. Zard
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, CNRS UMR 7652 Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
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34
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Goh KKK, Kim S, Zard SZ. Free-Radical Variant for the Synthesis of Functionalized 1,5-Diketones. Org Lett 2013; 15:4818-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ol402213k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Kau Kiat Goh
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore, and Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, CNRS UMR 7652 Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Sunggak Kim
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore, and Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, CNRS UMR 7652 Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Samir Z. Zard
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore, and Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, CNRS UMR 7652 Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
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