1
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Sheng W, Li W, Xu S, Du Y, Jordan R. Oxygen-Tolerant Photografting for Surface Structuring from Microliter Volumes. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1100-1105. [PMID: 37470677 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report an oxygen-tolerant photografting technique to grow polymer brushes employing microliter volumes of monomer solution under ambient conditions. With the key advantages that include spatial control, initiator/catalyst-free nature, and high oxygen tolerance, a series of homo-, multiblock, and arbitrary patterned polymer brushes were successfully obtained by photografting. Moreover, a dual-functional surface with hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties could easily be realized by one-pot photografting. These results illustrated the practicality and versatility of this strategy, which will allow nonexperts access to polymer brush architectures and broaden the potential applications of polymer brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstr. 4, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Wei Li
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstr. 4, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shunqi Xu
- Chair for Molecular Functional Materials Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstr. 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yunhao Du
- Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai Road 96, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Rainer Jordan
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstr. 4, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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2
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Wang Q, Liu J, Li Q, Yang J. Stability of Photocathodes: A Review on Principles, Design, and Strategies. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202202186. [PMID: 36789473 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical devices based on semiconductor photoelectrode can directly convert and store solar energy into chemical fuels. Although the efficient photoelectrodes with commercially valuable solar-to-fuel energy conversion efficiency have been reported over past decades, one of the most enormous challenges is the stability of the photoelectrode due to corrosion during operation. Thus, it is of paramount importance for developing a stable photoelectrode to deploy solar-fuel production. This Review commences with a fundamental understanding of thermodynamics for photoelectrochemical reactions and the fundamentals of photocathodes. Then, the commercial application of photoelectrochemical technology is prospected. We specifically focus on recent strategies for designing photocathodes with long-term stability, including energy band alignment, hole transport/storage/blocking layer, spatial decoupling, grafting molecular catalysts, protective/passivation layer, surface element reconstruction, and solvent effects. Based on the insights gained from these effective strategies, we propose an outlook of key aspects that address the challenges for development of stable photoelectrodes in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglong Wang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Jinfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Qiuye Li
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Jianjun Yang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
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3
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Badiei YM, Annon O, Maldonado C, Delgado E, Nguyen C, Rivera C, Li C, Ortega AF. Single‐Site Molecular Ruthenium(II) Water‐Oxidation Catalysts Grafted into a Polymer‐Modified Surface for Improved Stability and Efficiency. ChemElectroChem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202300028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yosra M. Badiei
- Department of Chemistry Saint Peter's University 07306 Jersey City New Jersey USA
| | - Oshane Annon
- Department of Chemistry Saint Peter's University 07306 Jersey City New Jersey USA
| | - Christina Maldonado
- Department of Chemistry Saint Peter's University 07306 Jersey City New Jersey USA
| | - Emily Delgado
- Department of Chemistry Saint Peter's University 07306 Jersey City New Jersey USA
| | - Caroline Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry Saint Peter's University 07306 Jersey City New Jersey USA
| | - Christina Rivera
- Department of Chemistry Saint Peter's University 07306 Jersey City New Jersey USA
| | - Clive Li
- Department of STEM Hudson County Community College 07306 Jersey City NJ USA
| | - Abril Flores Ortega
- Department of Chemistry Saint Peter's University 07306 Jersey City New Jersey USA
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4
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Reyes Cruz EA, Nishiori D, Wadsworth BL, Nguyen NP, Hensleigh LK, Khusnutdinova D, Beiler AM, Moore GF. Molecular-Modified Photocathodes for Applications in Artificial Photosynthesis and Solar-to-Fuel Technologies. Chem Rev 2022; 122:16051-16109. [PMID: 36173689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nature offers inspiration for developing technologies that integrate the capture, conversion, and storage of solar energy. In this review article, we highlight principles of natural photosynthesis and artificial photosynthesis, drawing comparisons between solar energy transduction in biology and emerging solar-to-fuel technologies. Key features of the biological approach include use of earth-abundant elements and molecular interfaces for driving photoinduced charge separation reactions that power chemical transformations at global scales. For the artificial systems described in this review, emphasis is placed on advancements involving hybrid photocathodes that power fuel-forming reactions using molecular catalysts interfaced with visible-light-absorbing semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar A Reyes Cruz
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Daiki Nishiori
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Brian L Wadsworth
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Nghi P Nguyen
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Lillian K Hensleigh
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Diana Khusnutdinova
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Anna M Beiler
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - G F Moore
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
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5
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Thangamuthu M, Ruan Q, Ohemeng PO, Luo B, Jing D, Godin R, Tang J. Polymer Photoelectrodes for Solar Fuel Production: Progress and Challenges. Chem Rev 2022; 122:11778-11829. [PMID: 35699661 PMCID: PMC9284560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Converting solar energy to fuels has attracted substantial interest over the past decades because it has the potential to sustainably meet the increasing global energy demand. However, achieving this potential requires significant technological advances. Polymer photoelectrodes are composed of earth-abundant elements, e.g. carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, which promise to be more economically sustainable than their inorganic counterparts. Furthermore, the electronic structure of polymer photoelectrodes can be more easily tuned to fit the solar spectrum than inorganic counterparts, promising a feasible practical application. As a fast-moving area, in particular, over the past ten years, we have witnessed an explosion of reports on polymer materials, including photoelectrodes, cocatalysts, device architectures, and fundamental understanding experimentally and theoretically, all of which have been detailed in this review. Furthermore, the prospects of this field are discussed to highlight the future development of polymer photoelectrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madasamy Thangamuthu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Qiushi Ruan
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast
University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Peter Osei Ohemeng
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of British
Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Bing Luo
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- International
Research Center for Renewable Energy & State Key Laboratory of
Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an
Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Dengwei Jing
- International
Research Center for Renewable Energy & State Key Laboratory of
Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an
Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Robert Godin
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of British
Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Junwang Tang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
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6
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Joshi G, Mir AQ, Layek A, Ali A, Aziz ST, Khatua S, Dutta A. Plasmon-Based Small-Molecule Activation: A New Dawn in the Field of Solar-Driven Chemical Transformation. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Joshi
- Chemistry Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Ab Qayoom Mir
- Chemistry Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Arkaprava Layek
- Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Afsar Ali
- Chemistry Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Sk. Tarik Aziz
- Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Saumyakanti Khatua
- Chemistry Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Arnab Dutta
- Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Maharashtra 400076, India
- Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Maharashtra 400076, India
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7
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Oswald E, Gaus AL, Kund J, Küllmer M, Romer J, Weizenegger S, Ullrich T, Mengele AK, Petermann L, Leiter R, Unwin PR, Kaiser U, Rau S, Kahnt A, Turchanin A, von Delius M, Kranz C. Cobaloxime Complex Salts: Synthesis, Patterning on Carbon Nanomembranes and Heterogeneous Hydrogen Evolution Studies. Chemistry 2021; 27:16896-16903. [PMID: 34713512 PMCID: PMC9299159 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cobaloximes are promising, earth‐abundant catalysts for the light‐driven hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Typically, these cobalt(III) complexes are prepared in situ or employed in their neutral form, for example, [Co(dmgH)2(py)Cl], even though related complex salts have been reported previously and could, in principle, offer improved catalytic activity as well as more efficient immobilization on solid support. Herein, we report an interdisciplinary investigation into complex salts [Co(dmgH)2(py)2]+[Co(dmgBPh2)2Cl2]−, TBA+[Co(dmgBPh2)2Cl2]-
and [Co(dmgH)2(py)2]+BArF−. We describe their strategic syntheses from the commercially available complex [Co(dmgH)2(py)Cl] and demonstrate that these double and single complex salts are potent catalysts for the light‐driven HER. We also show that scanning electrochemical cell microscopy can be used to deposit arrays of catalysts [Co(dmgH)2(py)2]+[Co(dmgBPh2)2Cl2]−, TBA+[Co(dmgBPh2)2Cl2]-
and [Co(dmgH)2(py)Cl] on supported and free‐standing amino‐terminated ∼1‐nm‐thick carbon nanomembranes (CNMs). Photocatalytic H2 evolution at such arrays was quantified with Pd microsensors by scanning electrochemical microscopy, thus providing a new approach for catalytic evaluation and opening up novel routes for the creation and analysis of “designer catalyst arrays”, nanoprinted in a desired pattern on a solid support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Oswald
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anna-Laurine Gaus
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julian Kund
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Maria Küllmer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Romer
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Simon Weizenegger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias Ullrich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander K Mengele
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lydia Petermann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Robert Leiter
- Central Facility Electron Microscopy, Materials Science Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central Facility Electron Microscopy, Materials Science Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Axel Kahnt
- Leibniz-Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrey Turchanin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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8
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Reith L, Triana CA, Pazoki F, Amiri M, Nyman M, Patzke GR. Unraveling Nanoscale Cobalt Oxide Catalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction: Maximum Performance, Minimum Effort. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15022-15038. [PMID: 34499506 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a key bottleneck step of artificial photosynthesis and an essential topic in renewable energy research. Therefore, stable, efficient, and economical water oxidation catalysts (WOCs) are in high demand and cobalt-based nanomaterials are promising targets. Herein, we tackle two key open questions after decades of research into cobalt-assisted visible-light-driven water oxidation: What makes simple cobalt-based precipitates so highly active-and to what extent do we need Co-WOC design? Hence, we started from Co(NO3)2 to generate a precursor precipitate, which transforms into a highly active WOC during the photocatalytic process with a [Ru(bpy)3]2+/S2O82-/borate buffer standard assay that outperforms state of the art cobalt catalysts. The structural transformations of these nanosized Co catalysts were monitored with a wide range of characterization techniques. The results reveal that the precipitated catalyst does not fully change into an amorphous CoOx material but develops some crystalline features. The transition from the precipitate into a disordered Co3O4 material proceeds within ca. 1 min, followed by further transformation into highly active disordered CoOOH within the first 10 min. Furthermore, under noncatalytic conditions, the precursor directly transforms into CoOOH. Moreover, fast precipitation and isolation afford a highly active precatalyst with an exceptional O2 yield of 91% for water oxidation with the visible-light-driven [Ru(bpy)3]2+/S2O82- assay, which outperforms a wide range of carefully designed Co-containing WOCs. We thus demonstrate that high-performance cobalt-based OER catalysts indeed emerge effortlessly from a self-optimization process favoring the formation of Co(III) centers in all-octahedral environments. This paves the way to new low-maintenance flow chemistry OER processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Reith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlos A Triana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Faezeh Pazoki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Chemical Engineering Department, University of Tehran, District 6, 16th Azar St., Enghelab Sq., Tehran 1417935840, Iran
| | - Mehran Amiri
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, United States
| | - May Nyman
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, United States
| | - Greta R Patzke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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Zhao Z, Zhan S, Feng L, Liu C, Ahlquist MSG, Wu X, Fan K, Li F, Sun L. Molecular Engineering of Photocathodes based on Polythiophene Organic Semiconductors for Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Generation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:40602-40611. [PMID: 34403243 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors provide significant potentials for the construction of photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells for solar hydrogen production because of their highly tunable properties. Herein, on carbon fiber paper (CFP) surface, pyridyl (Py), and 4,4'-bipyridin-1-ium (Py2+) groups were introduced into polythiophene (pTH) semiconductor by electrochemical copolymerization, respectively. After assembly with the Co(dmgBF2)2 type catalyst (CoB, dmgBF2 = difluoroboryldimethylglyoximate), the CoB@Py2+-pTH/CFP photocathode displayed nearly twice the photocurrent enhancement (550 μA cm-2 at 0.15 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode, RHE) comparing to that generated by the CoB@Py-pTH/CFP photocathode (290 μA cm-2 at 0.15 V vs RHE) for light-driven H2 generation under AM 1.5 solar illumination. Investigation of the mechanism revealed that the introduction of the positively charged pyridinium groups could improve the intrinsic Co(dmgBF2)2 catalyst activity for the H2 generation reaction. Meanwhile, the positively charged pyridinium groups serve as p-type dopants to increase the semiconductor bulk charge transfer rate and act as electron transfer mediators to promote the interfacial charge transfer kinetics between the catalyst and the pTH-based organic semiconductor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Centre on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Shaoqi Zhan
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Lu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Centre on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Centre on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Mårten S G Ahlquist
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiujuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Centre on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Ke Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Centre on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Fusheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Centre on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Licheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Centre on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels, School of Science, Westlake University, 310024 Hangzhou, P. R. China
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10
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Shen L, Zhang S, Ding H, Niu F, Chu Y, Wu W, Hu Y, Hu K, Hua J. Pure organic quinacridone dyes as dual sensitizers in tandem photoelectrochemical cells for unassisted total water splitting. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5634-5637. [PMID: 33977952 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01570b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pure organic dye QAP-C8 based on quinacridone (QA) with octyl side chains as the donor and pyridine dicarboxylic acid (PDA) as the acceptor was first used in both the photoanode and the photocathode of photoelectrochemical cells. A tandem device with QAP-C8 as the photosensitizer realized overall water splitting and showed a STH of 0.11% under neutral pH conditions without an external bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luze Shen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Shicong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Haoran Ding
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Fushuang Niu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Yanmeng Chu
- Michael Grätzel Center for Mesoscopic Solar Cells, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1056 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Wu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Yue Hu
- Michael Grätzel Center for Mesoscopic Solar Cells, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1056 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Ke Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Jianli Hua
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
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11
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Immobilization of molecular catalysts on electrode surfaces using host-guest interactions. Nat Chem 2021; 13:523-529. [PMID: 33767362 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00652-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Anchoring molecular catalysts on electrode surfaces combines the high selectivity and activity of molecular systems with the practicality of heterogeneous systems. Molecular catalysts, however, are far less stable than traditional heterogeneous electrocatalysts, and therefore a method to easily replace anchored molecular catalysts that have degraded could make such electrosynthetic systems more attractive. Here we applied a non-covalent 'click' chemistry approach to reversibly bind molecular electrocatalysts to electrode surfaces through host-guest complexation with surface-anchored cyclodextrins. The host-guest interaction is remarkably strong and enables the flow of electrons between the electrode and the guest catalyst. Electrosynthesis in both organic and aqueous media was demonstrated on metal oxide electrodes, with stability on the order of hours. The catalytic surfaces can be recycled by controlled release of the guest from the host cavities and the readsorption of fresh guest.
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12
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Nguyen NP, Wadsworth BL, Nishiori D, Reyes Cruz EA, Moore GF. Understanding and Controlling the Performance-Limiting Steps of Catalyst-Modified Semiconductors. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:199-203. [PMID: 33325709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and controlling factors that restrict the rates of fuel-forming reactions are essential to designing effective catalyst-modified semiconductors for applications in solar-to-fuel technologies. Herein, we describe GaAs semiconductors featuring a polymeric coating that contains cobaloxime-type catalysts for photoelectrochemically powering hydrogen production. The activities of these electrodes (limiting current densities >20 mA cm-2 under 1-sun illumination) enable identification of fundamental performance-limiting bottlenecks encountered at relatively high rates of fuel formation. Experiments conducted under varying bias potential, pH, illumination intensity, and scan rate reveal two distinct mechanisms of photoelectrochemical hydrogen production. At relatively low polarization and pH, the limiting photoactivity is independent of illumination conditions and is attributed to a mechanism involving reduction of substrate protons. At relatively high polarization or pH, the limiting photoactivity shows a linear response to increasing photon flux and is attributed to a mechanism involving reduction of substrate water. This work illustrates the complex interplay between transport of photons, electrons, and chemical substrates in photoelectrosynthetic reactions and highlights diagnostic tools for better understanding these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nghi P Nguyen
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Brian L Wadsworth
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Daiki Nishiori
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Edgar A Reyes Cruz
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Gary F Moore
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
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13
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Abstract
From the understanding of biological processes and metalloenzymes to the development of inorganic catalysts, electro- and photocatalytic systems for fuel generation have evolved considerably during the last decades. Recently, organic and hybrid organic systems have emerged to challenge the classical inorganic structures through their enormous chemical diversity and modularity that led earlier to their success in organic (opto)electronics. This Minireview describes recent advances in the design of synthetic organic architectures and promising strategies toward (solar) fuel synthesis, highlighting progress on materials from organic ligands and chromophores to conjugated polymers and covalent organic frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Warnan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
- Department ChemieTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Warnan
- Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
- Department Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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15
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Dolui D, Khandelwal S, Majumder P, Dutta A. The odyssey of cobaloximes for catalytic H 2 production and their recent revival with enzyme-inspired design. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:8166-8181. [PMID: 32555820 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03103h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cobaloxime complexes gained attention for their intrinsic ability of catalytic H2 production despite their initial emergence as a vitamin B12 model. The simple, robust, and synthetically manoeuvrable cobaloxime core represents a model catalyst molecule for the investigation of optimal conditions for both photo- and electrocatalytic H2 production catalytic assemblies. Cobaloxime is one of the rare catalysts that finds equal applications in the analysis of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic conditions. However, the poor aqueous solubility and long-term instability of cobaloximes have severely impeded their growth. Lately, interest in the cobaloxime-based catalysts has been resuscitated with the rational use of extended enzymatic features. This unique enzyme-inspired catalyst design strategy has instigated the formation of a new genre of cobaloxime molecules that exhibit enhanced photo- and electrocatalytic H2 evolution with improved aqueous and air stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dependu Dolui
- Chemistry Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj 382355, India
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16
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Gurrentz JM, Rose MJ. Non-Catalytic Benefits of Ni(II) Binding to an Si(111)-PNP Construct for Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Evolution Reaction: Metal Ion Induced Flat Band Potential Modulation. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:5657-5667. [PMID: 32163273 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report here the remarkable and non-catalytic beneficial effects of a Ni(II) ion binding to a Si|PNP type surface as a result of significant thermodynamic band bending induced by ligand attachment and Ni(II) binding. We unambiguously deconvolute the thermodynamic flat band potentials (VFB) from the kinetic onset potentials (Von) by synthesizing a specialized bis-PNP macrochelate that enables one-step Ni(II) binding to a p-Si(111) substrate. XPS analysis and rigorous control experiments confirm covalent attachment of the designed ligand and its resulting Ni(II) complex. Illuminated J-V measurements under catalytic conditions show that the Si|BisPNP-Ni substrate exhibits the most positive onset potential for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) (-0.55 V vs Fc/Fc+) compared to other substrates herein. Thermodynamic flat band potential measurements in the dark reveal that Si|BisPNP-Ni also exhibits the most positive VFB value (-0.02 V vs Fc/Fc+) by a wide margin. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data generated under illuminated, catalytic conditions demonstrate a surprising lack of correlation evident between Von and equivalent circuit element parameters commonly associated with HER. Overall, the resulting paradigm comprises a system wherein the extent of band bending induced by metal ion binding is the primary driver of photoelectrochemical (PEC)-HER benefits, while the kinetic (catalytic) effects of the PNP-Ni(II) are minimal. This suggests that dipole and band-edge engineering must be a primary design consideration (not secondary to catalyst) in semiconductor|catalyst hybrids for PEC-HER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Gurrentz
- The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78757, United States
| | - Michael J Rose
- The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78757, United States
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17
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LeBlond T, Dinolfo PH. Density Functional Theory Prediction of the Electrocatalytic Mechanism of Proton Reduction by a Dicobalt Tetrakis(Schiff Base) Macrocycle. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:3764-3774. [PMID: 32133844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A dicobalt tetrakis(Schiff base) macrocycle has recently been reported to electrochemically catalyze the reduction of H+ to H2 in an acetonitrile solution. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations using the ωB97X-D functional are shown to produce structural and thermodynamic results in good agreement with the experimental data. A mechanistic model based on thermodynamics is developed that incorporates electrochemical and magnetic details of the complex, accounting for electron-spin reorganization of the metal center after redox steps. The model is validated through a comparison of the predicted electrochemical potentials with the irreversible cyclic voltammogram of [Co2LAc]+, which shows redox-coupled spin-crossover (RCSCO) behavior for the CoII/III transitions. Using our model, we predict the thermodynamically favored mechanism of H2 evolution by [Co2L]2+ to be one of heterolytic proton attack on a [CoII2L(μ-H)]+ species. Understanding the electronic details and thermodynamically preferred mechanism of this catalyst will aid in improving its efficiency and the future design of bimetallic Co-based H+ electrocatalysts. Also, this work will assist in the future DFT modeling of bimetallic RCSCO complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler LeBlond
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 125 Cogswell Laboratory, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Peter H Dinolfo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 125 Cogswell Laboratory, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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18
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McCarthy BD, Beiler AM, Johnson BA, Liseev T, Castner AT, Ott S. Analysis of Electrocatalytic Metal-Organic Frameworks. Coord Chem Rev 2019; 406. [PMID: 32499663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.213137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical analysis of molecular catalysts for the conversion of bulk feedstocks into energy-rich clean fuels has seen dramatic advances in the last decade. More recently, increased attention has focused on the characterization of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) containing well-defined redox and catalytically active sites, with the overall goal to develop structurally stable materials that are industrially relevant for large-scale solar fuel syntheses. Successful electrochemical analysis of such materials draws heavily on well-established homogeneous techniques, yet the nature of solid materials presents additional challenges. In this tutorial-style review, we cover the basics of electrochemical analysis of electroactive MOFs, including considerations of bulk stability, methods of attaching MOFs to electrodes, interpreting fundamental electrochemical data, and finally electrocatalytic kinetic characterization. We conclude with a perspective of some of the prospects and challenges in the field of electrocatalytic MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna M Beiler
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ben A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Timofey Liseev
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ashleigh T Castner
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sascha Ott
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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19
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Wadsworth BL, Beiler AM, Khusnutdinova D, Reyes Cruz EA, Moore GF. Interplay between Light Flux, Quantum Efficiency, and Turnover Frequency in Molecular-Modified Photoelectrosynthetic Assemblies. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:15932-15941. [PMID: 31461276 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report on the interplay between light absorption, charge transfer, and catalytic activity at molecular-catalyst-modified semiconductor liquid junctions. Factors limiting the overall photoelectrosynthetic transformations are presented in terms of distinct regions of experimental polarization curves, where each region is related to the fraction of surface-immobilized catalysts present in their activated form under varying intensities of simulated solar illumination. The kinetics associated with these regions are described using steady-state or pre-equilibrium approximations yielding rate laws similar in form to those applied in studies involving classic enzymatic reactions and Michaelis-Menten-type kinetic analysis. However, in the case of photoelectrosynthetic constructs, both photons and electrons serve as reagents for producing activated catalysts. This work forges a link between kinetic models describing biological assemblies and emerging molecular-based technologies for solar energy conversion, providing a conceptual framework for extracting kinetic benchmarking parameters currently not possible to establish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Wadsworth
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD) , Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona 85287-1604 , United States
| | - Anna M Beiler
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD) , Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona 85287-1604 , United States
| | - Diana Khusnutdinova
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD) , Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona 85287-1604 , United States
| | - Edgar A Reyes Cruz
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD) , Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona 85287-1604 , United States
| | - Gary F Moore
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD) , Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona 85287-1604 , United States
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20
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Gong L, Yin H, Nie C, Sun X, Wang X, Wang M. Influence of Anchoring Groups on the Charge Transfer and Performance of p-Si/TiO 2/Cobaloxime Hybrid Photocathodes for Photoelectrochemical H 2 Production. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:34010-34019. [PMID: 31453677 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Although hybrid photocathodes built by immobilizing molecular catalysts to the surface of semiconductors through chemical linkages have been reported in recent years, systematic and comparative studies remain scarce about the impact of various anchoring groups on the performance, stability, and charge-transfer kinetics of molecular catalyst-decorated hybrid photocathodes for photoelectrochemical (PEC) H2 production. In this study, the molecular cobaloxime catalysts, CoPy-4-X (Py = pyridine, X = PO3H2, COOH, and CONH(OH)), bearing different anchoring groups were synthesized and covalently immobilized to the surface of the porous TiO2 layer coated on a p-Si plate or a fluorine-doped tin oxide glass. The influence of the anchoring groups on the performance of p-Si/TiO2/CoPy-4-X photocathodes was comparatively studied for PEC H2 evolution. Among the tested hybrid photocathodes, the one with a hydroxamate as an anchoring group displayed higher activity and lower charge-transfer resistance than that observed for the electrode with a carboxylate or a phosphonate as the anchoring group. Notably, the catalytic current of p-Si/TiO2/CoPy-4-CONH(OH) was attenuated only by 2.9% in the controlled potential photoelectrolysis tests in borate buffer solution at pH 9 at 0 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode over 6 h. Moreover, the influence of anchoring groups on the interfacial electron transfer from the TiO2 layer to the immobilized cobaloxime catalyst and electron-hole recombination was studied by transient absorption spectroscopy. These results revealed that the hydroxamate as an anchoring group is superior to the carboxylate and phosphonate groups for speeding up the interfacial electron transfer and firmly immobilizing the molecular catalysts to the metal oxide semiconductors to build efficient and stable hybrid photoelectrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunlun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Heng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Chengming Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Xuran Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Xiuli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Mei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
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21
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Sconyers DJ, Blakemore JD. Distinguishing deposition, corrosion, and stripping of transient heterogeneous materials during molecular electrocatalysis. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:6372-6382. [PMID: 30942228 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00584f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the behavior of molecular hydrogen-evolving electrocatalysts is often challenging, because secondary heterogeneous materials can form during reductive electrode polarization and contribute to catalysis. Here, we use an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance to interrogate secondary heterogeneous materials formed in situ during hydrogen generation with the proton- and difluoroboryl-bridged dimethylglyoxime cobalt catalysts in acetonitrile electrolyte. Detrimental protonation reactions of the molecular precatalysts lead to formation of the transient heterogeneous materials, and the structure of the molecular cobaloxime precursors affects the potential dependence and kinetics of deposition and loss of heterogeneous material from the electrode surface. The strength of the acid in the electrolyte (needed as the proton source for H2 generation) also contributes to the stability and corrosion rate of the heterogeneous materials, as revealed in multistep polarization studies. Overall, these results support involvement of an interplay of electrodeposition, proton-driven (chemical) corrosion, and anodic (electrochemical) stripping in influencing the catalytic activity and the behavior of transient heterogeneous materials that may be generated during catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Sconyers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA.
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22
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Iyer A, Kearney K, Ertekin E. Computational Approaches to Photoelectrode Design through Molecular Functionalization for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:1858-1871. [PMID: 30693653 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201802514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical water splitting is a promising carbon-free approach to produce hydrogen from water. A photoelectrochemical cell consists of a semiconductor photoelectrode in contact with an aqueous electrolyte. Its performance is sensitive to properties of the photoelectrode/electrolyte interface, which may be tuned through functionalization of the photoelectrode surface with organic molecules. This can lead to improvements in the photoelectrode's properties. This Minireview summarizes key computational investigations on using molecular functionalization to modify photoelectrode stability, barrier height, and catalytic activity. It is discussed how first-principles density functional theory, first-principles molecular dynamics, and device modeling simulations can provide predictive insights and complement experimental investigations of functionalized photoelectrodes. Challenges and future directions in the computational modeling of functionalized photoelectrode/electrolyte interfaces within the context of experimental studies are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwathi Iyer
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 W Green Street, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
- International Institute of Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Kara Kearney
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W Green Street, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
- International Institute of Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Elif Ertekin
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W Green Street, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
- International Institute of Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
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23
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Morikawa T, Sato S, Sekizawa K, Arai T, Suzuki TM. Molecular Catalysts Immobilized on Semiconductor Photosensitizers for Proton Reduction toward Visible-Light-Driven Overall Water Splitting. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:1807-1824. [PMID: 30963707 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201900441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic or photoelectrochemical hydrogen production by water splitting is one of the key reactions for the development of an energy supply that enables a clean energy system for a future sustainable society. Utilization of solar photon energy for the uphill water splitting reaction is a promising technology, and therefore many systems using semiconductor photocatalysts and semiconductor photoelectrodes for the reaction producing hydrogen and dioxygen in a 2:1 stoichiometric ratio have been reported. In these systems, molecular catalysts are also considered to be feasible; recently, systems based on molecular catalysts conjugated with semiconductor photosensitizers have been used for photoinduced hydrogen generation by proton reduction. Additionally, there are reports that the so-called Z-scheme (two-step photoexcitation) mechanism realizes the solar-driven uphill reaction by overall water splitting. Although the number of these reports is still small compared to those of all-inorganic systems, the advantages of molecular cocatalysts and its immobilization on a semiconductor are attractive. This Minireview provides a brief overview of approaches and recent research progress toward molecular catalysts immobilized on semiconductor photocatalysts and photoelectrodes for solar-driven hydrogen production with the stoichiometric uphill reaction of hydrogen and oxygen generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Morikawa
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Sato
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Keita Sekizawa
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takeo Arai
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomiko M Suzuki
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
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24
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Modulating the mechanism of electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction by cobalt phthalocyanine through polymer coordination and encapsulation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1683. [PMID: 30976003 PMCID: PMC6459859 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09626-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The selective and efficient electrochemical reduction of CO2 to single products is crucial for solar fuels development. Encapsulating molecular catalysts such as cobalt phthalocyanine within coordination polymers such as poly-4-vinylpyridine leads to dramatically increased activity and selectivity for CO2 reduction. In this study, we use a combination of kinetic isotope effect and proton inventory studies to explain the observed increase in activity and selectivity upon polymer encapsulation. We provide evidence that axial-coordination from the pyridyl moieties in poly-4-vinylpyridine to the cobalt phthalocyanine complex changes the rate-determining step in the CO2 reduction mechanism accounting for the increased activity in the catalyst-polymer composite. Moreover, we show that proton delivery to cobalt centers within the polymer is controlled by a proton relay mechanism that inhibits competitive hydrogen evolution. These mechanistic findings provide design strategies for selective CO2 reduction electrocatalysts and serve as a model for understanding the catalytic mechanism of related heterogeneous systems. Understanding the mechanism behind CO2 reduction catalysis is crucial in the development of high efficiency and activity catalysts. Here, authors employ kinetic isotope effects and proton inventory studies to assess catalyst mechanism and proton delivery in molecular CO2 electroreduction materials.
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25
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Zhang B, Sun L. Artificial photosynthesis: opportunities and challenges of molecular catalysts. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:2216-2264. [PMID: 30895997 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00897c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Molecular catalysis plays an essential role in both natural and artificial photosynthesis (AP). However, the field of molecular catalysis for AP has gradually declined in recent years because of doubt about the long-term stability of molecular-catalyst-based devices. This review summarizes the development history of molecular-catalyst-based AP, including the fundamentals of AP, molecular catalysts for water oxidation, proton reduction and CO2 reduction, and molecular-catalyst-based AP devices, and it provides an analysis of the advantages, challenges, and stability of molecular catalysts. With this review, we aim to highlight the following points: (i) an investigation on molecular catalysis is one of the most promising ways to obtain atom-efficient catalysts with outstanding intrinsic activities; (ii) effective heterogenization of molecular catalysts is currently the primary challenge for the application of molecular catalysis in AP devices; (iii) development of molecular catalysts is a promising way to solve the problems of catalysis involved in practical solar fuel production. In molecular-catalysis-based AP, much has been attained, but more challenges remain with regard to long-term stability and heterogenization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biaobiao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
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26
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Dalle K, Warnan J, Leung JJ, Reuillard B, Karmel IS, Reisner E. Electro- and Solar-Driven Fuel Synthesis with First Row Transition Metal Complexes. Chem Rev 2019; 119:2752-2875. [PMID: 30767519 PMCID: PMC6396143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of renewable fuels from abundant water or the greenhouse gas CO2 is a major step toward creating sustainable and scalable energy storage technologies. In the last few decades, much attention has focused on the development of nonprecious metal-based catalysts and, in more recent years, their integration in solid-state support materials and devices that operate in water. This review surveys the literature on 3d metal-based molecular catalysts and focuses on their immobilization on heterogeneous solid-state supports for electro-, photo-, and photoelectrocatalytic synthesis of fuels in aqueous media. The first sections highlight benchmark homogeneous systems using proton and CO2 reducing 3d transition metal catalysts as well as commonly employed methods for catalyst immobilization, including a discussion of supporting materials and anchoring groups. The subsequent sections elaborate on productive associations between molecular catalysts and a wide range of substrates based on carbon, quantum dots, metal oxide surfaces, and semiconductors. The molecule-material hybrid systems are organized as "dark" cathodes, colloidal photocatalysts, and photocathodes, and their figures of merit are discussed alongside system stability and catalyst integrity. The final section extends the scope of this review to prospects and challenges in targeting catalysis beyond "classical" H2 evolution and CO2 reduction to C1 products, by summarizing cases for higher-value products from N2 reduction, C x>1 products from CO2 utilization, and other reductive organic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jane J. Leung
- Christian Doppler Laboratory
for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Bertrand Reuillard
- Christian Doppler Laboratory
for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Isabell S. Karmel
- Christian Doppler Laboratory
for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory
for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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27
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Gulati S, Hietsoi O, Calvary CA, Strain JM, Pishgar S, Brun HC, Grapperhaus CA, Buchanan RM, Spurgeon JM. Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution on Si photocathodes modified with bis(thiosemicarbazonato)nickel(ii)/Nafion. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:9440-9443. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04117f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular NiATSM on p-Si durably photocatalyzed hydrogen evolution from water at practical conditions in acid with greater activity than Ni metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Gulati
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research
- University of Louisville
- Louisville
- USA
| | | | | | - Jacob M. Strain
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research
- University of Louisville
- Louisville
- USA
| | - Sahar Pishgar
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research
- University of Louisville
- Louisville
- USA
| | - Henry C. Brun
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Louisville
- Louisville
- USA
| | | | | | - Joshua M. Spurgeon
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research
- University of Louisville
- Louisville
- USA
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28
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Khusnutdinova D, Beiler AM, Wadsworth BL, Nanyangwe SK, Moore GF. Vibrational structure analysis of cobalt fluoro-porphyrin surface coatings on gallium phosphide. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424618500906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Grazing angle attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (GATR–FTIR) spectroscopy is used to characterize chemically modified gallium phosphide (GaP) surfaces containing grafted cobalt(II) porphyrins with 3-fluorophenyl substituents installed at the meso-positions. In these hybrid constructs, porphyrin surface attachment is achieved using either a two-step method involving coordination of cobalt fluoro-porphyrin metal centers to nitrogen sites on an initially applied thin-film polypyridyl surface coating, or via a direct modification strategy using a cobalt fluoro-porphyrin precursor bearing a covalently bonded 4-vinylphenyl surface attachment group at a [Formula: see text]-position. Both surface-attachment chemistries leverage the UV-induced immobilization of alkenes but result in distinct structural connectivities of the grafted porphyrin units and their associated vibrational spectra. In particular, the in-plane deformation vibrational frequency of metalloporphyrin components in samples prepared via coordination to the polymeric interface is characterized by an eight wavenumber shift to higher frequencies compared to that measured on metalloporphyrin-modified surfaces prepared using the one-step attachment method. The more rigid ring structure in the polymeric architecture is consistent with coordination of porphyrin cobalt centers to pyridyl-nitrogen sites on the surface graft. These results demonstrate the use of GATR–FTIR spectroscopy as a sensitive tool for characterizing porphyrin-modified surfaces with absorption signals that are close to the detection limits of many common spectroscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Khusnutdinova
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA
| | - Anna M. Beiler
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA
| | - Brian L. Wadsworth
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA
| | - Sylvia K. Nanyangwe
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA
| | - Gary F. Moore
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA
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29
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Willkomm J, Reisner E. Photo- and electrocatalytic H 2 evolution with cobalt oxime complexes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4019/bjscc.71.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janina Willkomm
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge
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30
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Creissen CE, Warnan J, Reisner E. Solar H 2 generation in water with a CuCrO 2 photocathode modified with an organic dye and molecular Ni catalyst. Chem Sci 2018; 9:1439-1447. [PMID: 29629169 PMCID: PMC5875021 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04476c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dye-sensitised photoelectrochemical (DSPEC) cells have emerged in recent years as a route to solar fuel production. However, fuel-forming photocathodes are presently limited by photo-corrodible narrow band gap semiconductors or the small range of available wide bandgap p-type semiconductors such as NiO that display low performance with dyes. Here, we introduce CuCrO2 as a suitable p-type semiconductor for visible light-driven H2 generation upon co-immobilisation of a phosphonated diketopyrrolopyrrole dye with a Ni-bis(diphosphine) catalyst. The hybrid CuCrO2 photocathode displays an early photocurrent onset potential of +0.75 V vs. RHE and delivers a photocurrent of 15 μA cm-2 at 0.0 V vs. RHE in pH 3 aqueous electrolyte solution under UV-filtered simulated solar irradiation. Controlled potential photoelectrolysis at 0.0 V vs. RHE shows good stability and yields a Ni catalyst-based turnover number of 126 ± 13 towards H2 after 2 h. This precious metal-free system outperforms an analogous NiO|dye/catalyst assembly and therefore highlights the benefits of using CuCrO2 as a novel material for DSPEC applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Creissen
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - Julien Warnan
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK .
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31
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Đokić M, Soo HS. Artificial photosynthesis by light absorption, charge separation, and multielectron catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:6554-6572. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02156b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We highlight recent novel approaches in the field of artificial photosynthesis. We emphasize the potential of a highly modular plug-and-play concept that we hope will persuade the community to explore a more inclusive variety of multielectron redox catalysis to complement the proton reduction and water oxidation half-reactions in traditional solar water splitting systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloš Đokić
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637371
- Singapore
| | - Han Sen Soo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637371
- Singapore
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32
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Beiler AM, Khusnutdinova D, Wadsworth BL, Moore GF. Cobalt Porphyrin–Polypyridyl Surface Coatings for Photoelectrosynthetic Hydrogen Production. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:12178-12185. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Beiler
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign
Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - D. Khusnutdinova
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign
Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - B. L. Wadsworth
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign
Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - G. F. Moore
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign
Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
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33
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Eady SC, MacInnes MM, Lehnert N. Immobilized Cobalt Bis(benzenedithiolate) Complexes: Exceptionally Active Heterogeneous Electrocatalysts for Dihydrogen Production from Mildly Acidic Aqueous Solutions. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:11654-11667. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn C. Eady
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Molly M. MacInnes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Nicolai Lehnert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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34
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Effect of the ligand framework of cobalt clathrochelates on hydrogen evolution electrocatalysis: electrochemical, spectroscopic and Density Functional Theory analyses. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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35
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Wang Y, Li F, Zhou X, Yu F, Du J, Bai L, Sun L. Highly Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting with an Immobilized Molecular Co4
O4
Cubane Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Center on Molecular Devices; Dalian University of Technology (DUT); Dalian 116024 China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Center on Molecular Devices; Dalian University of Technology (DUT); Dalian 116024 China
| | - Xu Zhou
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry; China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP); Mianyang 621900 China
| | - Fengshou Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Center on Molecular Devices; Dalian University of Technology (DUT); Dalian 116024 China
| | - Jian Du
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Center on Molecular Devices; Dalian University of Technology (DUT); Dalian 116024 China
| | - Lichen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Center on Molecular Devices; Dalian University of Technology (DUT); Dalian 116024 China
| | - Licheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Center on Molecular Devices; Dalian University of Technology (DUT); Dalian 116024 China
- Department of Chemistry; School of Chemical Science and Engineering; KTH Royal Institute of Technology; Stockholm 10044 Sweden
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36
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Wang Y, Li F, Zhou X, Yu F, Du J, Bai L, Sun L. Highly Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting with an Immobilized Molecular Co4
O4
Cubane Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:6911-6915. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Center on Molecular Devices; Dalian University of Technology (DUT); Dalian 116024 China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Center on Molecular Devices; Dalian University of Technology (DUT); Dalian 116024 China
| | - Xu Zhou
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry; China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP); Mianyang 621900 China
| | - Fengshou Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Center on Molecular Devices; Dalian University of Technology (DUT); Dalian 116024 China
| | - Jian Du
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Center on Molecular Devices; Dalian University of Technology (DUT); Dalian 116024 China
| | - Lichen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Center on Molecular Devices; Dalian University of Technology (DUT); Dalian 116024 China
| | - Licheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Center on Molecular Devices; Dalian University of Technology (DUT); Dalian 116024 China
- Department of Chemistry; School of Chemical Science and Engineering; KTH Royal Institute of Technology; Stockholm 10044 Sweden
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37
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Leung JJ, Warnan J, Nam DH, Zhang JZ, Willkomm J, Reisner E. Photoelectrocatalytic H 2 evolution in water with molecular catalysts immobilised on p-Si via a stabilising mesoporous TiO 2 interlayer. Chem Sci 2017; 8:5172-5180. [PMID: 28970903 PMCID: PMC5618793 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc01277b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A versatile platform for the immobilisation of molecular catalysts on a readily-prepared Si photocathode with a mesoporous TiO2 layer is reported.
The development of photoelectrodes capable of light-driven hydrogen evolution from water is an important approach for the storage of solar energy in the form of a chemical energy carrier. However, molecular catalyst-based photocathodes remain scarcely reported and typically suffer from low efficiencies and/or stabilities due to inadequate strategies for interfacing the molecular component with the light-harvesting material. In this study, we report the straightforward preparation of a p-silicon|mesoporous titania|molecular catalyst photocathode assembly that is active towards proton reduction in aqueous media with an onset potential of +0.4 V vs. RHE. The mesoporous TiO2 scaffold acts as an electron shuttle between the silicon and the catalyst, while also stabilising the silicon from passivation and enabling a high loading of molecular catalysts (>30 nmol (geometrical cm)–2). When a Ni bis(diphosphine)-based catalyst is anchored on the surface of the electrode, a high turnover number of ∼1 × 103 was obtained from photoelectrolysis under UV-filtered simulated solar irradiation at 1 Sun after 24 h at pH 4.5. Notwithstanding its aptitude for molecular catalyst immobilisation, the p-Si|TiO2 photoelectrode showed great versatility towards different catalysts and pH conditions, with photoelectrocatalytic H2 generation also being achieved with platinum and a hydrogenase as catalyst, highlighting the flexible platform it represents for many potential reductive catalysis transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane J Leung
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK . ; http://www-reisner.ch.cam.ac.uk
| | - Julien Warnan
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK . ; http://www-reisner.ch.cam.ac.uk
| | - Dong Heon Nam
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK . ; http://www-reisner.ch.cam.ac.uk
| | - Jenny Z Zhang
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK . ; http://www-reisner.ch.cam.ac.uk
| | - Janina Willkomm
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK . ; http://www-reisner.ch.cam.ac.uk
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK . ; http://www-reisner.ch.cam.ac.uk
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38
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39
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Daniel Q, Ambre RB, Zhang B, Philippe B, Chen H, Li F, Fan K, Ahmadi S, Rensmo H, Sun L. Re-Investigation of Cobalt Porphyrin for Electrochemical Water Oxidation on FTO Surface: Formation of CoOx as Active Species. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b01815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Daniel
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ram B. Ambre
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Biaobiao Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bertrand Philippe
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hong Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fusheng Li
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ke Fan
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sareh Ahmadi
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Rensmo
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Licheng Sun
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research
Center on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology (DUT), 116024 Dalian, China
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40
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Lionetti D, Day VW, Blakemore JD. Noncovalent immobilization and surface characterization of lanthanide complexes on carbon electrodes. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:11779-11789. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt02577g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Surface immobilization and spectroscopic characterization of redox-active molecular lanthanide complexes is demonstrated on carbon electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor W. Day
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Kansas
- Lawrence
- USA
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41
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Wadsworth BL, Beiler AM, Khusnutdinova D, Jacob SI, Moore GF. Electrocatalytic and Optical Properties of Cobaloxime Catalysts Immobilized at a Surface-Grafted Polymer Interface. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b02194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian L. Wadsworth
- School of Molecular Sciences
and Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Anna M. Beiler
- School of Molecular Sciences
and Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Diana Khusnutdinova
- School of Molecular Sciences
and Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Samuel I. Jacob
- School of Molecular Sciences
and Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Gary F. Moore
- School of Molecular Sciences
and Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
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42
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Eady SC, MacInnes MM, Lehnert N. A Smorgasbord of Carbon: Electrochemical Analysis of Cobalt-Bis(benzenedithiolate) Complex Adsorption and Electrocatalytic Activity on Diverse Graphitic Supports. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:23624-23634. [PMID: 27537431 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b05159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous dihydrogen production manifolds comprised of bulk graphite, pencil graphite, graphite powder in Nafion films, graphene, and glassy carbon electrodes with adsorbed proton reduction catalyst TBA[Co(S2C6Cl2H2)2] have been prepared and tested for their efficiency to generate dihydrogen in acidic aqueous media. The catalyst adsorbed on these inexpensive graphitic surfaces consistently displays similar electrocatalytic profiles compared to the same catalyst on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) supports, including high activity in moderately acidic aqueous solutions (pH < 4), moderate overpotentials (0.42 V vs platinum), and some of the highest reported initial turnover frequencies under electrolysis conditions (96 s(-1)). The exceptions are glassy carbon and single-layer graphene surfaces, which only weakly adsorb the catalyst, with no sustained catalytic current upon acid addition. In particular, the improved stability and good activity observed for the catalyst adsorbed on graphite powder embedded in a Nafion film shows that this is a promising H2 production system that can be assembled at minimal cost and effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn C Eady
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Molly M MacInnes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Nicolai Lehnert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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43
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Bhanushali JT, Kainthla I, Keri RS, Nagaraja BM. Catalytic Hydrogenation of Benzaldehyde for Selective Synthesis of Benzyl Alcohol: A Review. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jayesh T. Bhanushali
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences; Jain University; Jain Global Campus; Bangalore-562112 Karnataka India
| | - Itika Kainthla
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences; Jain University; Jain Global Campus; Bangalore-562112 Karnataka India
| | - Rangappa S. Keri
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences; Jain University; Jain Global Campus; Bangalore-562112 Karnataka India
| | - Bhari Mallanna Nagaraja
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences; Jain University; Jain Global Campus; Bangalore-562112 Karnataka India
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44
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Khusnutdinova D, Beiler AM, Wadsworth BL, Jacob SI, Moore GF. Metalloporphyrin-modified semiconductors for solar fuel production. Chem Sci 2016; 8:253-259. [PMID: 28451172 PMCID: PMC5355850 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02664h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel synthetic method is used to prepare metalloporphyrin-modified gallium phosphide photocathodes for solar-driven hydrogen evolution from water.
We report a direct one-step method to chemically graft metalloporphyrins to a visible-light-absorbing gallium phosphide semiconductor with the aim of constructing an integrated photocathode for light activating chemical transformations that include capturing, converting, and storing solar energy as fuels. Structural characterization of the hybrid assemblies is achieved using surface-sensitive spectroscopic methods, and functional performance for photoinduced hydrogen production is demonstrated via three-electrode electrochemical testing combined with photoproduct analysis using gas chromatography. Measurements of the total per geometric area porphyrin surface loadings using a cobalt-porphyrin based assembly indicate a turnover frequency ≥3.9 H2 molecules per site per second, representing the highest reported to date for a molecular-catalyst-modified semiconductor photoelectrode operating at the H+/H2 equilibrium potential under 1-sun illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Khusnutdinova
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD) , Arizona State University , Tempe , AZ 85287-1604 , USA .
| | - A M Beiler
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD) , Arizona State University , Tempe , AZ 85287-1604 , USA .
| | - B L Wadsworth
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD) , Arizona State University , Tempe , AZ 85287-1604 , USA .
| | - S I Jacob
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD) , Arizona State University , Tempe , AZ 85287-1604 , USA .
| | - G F Moore
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD) , Arizona State University , Tempe , AZ 85287-1604 , USA .
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45
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Kim D, Whang DR, Park SY. Self-Healing of Molecular Catalyst and Photosensitizer on Metal–Organic Framework: Robust Molecular System for Photocatalytic H2 Evolution from Water. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:8698-701. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongha Kim
- Center for Supramolecular
Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-744, Korea
| | - Dong Ryeol Whang
- Center for Supramolecular
Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-744, Korea
| | - Soo Young Park
- Center for Supramolecular
Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-744, Korea
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46
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Wiedner ES, Bullock RM. Electrochemical Detection of Transient Cobalt Hydride Intermediates of Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Production. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:8309-18. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Wiedner
- Center
for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box
999, K2-57, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - R. Morris Bullock
- Center
for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box
999, K2-57, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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47
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Gross MA, Creissen CE, Orchard KL, Reisner E. Photoelectrochemical hydrogen production in water using a layer-by-layer assembly of a Ru dye and Ni catalyst on NiO. Chem Sci 2016; 7:5537-5546. [PMID: 30034695 PMCID: PMC6021778 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00715e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Layer-by-layer assembly of a Ru dye and Ni catalyst on a p-type NiO photocathode enables photoelectrochemical H2 generation in water.
Capture and conversion of sunlight into the storable energy carrier H2 can be achieved through photoelectrochemical water splitting using light-absorbing cathodes and anodes bearing H2 and O2 evolving catalysts. Here, we report on the development of a dye-sensitised p-type nickel oxide (NiO) photocathode with a hexaphosphonated Ru(2,2′-bipyridine)3 based dye (RuP3) and a tetraphosphonated molecular [Ni(P2N2)2]2+ type proton reduction catalyst (NiP) for the photoreduction of aqueous protons to H2. A layer-by-layer deposition approach was employed, using Zr4+ ions to link the phosphonate units in RuP3 and NiP in a supramolecular assembly on the NiO photocathode. This approach keeps the dye in close proximity to the catalyst and semiconductor surface, but spatially separates NiP from NiO for advantageous electron transfer dynamics. The NiO|RuP3–Zr4+–NiP electrodes generate higher photocurrents and are more stable than photocathodes with RuP3 and NiP co-immobilised on the NiO surface in the absence of Zr4+ cations linking dye and catalyst. The generation of H2 with the NiO|RuP3–Zr4+–NiP hybrid electrode in pH 3 aqueous electrolyte solution during irradiation with a UV-filtered solar light simulator (λ > 400 nm, 100 mW cm–2, AM1.5G) has been confirmed by gas chromatography at an underpotential of 300 mV (Eappl = +0.3 V vs. RHE), demonstrating the potential of these electrodes to store solar energy in the chemical bond of H2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela A Gross
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry , Lensfield Road , CB2 1EW Cambridge , UK .
| | - Charles E Creissen
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry , Lensfield Road , CB2 1EW Cambridge , UK .
| | - Katherine L Orchard
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry , Lensfield Road , CB2 1EW Cambridge , UK .
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry , Lensfield Road , CB2 1EW Cambridge , UK .
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48
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Elgrishi N, McCarthy BD, Rountree ES, Dempsey JL. Reaction Pathways of Hydrogen-Evolving Electrocatalysts: Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Studies of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Processes. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Elgrishi
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Brian D. McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Eric S. Rountree
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Jillian L. Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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49
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Beiler AM, Khusnutdinova D, Jacob SI, Moore GF. Chemistry at the Interface: Polymer-Functionalized GaP Semiconductors for Solar Hydrogen Production. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Beiler
- School of Molecular Sciences
and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery
(CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Diana Khusnutdinova
- School of Molecular Sciences
and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery
(CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Samuel I. Jacob
- School of Molecular Sciences
and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery
(CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Gary F. Moore
- School of Molecular Sciences
and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery
(CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
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50
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Rountree ES, Martin DJ, McCarthy BD, Dempsey JL. Linear Free Energy Relationships in the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction: Kinetic Analysis of a Cobaloxime Catalyst. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Rountree
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Daniel J. Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Brian D. McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Jillian L. Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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