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Sui X, Xu B, Kostko O, Yu XY. Investigation of pyruvic acid photolysis at the air-liquid interface as a source of aqueous secondary organic aerosols. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 930:172729. [PMID: 38670353 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Pyruvic acid (PA) is a ubiquitous 2-oxocarboxylic acid in the atmosphere. Its photochemical process at the air-liquid (a-l) interface has been suggested as an important source of aqueous secondary organic aerosols. We investigated the photochemical reaction pathways of PA at the a-l interface using synchrotron-based vacuum ultraviolet single-photon ionization mass spectrometry (VUV SPI-MS) coupled with the System for Analysis at the Liquid Vacuum Interface (SALVI) microreactor. Results from mass spectral analysis and the determination of appearance energies (AEs) indicate that photolysis of PA can generate radicals, then they recombine with carboxylic acids and simple molecular oligomers. Furthermore, the preliminary products could form larger oligomers via radical reaction or esterification in the presence of hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups. Mass spectral comparison shows that most photochemical reactions would complete within 4 h. The expanded photochemistry-driven reaction flowchart of PA is proposed based on the newly discovered products. Our results reveal that the interfacial PA photochemical reactions have different mechanisms from the bulk liquid due to the interfacial properties, such as molecular density, composition, and ion concentration. Our findings show that in situ mass spectral analysis with bright photon ionization is useful to elucidate the contribution of a-l interfacial reactions leading to aqSOA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Sui
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Oleg Kostko
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Xiao-Ying Yu
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830-6136, United States.
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2
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Ye S, Wen Z, Xie K, Gu X, Wang J, Tang X, Zhang W. Online quantification of nicotine in e-cigarette aerosols by vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:2732-2739. [PMID: 38632935 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00279b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The growing popularity of e-cigarettes and the associated risks of nicotine addiction present a new challenge to global public health security. Measuring the nicotine levels in e-cigarette aerosols is essential to assess the safety of e-cigarettes. In this study, a rapid in situ method was developed for online quantification of nicotine in e-cigarette aerosols by using a homemade vacuum ultraviolet photoionization aerosol mass spectrometer (VUV-AMS). E-cigarette liquids with different nicotine concentrations were prepared to generate aerosols containing different levels of nicotine, which were employed as the calibration sources for nicotine quantification by VUV-AMS. The results showed that the mass concentration of nicotine in e-cigarette aerosols has a good linear relationship with its signal intensity in the mass spectrum, and the limits of detection and quantitation of nicotine by VUV-AMS were found to be 2.0 and 6.2 μg per puff respectively. Then the online method was utilized to measure five commercial e-cigarettes, and their nicotine yields were determined to be between 31 and 188 μg per puff with the nicotine fluxes from 7.7 to 70 μg s-1, agreeing with the results of the gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). This study demonstrated the feasibility and advantages of VUV-AMS for quick quantification of nicotine in e-cigarette aerosols within seconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoxin Ye
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
- Science Island Branch, Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zuoying Wen
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Kai Xie
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
- Science Island Branch, Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xuejun Gu
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Combustion and Pyrolysis, China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co, Ltd, Hefei 230088, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Tang
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Weijun Zhang
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
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3
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Wannenmacher A, Lu W, Amarasinghe C, Cerasoli F, Donadio D, Ahmed M. An experimental and computational view of the photoionization of diol-water clusters. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:144303. [PMID: 38591680 DOI: 10.1063/5.0198162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
In the interstellar medium, diols and other prebiotic molecules adsorb onto icy mantles surrounding dust grains. Water in the ice may affect the reactivity and photoionization of these diols. Ethylene glycol (EG), 1,2-propylene glycol, and 1,3-propylene glycol clusters with water clusters were used as a proxy to study these interactions. The diol-water clusters were generated in a continuous supersonic molecular beam, photoionized by synchrotron-based vacuum ultraviolet light from the Advanced Light Source, and subsequently detected by reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The appearance energies for the detected clusters were determined from the mass spectra, collected at increasing photon energy. Clusters of both diol fragments and unfragmented diols with water were detected. The lowest energy geometry optimized conformers for the observed EG-water clusters and EG fragment-water clusters have been visualized using density functional theory (DFT), providing insight into hydrogen bonding networks and how these affect fragmentation and appearance energy. As the number of water molecules clustered around EG fragments (m/z 31 and 32) increased, the appearance energy for the cluster decreased, indicating a stabilization by water. This trend was supported by DFT calculations. Fragment clusters from 1,2-propylene glycol exhibited a similar trend, but with a smaller energy decrease, and no trend was observed from 1,3-propylene glycol. We discuss and suggest that the reactivity and photoionization of diols in the presence of water depend on the size of the diol, the location of the hydroxyl group, and the number of waters clustered around the diol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wannenmacher
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Wenchao Lu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Chandika Amarasinghe
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Frank Cerasoli
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Davide Donadio
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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4
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Xu C, Chaudhuri S, Held J, Andaraarachchi HP, Schatz GC, Kortshagen UR. Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis in Glycerol by Low-Pressure Plasma-Driven Electrolysis: The Roles of Free Electrons and Photons. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:9960-9968. [PMID: 37903417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Low-temperature plasmas in and in contact with liquids have emerged as a catalyst-free approach for the selective, electrode-free, and green synthesis of novel materials. For the synthesis of nanomaterials, short-lived solvated electrons have been proposed to be the critical reducing species, while the role of ultraviolet (UV) photons from plasma is less explored. Here, we demonstrate that UV radiation contributes ∼70% of the integral plasma effect in synthesizing silver (Ag) nanoparticles within a glycerol solution. We suggest that the UV radiation causes C-H bond cleavage of the glycerol molecules, with an experimentally and theoretically determined threshold photon energy of only 5 eV. The photon-induced dissociation leads to the formation of glycerol fragmentation radicals, causing the reduction of Ag+ ions to Ag neutrals, enabling nanoparticle formation in the liquid phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 111 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Subhajyoti Chaudhuri
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Julian Held
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 111 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Himashi P Andaraarachchi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 111 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - George C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Uwe R Kortshagen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 111 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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5
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Poly(Glycerol) Microparticles as Drug Delivery Vehicle for Biomedical Use. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020384. [PMID: 36839706 PMCID: PMC9964732 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycerol (Gly) is a well-known, FDA-approved molecule posing three hydroxyl groups. Since Gly is biocompatible, here, it was aimed to prepare poly(Glycerol) (p(Gly)) particles directly for the first time for the delivery of therapeutic agents. Micrometer-sized particles of p(Gly) were successfully synthesized via the micro-emulsion method with an average size of 14.5 ± 5.6 µm. P(Gly) microparticles up to 1.0 g/mL concentrations were found biocompatible with 85 ± 1% cell viability against L929 fibroblasts. Moreover, p(Gly) microparticles were tested for hemocompatibility, and it was found that up to 1.0 mg/mL concentrations the particles were non-hemolytic with 0.4 ± 0.1% hemolysis ratios. In addition, the blood compatibility index values of the prepared p(Gly) particles were found as 95 ± 2%, indicating that these microparticles are both bio- and hemocompatible. Furthermore, Quercetin (QC) flavonoid, which possessed high antioxidant properties, was loaded into p(Gly) microparticles to demonstrate drug-carrying properties of the particles with improved bioavailability, non-toxicity, and high biocompatibility. The results of this study evidently revealed that p(Gly) particles can be directly prepared from a cost-effective and easily accessible glycerol molecule and the prepared particles exhibited good biocompatibility, hemocompatibility, and non-toxicity. Therefore, p(Gly) particles were found as promising vehicles for drug delivery systems in terms of their higher loading and release capability as well as for sustained long term release profiles.
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6
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Miller E, Mai BK, Read JA, Bell WC, Derrick JS, Liu P, Toste FD. A Combined DFT, Energy Decomposition, and Data Analysis Approach to Investigate the Relationship Between Noncovalent Interactions and Selectivity in a Flexible DABCOnium/Chiral Anion Catalyst System. ACS Catal 2022; 12:12369-12385. [PMID: 37215160 PMCID: PMC10195112 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Developing strategies to study reactivity and selectivity in flexible catalyst systems has become an important topic of research. Herein, we report a combined experimental and computational study aimed at understanding the mechanistic role of an achiral DABCOnium cofactor in a regio- and enantiodivergent bromocyclization reaction. It was found that electron-deficient aryl substituents enable rigidified transition states via an anion-π interaction with the catalyst, which drives the selectivity of the reaction. In contrast, electron-rich aryl groups on the DABCOnium result in significantly more flexible transition states, where interactions between the catalyst and substrate are more important. An analysis of not only the lowest-energy transition state structures but also an ensemble of low-energy transition state conformers via energy decomposition analysis and machine learning was crucial to revealing the dominant noncovalent interactions responsible for observed changes in selectivity in this flexible system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Binh Khanh Mai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Jacquelyne A Read
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - William C Bell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Derrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - F Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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7
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Lu W, Mackie CJ, Xu B, Head-Gordon M, Ahmed M. A Computational and Experimental View of Hydrogen Bonding in Glycerol Water Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:1701-1710. [PMID: 35254809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyol-water clusters provide a template to probe ionization and solvation processes of paramount interest in atmospheric and interstellar chemistry. We generate glycerol water clusters in a continuous supersonic jet expansion and interrogate the neutral species with synchrotron-based tunable vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry. A series of glycerol fragments (m/z 44, 61, 62, and 74) clustered with water are observed. A judicious combination of backing pressure, nozzle temperature, and water vapor pressure allows for tuning the mol % of glycerol. The recorded appearance energies of the water cluster series m/z 62 and 74 are similar to that observed in pure glycerol, while the m/z 61 series shows a dependence on cluster composition. Furthermore, this series also tracks the water concentration of the beam. Theoretical calculations on neutral and ionized clusters visualize the hydrogen bond network in these water clusters and provide an assessment of the number of glycerol-glycerol, glycerol-water, and water-water hydrogen bonds in the cluster, as well as their interaction energies. This method of bond counting and interaction energy assessment explains the changes in the mass spectrum as a function of mol % and offers a glimpse of the disruption of the hydrogen bond network in glycerol-water clusters. The calculations also reveal interesting barrierless chemical processes in photoionized glycerol water clusters that are either activated or do not occur without the presence of water. Examples include spontaneous intramolecular proton transfer within glycerol to form a distonic ion, nonactivated breaking of a C-C bond, and spontaneous proton transfer from glycerol to water. These results appear relevant to radiation-induced chemical processing of alcohol-water ices in the interstellar medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Lu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Cameron J Mackie
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bo Xu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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8
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Wen Z, Gu X, Tang X, Li X, Pang Y, Hu Q, Wang J, Zhang L, Liu Y, Zhang W. Time-resolved online analysis of the gas- and particulate-phase of cigarette smoke generated by a heated tobacco product using vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry. Talanta 2022; 238:123062. [PMID: 34801915 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We present a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) lamp-based photoionization time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer coupled with a capillary inlet and an aerodynamic lens to online analyze the chemical compositions of the gas- and particulate-phase of cigarette smoke of a heated tobacco product (HTP). Both phase compositions of the fresh cigarette smoke, without dilution and pretreatment, are softly photoionized and their mass spectra are measured with a time resolution of 1 s. It is shown that the gas-phase compositions with low mass are volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and the particulate-phase compositions are also clearly identified and cover the full mass range of the mass spectrometer. The time- or puff-by-puff resolved dynamic data are obtained for each species and provide abundant information to unravel the chemistry of the HTP smoke. In addition, the present results show that besides thermal vaporization, a couple of chemical reactions including pyrolysis and degradation have also occurred in the HTP smoking process, although its operation temperature is less than 350 °C. Even if not done here, this study paves the way to analyze the gas- and particulate-phase chemical compositions of a complex system in real time, like the cigarette smoke presented here, by using advanced soft ionization mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoying Wen
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Xuejun Gu
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaofeng Tang
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China.
| | - Xiangyu Li
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Centre, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yongqiang Pang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Centre, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Qingyuan Hu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Centre, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Combustion and Pyrolysis, China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co, Ltd, Hefei, 230088, Anhui, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Weijun Zhang
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China.
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9
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Wu X, Zhou X, Bjelić S, Hemberger P, Sztáray B, Bodi A. A plethora of isomerization processes and hydrogen scrambling in the fragmentation of the methanol dimer cation: a PEPICO study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:1437-1446. [PMID: 34984425 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05155e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The valence photoionization of light and deuterated methanol dimers was studied by imaging photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy in the 10.00-10.35 eV photon energy range. Methanol clusters were generated in a rich methanol beam in nitrogen after expansion into vacuum. They generally photoionize dissociatively to protonated methanol cluster cations, (CH3OH)nH+. However, the stable dimer parent ion (CH3OH)2+ is readily detected below the dissociation threshold to yield the dominant CH3OH2+ fragment ion. In addition to protonated methanol, we could also detect the water- and methyl-loss fragment ions of the methanol dimer cation for the first time. These newly revealed fragmentation channels are slow and cannot compete with protonated methanol cation formation at higher internal energies. In fact, the water- and methyl-loss fragment ions appear together and disappear at a ca. 150 meV higher energy in the breakdown diagram. Experiments with selectively deuterated methanol samples showed H scrambling involving two hydroxyl and one methyl hydrogens prior to protonated methanol formation. These insights guided the potential energy surface exploration to rationalize the dissociative photoionization mechanism. The potential energy surface was further validated by a statistical model including isotope effects to fit the experiment for the light and the perdeuterated methanol dimers simultaneously. The (CH3OH)2+ parent ion dissociates via five parallel channels at low internal energies. The loss of both CH2OH and CH3O neutral fragments leads to protonated methanol. However, the latter, direct dissociation channel is energetically forbidden at low energies. Instead, an isomerization transition state is followed by proton transfer from a methyl group, which leads to the CH3(H)OH+⋯CH2OH ion, the precursor to the CH2OH-, H2O-, and CH3-loss fragments after further isomerization steps, in part by a roaming mechanism. Water loss yields the ethanol cation, and two paths are proposed to account for m/z 49 fragment ions after CH3 loss. The roaming pathways are quickly outcompeted by hydrogen bond breaking to yield CH3OH2+, which explains the dominance of the protonated methanol fragment ion in the mass spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangkun Wu
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
| | - Xiaoguo Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Saša Bjelić
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
| | | | - Bálint Sztáray
- University of the Pacific, Department of Chemistry, Stockton, CA 95211, USA
| | - Andras Bodi
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
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10
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Kleimeier NF, Eckhardt AK, Kaiser RI. Identification of Glycolaldehyde Enol (HOHC═CHOH) in Interstellar Analogue Ices. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14009-14018. [PMID: 34407613 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glycolaldehyde is considered the entry point in the aqueous prebiotic formose (Butlerow) reaction although it mainly exists in its unreactive hydrated form in aqueous solution. The characterization of the more reactive nucleophilic enol form under interstellar conditions has remained elusive to date. Here we report on the identification of glycolaldehyde enol (1,2-ethenediol, HOHC═CHOH) in low temperature methanol-bearing ices at temperatures as low as 5 K. Exploiting isotope labeling and isomer-selective photoionization coupled with reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometry, our results unravel distinct reaction pathways to 1,2-ethenediol, thus demonstrating the kinetic stability, availability for prebiotic sugar formation, and potential detectability in deep space.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Fabian Kleimeier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Ma̅noa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States.,W. M. Keck Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii at Ma̅noa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - André K Eckhardt
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Ma̅noa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States.,W. M. Keck Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii at Ma̅noa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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11
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Heide J, Adam TW, Jacobs E, Wolter JM, Ehlert S, Walte A, Zimmermann R. Puff-resolved analysis and selected quantification of chemicals in the gas phase of E-Cigarettes, Heat-not-Burn devices and conventional cigarettes using single photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SPI-TOFMS): A comparative study. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:2135-2144. [PMID: 33993304 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A wide array of alternative nicotine delivery devices (ANDD) has been developed and they are often described as less harmful than combustible cigarettes. This work compares the chemical emissions of three ANDD in comparison to cigarette smoke. All the tested ANDD are characterized by not involving combustion of tobacco. METHOD Single photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SPI-TOFMS) is coupled to a linear smoking machine, which allows a comprehensive, online analysis of the gaseous phase of the ANDD aerosol and the conventional cigarette smoke (CC). The following devices were investigated in this study: a tobacco cigarette with a glowing piece of coal as a heating source, an electric device for heating tobacco and a first-generation electronic cigarette. Data obtained from a standard 2R4F research cigarette are taken as a reference. RESULTS The puff-by-puff profile of all products was recorded. The ANDD show a substantial reduction or complete absence of known harmful and potentially harmful substances compared to the CC. In addition, tar substances (i.e. semivolatile and low volatile aromatic and phenolic compounds) are formed to a much lower extent. Nicotine, however, is supplied in comparable amounts except for the investigated electronic cigarette. CONCLUSIONS The data shows that consumers switching from CC to ANDD are exposed to lower concentrations of harmful and potentially harmful substances. However, toxicological and epidemiological studies must deliver conclusive results if these reduced exposures are beneficial for users. IMPLICATION The comparison of puff-resolved profiles of emissions from different tobacco products, traditional and alternative, may help users switch to lower emission products. Puff-resolved comparison overcomes technical changes, use modes between products and may help in their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Heide
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - T W Adam
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics", Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Bundeswehr University Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - E Jacobs
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - J-M Wolter
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - S Ehlert
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,Photonion GmbH, Schwerin, Germany
| | - A Walte
- Photonion GmbH, Schwerin, Germany
| | - R Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics", Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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12
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Studying Interfacial Dark Reactions of Glyoxal and Hydrogen Peroxide Using Vacuum Ultraviolet Single Photon Ionization Mass Spectrometry. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12030338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous secondary organic aerosol (aqSOA) formation from volatile and semivolatile organic compounds at the air–liquid interface is considered as an important source of fine particles in the atmosphere. However, due to the lack of in situ detecting techniques, the detailed interfacial reaction mechanism and dynamics still remain uncertain. In this study, synchrotron-based vacuum ultraviolet single-photon ionization mass spectrometry (VUV SPI-MS) was coupled with the System for Analysis at the Liquid Vacuum Interface (SALVI) to investigate glyoxal dark oxidation products at the aqueous surface. Mass spectral analysis and determination of appearance energies (AEs) suggest that the main products of glyoxal dark interfacial aging are carboxylic acid related oligomers. Furthermore, the VUV SPI-MS results were compared and validated against those of in situ liquid time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). The reaction mechanisms of the dark glyoxal interfacial oxidation, obtained using two different approaches, indicate that differences in ionization and instrument operation principles could contribute to their abilities to detect different oligomers. Therefore, the mechanistic differences revealed between the VUV SPI-MS and ToF-SIMS indicate that more in situ and real-time techniques are needed to investigate the contribution of the air–liquid interfacial reactions leading to aqSOA formation.
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13
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Ahmed M, Kostko O. From atoms to aerosols: probing clusters and nanoparticles with synchrotron based mass spectrometry and X-ray spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:2713-2737. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05802h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Synchrotron radiation provides insight into spectroscopy and dynamics in clusters and nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
| | - Oleg Kostko
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
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14
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Komorek R, Xu B, Yao J, Ablikim U, Troy TP, Kostko O, Ahmed M, Yu XY. Enabling liquid vapor analysis using synchrotron VUV single photon ionization mass spectrometry with a microfluidic interface. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:115105. [PMID: 30501361 DOI: 10.1063/1.5048315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) single photon ionization mass spectrometry (SPI-MS) is a vacuum-based technique typically used for the analysis of gas phase and solid samples, but not for liquids due to the challenge in introducing volatile liquids in a vacuum. Here we present the first demonstration of in situ liquid analysis by integrating the System for Analysis at the Liquid Vacuum Interface (SALVI) microfluidic reactor into VUV SPI-MS. Four representative volatile organic compound (VOC) solutions were used to illustrate the feasibility of liquid analysis. Our results show the accurate mass identification of the VOC molecules and the reliable determination of appearance energy that is consistent with ionization energy for gaseous species in the literature as reported. This work validates that the vacuum-compatible SALVI microfluidic interface can be utilized at the synchrotron beamline and enable the in situ study of gas-phase molecules evaporating off the surface of a liquid, which holds importance in the study of condensed matter chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Komorek
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, PNNL, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - B Xu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J Yao
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, PNNL, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - U Ablikim
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - T P Troy
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - O Kostko
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - M Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - X Y Yu
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, PNNL, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
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15
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Mao Y, Ge Q, Horn PR, Head-Gordon M. On the Computational Characterization of Charge-Transfer Effects in Noncovalently Bound Molecular Complexes. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:2401-2417. [PMID: 29614855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b01256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Charge-transfer (CT) is an important binding force in the formation of intermolecular complexes, and there have been a variety of theoretical models proposed to quantify this effect. These approaches, which typically rely on a definition of a "CT-free" state based on a partition of the system, sometimes yield significantly different results for a given intermolecular complex. Two widely used definitions of the "CT-free" state, the absolutely localized molecular orbitals (ALMO) method (where only on-fragment orbital mixings are permitted) and the constrained density functional theory (CDFT) approach (where fragment electron populations are fixed), are carefully examined in this work. Natural bond orbital (NBO) and the regularized symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT) are also briefly considered. Results for the ALMO and CDFT definitions of CT are compared on a broad range of model systems, including hydrogen-bonding systems, borane complexes, metal-carbonyl complexes, and complexes formed by water and metal cations. For most of these systems, CDFT yields a much smaller equilibrium CT energy compared to that given by the ALMO-based definition. This is mainly because the CDFT population constraint does not fully inhibit CT, which means that the CDFT "CT-free" state is in fact CT-contaminated. Examples of this contamination include (i) matching forward and backward donation (e.g., formic acid dimer) and (ii) unidirectional CT without changing fragment populations. The magnitude of the latter effect is quantified in systems such as the water dimer by employing a 3-space density constraint in addition to the orbital constraint. Furthermore, by means of the adiabatic EDA, it is shown that several observable effects of CT, such as the "pyramidalization" of the planar BH3 molecule upon the complexation with Lewis bases, already appear on the "CT-free" CDFT surface. These results reveal the essential distinctions between the ALMO and CDFT definitions of CT and suggest that the former is more consistent with accepted understanding of the role of CT in intermolecular binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuezhi Mao
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Qinghui Ge
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Paul R Horn
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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16
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Góbi S, Crandall PB, Maksyutenko P, Förstel M, Kaiser RI. Accessing the Nitromethane (CH3NO2) Potential Energy Surface in Methanol (CH3OH)–Nitrogen Monoxide (NO) Ices Exposed to Ionizing Radiation: An FTIR and PI-ReTOF-MS Investigation. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:2329-2343. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Góbi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai‘i at Ma̅noa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
- W. M. Keck Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawai‘i at Ma̅noa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Parker B. Crandall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai‘i at Ma̅noa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
- W. M. Keck Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawai‘i at Ma̅noa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Pavlo Maksyutenko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai‘i at Ma̅noa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
- W. M. Keck Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawai‘i at Ma̅noa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Marko Förstel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai‘i at Ma̅noa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
- W. M. Keck Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawai‘i at Ma̅noa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai‘i at Ma̅noa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
- W. M. Keck Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawai‘i at Ma̅noa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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17
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Horn PR, Mao Y, Head-Gordon M. Probing non-covalent interactions with a second generation energy decomposition analysis using absolutely localized molecular orbitals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 18:23067-79. [PMID: 27492057 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03784d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
An energy decomposition analysis (EDA) separates a calculated interaction energy into as many interpretable contributions as possible; for instance, permanent and induced electrostatics, Pauli repulsions, dispersion and charge transfer. The challenge is to construct satisfactory definitions of all terms in the chemically relevant regime where fragment densities overlap, rendering unique definitions impossible. Towards this goal, we present an improved EDA for Kohn-Sham density functional theory (DFT) with properties that have previously not been simultaneously attained. Building on the absolutely localized molecular orbital (ALMO)-EDA, this second generation ALMO-EDA is variational and employs valid antisymmetric electronic wavefunctions to produce all five contributions listed above. These contributions moreover all have non-trivial complete basis set limits. We apply the EDA to the water dimer, the T-shaped and parallel-displaced benzene dimer, the p-biphthalate dimer "anti-electrostatic" hydrogen bonding complex, the biologically relevant binding of adenine and thymine in stacked and hydrogen-bonded configurations, the triply hydrogen-bonded guanine-cytosine complex, the interaction of Cl(-) with s-triazine and with the 1,3-dimethyl imidazolium cation, which is relevant to the study of ionic liquids, and the water-formaldehyde-vinyl alcohol ter-molecular radical cationic complex formed in the dissociative photoionization of glycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Horn
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Yuezhi Mao
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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18
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Jin S, Hu Y, Wang P, Zhan H, Lu Q, Liu F, Sheng L. Hydrogen bonding and dominant conformations of hydrated sugar analogue complexes using tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol as the model sugar molecule. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:7351-7360. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07935d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Water molecules, which serve as both hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, have been found to influence the conformational landscape of gas-phase phenyl-β-d-glucopyranoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science
- College of Biophotonics
- South China Normal University
- Guangzhou 510631
- P. R. China
| | - Yongjun Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science
- College of Biophotonics
- South China Normal University
- Guangzhou 510631
- P. R. China
| | - Pengchao Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science
- College of Biophotonics
- South China Normal University
- Guangzhou 510631
- P. R. China
| | - Huaqi Zhan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science
- College of Biophotonics
- South China Normal University
- Guangzhou 510631
- P. R. China
| | - Qiao Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science
- College of Biophotonics
- South China Normal University
- Guangzhou 510631
- P. R. China
| | - Fuyi Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Liusi Sheng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
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19
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Heringa MF, Slowik JG, Goldmann M, Signorell R, Hemberger P, Bodi A. The Distant Double Bond Determines the Fate of the Carboxylic Group in the Dissociative Photoionization of Oleic Acid. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:3595-3604. [PMID: 28987011 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The valence threshold photoionization of oleic acid has been studied using synchrotron VUV radiation and imaging photoelectron photoion coincidence (iPEPICO) spectroscopy. An oleic acid aerosol beam was impacted on a copper thermodesorber, heated to 130 °C, to evaporate the particles quantitatively. Upon threshold photoionization, oleic acid produces the intact parent ion first, followed by dehydration at higher energies. Starting at ca. 10 eV, a large number of fragment ions slowly rise suggesting several fragmentation coordinates with quasi-degenerate activation energies. However, water loss is the dominant low-energy dissociation channel, and it is shown to be closely related to the unsaturated carbon chain. In the lowest-barrier process, one of the four allylic hydrogen atoms is transferred to the carboxyl group to form the leaving water molecule and a cyclic ketone fragment ion. A statistical model to analyze the breakdown diagram and measured rate constants yields a 0 K appearance energy of 9.77 eV, which can be compared with the density functional theory result of 9.19 eV. Alternative H-transfer steps yielding a terminal C=O group are ruled out based on energetics and kinetics arguments. Some of the previous photoionization mass spectrometric studies also reported 2 amu and 26 amu loss fragment ions, corresponding to hydrogen and acetylene loss. We could not identify such peaks in the mass spectrum of oleic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten F Heringa
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jay G Slowik
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Maximilian Goldmann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Signorell
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Andras Bodi
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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20
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Wang M, Chen J, Fei WF, Li ZH, Yu YP, Lin X, Shan XB, Liu FY, Sheng LS. Dissociative Photoionization of 1,4-Dioxane with Tunable VUV Synchrotron Radiation. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/30/cjcp1704068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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21
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Couch DE, Buckingham GT, Baraban JH, Porterfield JP, Wooldridge LA, Ellison GB, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM, Peters WK. Tabletop Femtosecond VUV Photoionization and PEPICO Detection of Microreactor Pyrolysis Products. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:5280-5289. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b02821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David E. Couch
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Grant T. Buckingham
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Joshua H. Baraban
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | | | - Laura A. Wooldridge
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - G. Barney Ellison
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Henry C. Kapteyn
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Margaret M. Murnane
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - William K. Peters
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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22
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Bandyopadhyay B, Stein T, Fang Y, Kostko O, White A, Head-Gordon M, Ahmed M. Probing Ionic Complexes of Ethylene and Acetylene with Vacuum-Ultraviolet Radiation. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:5053-64. [PMID: 26983013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mixed complexes of acetylene-ethylene are studied using vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization mass spectrometry and theoretical calculations. These complexes are produced and ionized at different distances from the exit of a continuous nozzle followed by reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometry detection. Acetylene, with a higher ionization energy (11.4 eV) than ethylene (10.6 eV), allows for tuning the VUV energy and initializing reactions either from a C2H2(+) or a C2H4(+) cation. Pure acetylene and ethylene expansions are separately carried out to compare, contrast, and hence identify products from the mixed expansion: these are C3H3(+) (m/z = 39), C4H5(+) (m/z = 53), and C5H5(+) (m/z = 65). Intensity distributions of C2H2, C2H4, their dimers and reactions products are plotted as a function of ionization distance. These distributions suggest that association mechanisms play a crucial role in product formation closer to the nozzle. Photoionization efficiency (PIE) curves of the mixed complexes demonstrate rising edges closer to both ethylene and acetylene ionization energies. We use density functional theory (ωB97X-V/aug-cc-pVTZ) to study the structures of the neutral and ionized dimers, calculate their adiabatic and vertical ionization energies, as well as the energetics of different isomers on the potential energy surface (PES). Upon ionization, vibrationally excited clusters can use the extra energy to access different isomers on the PES. At farther ionization distances from the nozzle, where the number densities are lower, unimolecular decay is expected to be the dominant mechanism. We discuss the possible decay pathways from the different isomers on the PES and examine the ones that are energetically accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Bandyopadhyay
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tamar Stein
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yigang Fang
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Oleg Kostko
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alec White
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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23
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Kostko O, Bandyopadhyay B, Ahmed M. Vacuum Ultraviolet Photoionization of Complex Chemical Systems. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2016; 67:19-40. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-040215-112553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Kostko
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720;
| | - Biswajit Bandyopadhyay
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720;
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720;
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24
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Abplanalp MJ, Förstel M, Kaiser RI. Exploiting single photon vacuum ultraviolet photoionization to unravel the synthesis of complex organic molecules in interstellar ices. Chem Phys Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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25
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Tao Y, Hu Y, Xiao W, Guan J, Liu F, Shan X, Sheng L. Dissociative ionization of the 1-propanol dimer in a supersonic expansion under tunable synchrotron VUV radiation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:13554-63. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp08026f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Different C–C bond cleavage of the 1-propanol dimer induced by site-selective photoionization under tunable synchrotron VUV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Tao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science
- College of Biophotonics
- South China Normal University
- Guangzhou 510631
- P. R. China
| | - Yongjun Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science
- College of Biophotonics
- South China Normal University
- Guangzhou 510631
- P. R. China
| | - Weizhan Xiao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science
- College of Biophotonics
- South China Normal University
- Guangzhou 510631
- P. R. China
| | - Jiwen Guan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science
- College of Biophotonics
- South China Normal University
- Guangzhou 510631
- P. R. China
| | - Fuyi Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaobin Shan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Liusi Sheng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
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26
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Kostko O, Troy TP, Bandyopadhyay B, Ahmed M. Proton transfer in acetaldehyde–water clusters mediated by a single water molecule. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:25569-25573. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04916h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Bridging molecules: a single water molecule enhances the stability of symmetric acetaldehyde water clusters, and acts as a bridge for the transport of a proton between two acetaldehyde molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Kostko
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
| | - Tyler P. Troy
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
| | | | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
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27
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Xiao W, Hu Y, Li W, Guan J, Liu F, Shan X, Sheng L. Unexpected methyl migrations of ethanol dimer under synchrotron VUV radiation. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:024306. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4905501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Weizhan Xiao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weixing Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiwen Guan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fuyi Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaobin Shan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liusi Sheng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People’s Republic of China
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28
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Maity S, Kaiser RI, Jones BM. Formation of complex organic molecules in methanol and methanol-carbon monoxide ices exposed to ionizing radiation--a combined FTIR and reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometry study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 17:3081-114. [PMID: 25515545 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04149f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The radiation induced chemical processing of methanol and methanol-carbon monoxide ices at 5.5 K exposed to ionizing radiation in the form of energetic electrons and subsequent temperature programmed desorption is reported in this study. The endogenous formation of complex organic molecules was monitored online and in situ via infrared spectroscopy in the solid state and post irradiation with temperature programmed desorption (TPD) using highly sensitive reflectron time-of-flight (ReTOF) mass spectrometry coupled with single photoionization at 10.49 eV. Infrared spectroscopic analysis of the processed ice systems resulted in the identification of simple molecules including the hydroxymethyl radical (CH2OH), formyl radical (HCO), methane (CH4), formaldehyde (H2CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), ethylene glycol (HOCH2CH2OH), glycolaldehyde (HOCH2CHO), methyl formate (HCOOCH3), and ketene (H2CCO). In addition, ReTOF mass spectrometry of subliming molecules following temperature programmed desorption definitely identified several closed shell C/H/O bearing organics including ketene (H2CCO), acetaldehyde (CH3COH), ethanol (C2H5OH), dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3), glyoxal (HCOCOH), glycolaldehyde (HOCH2CHO), ethene-1,2-diol (HOCHCHOH), ethylene glycol (HOCH2CH2OH), methoxy methanol (CH3OCH2OH) and glycerol (CH2OHCHOHCH2OH) in the processed ice systems. Additionally, an abundant amount of molecules yet to be specifically identified were observed sublimating from the irradiated ices including isomers with the formula C3H(x=4,6,8)O, C4H(x=8,10)O, C3H(x=4,6,8)O2, C4H(x=6,8)O2, C3H(x=4,6)O3, C4H8O3, C4H(x=4,6,8)O4, C5H(x=6,8)O4 and C5H(x=6,8)O5. The last group of molecules containing four to five oxygen atoms observed sublimating from the processed ice samples include an astrobiologically important class of sugars relevant to RNA, phospholipids and energy storage. Experiments are currently being designed to elucidate their chemical structure. In addition, several reaction pathways were identified in the irradiated ices of mixed isotopes based upon the results of both in situ FTIR analysis and TPD ReTOF gas phase analysis. In general, the results of this study provide crucial information on the formation of a variety of classes of organics including alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, esters, ethers, and sugars within the bulk ices upon exposure to ionizing radiation that are relevant to the molecular clouds within the interstellar medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surajit Maity
- Department of Chemistry, W.M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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29
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Kaiser RI, Maity S, Jones BM. Synthesis of Prebiotic Glycerol in Interstellar Ices. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201408729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822 (USA)
| | - Surajit Maity
- Department of Chemistry, W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822 (USA)
| | - Brant M. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822 (USA)
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Kaiser RI, Maity S, Jones BM. Synthesis of prebiotic glycerol in interstellar ices. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:195-200. [PMID: 25363714 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201408729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Contemporary mechanisms for the spontaneous formation of glycerol have not been able to explain its existence on early Earth. The exogenous origin and delivery of organic molecules to early Earth presents an alternative route to their terrestrial in situ formation since biorelevant molecules like amino acids, carboxylic acids, and alkylphosphonic acids have been recovered from carbonaceous chondrites. Reported herein is the first in situ identification of glycerol, the key building block of all cellular membranes, formed by exposure of methanol-based - interstellar model ices to ionizing radiation in the form of energetic electrons. These results provide compelling evidence that the radiation-induced formation of glycerol in low-temperature interstellar model ices is facile. Synthesized on interstellar grains and eventually incorporated into the "building material" of solar systems, biorelevant molecules such as glycerol could have been dispensed to habitable planets such as early Earth by comets and meteorites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822 (USA).
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Shao Y, Gan Z, Epifanovsky E, Gilbert AT, Wormit M, Kussmann J, Lange AW, Behn A, Deng J, Feng X, Ghosh D, Goldey M, Horn PR, Jacobson LD, Kaliman I, Khaliullin RZ, Kuś T, Landau A, Liu J, Proynov EI, Rhee YM, Richard RM, Rohrdanz MA, Steele RP, Sundstrom EJ, Woodcock HL, Zimmerman PM, Zuev D, Albrecht B, Alguire E, Austin B, Beran GJO, Bernard YA, Berquist E, Brandhorst K, Bravaya KB, Brown ST, Casanova D, Chang CM, Chen Y, Chien SH, Closser KD, Crittenden DL, Diedenhofen M, DiStasio RA, Do H, Dutoi AD, Edgar RG, Fatehi S, Fusti-Molnar L, Ghysels A, Golubeva-Zadorozhnaya A, Gomes J, Hanson-Heine MW, Harbach PH, Hauser AW, Hohenstein EG, Holden ZC, Jagau TC, Ji H, Kaduk B, Khistyaev K, Kim J, Kim J, King RA, Klunzinger P, Kosenkov D, Kowalczyk T, Krauter CM, Lao KU, Laurent AD, Lawler KV, Levchenko SV, Lin CY, Liu F, Livshits E, Lochan RC, Luenser A, Manohar P, Manzer SF, Mao SP, Mardirossian N, Marenich AV, Maurer SA, Mayhall NJ, Neuscamman E, Oana CM, Olivares-Amaya R, O’Neill DP, Parkhill JA, Perrine TM, Peverati R, Prociuk A, Rehn DR, Rosta E, Russ NJ, Sharada SM, Sharma S, Small DW, Sodt A, Stein T, Stück D, Su YC, Thom AJ, Tsuchimochi T, Vanovschi V, Vogt L, Vydrov O, Wang T, Watson MA, Wenzel J, White A, Williams CF, Yang J, Yeganeh S, Yost SR, You ZQ, Zhang IY, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Brooks BR, Chan GK, Chipman DM, Cramer CJ, Goddard WA, Gordon MS, Hehre WJ, Klamt A, Schaefer HF, Schmidt MW, Sherrill CD, Truhlar DG, Warshel A, Xu X, Aspuru-Guzik A, Baer R, Bell AT, Besley NA, Chai JD, Dreuw A, Dunietz BD, Furlani TR, Gwaltney SR, Hsu CP, Jung Y, Kong J, Lambrecht DS, Liang W, Ochsenfeld C, Rassolov VA, Slipchenko LV, Subotnik JE, Van Voorhis T, Herbert JM, Krylov AI, Gill PM, Head-Gordon M. Advances in molecular quantum chemistry contained in the Q-Chem 4 program package. Mol Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2014.952696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1769] [Impact Index Per Article: 176.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Maity S, Kaiser RI, Jones BM. Infrared and reflectron time-of-flight mass spectroscopic study on the synthesis of glycolaldehyde in methanol (CH3OH) and methanol–carbon monoxide (CH3OH–CO) ices exposed to ionization radiation. Faraday Discuss 2014; 168:485-516. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00121k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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