1
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Su Y, Yu F, Liu G, Huang Z. Dehydrogenation Based Asymmetric Epoxidation of Arylalkanes to Chiral Epoxides. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Su
- Chang‐Kung Chuang Institute East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Feng Yu
- Chang‐Kung Chuang Institute East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Guixia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Zheng Huang
- Chang‐Kung Chuang Institute East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
- School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, , Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub‐lane Xiangshan Hangzhou 310024 China
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2
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Rhodium-catalyzed anti-Markovnikov hydrosilylation of alkenes. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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3
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4
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Huang L, Bismuto A, Rath SA, Trapp N, Morandi B. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Dehydrogenation Through an Intermolecular Hydrogen Atom Transfer Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7290-7296. [PMID: 33403774 PMCID: PMC8048662 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The direct dehydrogenation of alkanes is among the most efficient ways to access valuable alkene products. Although several catalysts have been designed to promote this transformation, they have unfortunately found limited applications in fine chemical synthesis. Here, we report a conceptually novel strategy for the catalytic, intermolecular dehydrogenation of alkanes using a ruthenium catalyst. The combination of a redox-active ligand and a sterically hindered aryl radical intermediate has unleashed this novel strategy. Importantly, mechanistic investigations have been performed to provide a conceptual framework for the further development of this new catalytic dehydrogenation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Huang
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wihelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH ZürichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI8093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Alessandro Bismuto
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH ZürichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI8093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Simon A. Rath
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH ZürichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI8093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Nils Trapp
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH ZürichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI8093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Bill Morandi
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wihelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH ZürichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI8093ZürichSwitzerland
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5
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Huang L, Bismuto A, Rath SA, Trapp N, Morandi B. Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Dehydrogenation Through an Intermolecular Hydrogen Atom Transfer Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Huang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wihelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Bismuto
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Simon A. Rath
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Nils Trapp
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Bill Morandi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wihelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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6
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Gunnoe TB, Schinski WL, Jia X, Zhu W. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Arene Alkylation and Alkenylation: Catalytic Processes for the Generation of Chemical Intermediates. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Brent Gunnoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - William L. Schinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Xiaofan Jia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Weihao Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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7
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Tang X, Gan L, Zhang X, Huang Z. n-Alkanes to n-alcohols: Formal primary C─H bond hydroxymethylation via quadruple relay catalysis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/47/eabc6688. [PMID: 33219029 PMCID: PMC7679163 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc6688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Nature is able to synergistically combine multiple enzymes to conduct well-ordered biosynthetic transformations. Mimicking nature's multicatalysis in vitro may give rise to new chemical transformations via interplay of numerous molecular catalysts in one pot. The direct and selective conversion of abundant n-alkanes to valuable n-alcohols is a reaction with enormous potential applicability but has remained an unreached goal. Here, we show that a quadruple relay catalysis system involving three discrete transition metal catalysts enables selective synthesis of n-alcohols via n-alkane primary C─H bond hydroxymethylation. This one-pot multicatalysis system is composed of Ir-catalyzed alkane dehydrogenation, Rh-catalyzed olefin isomerization and hydroformylation, and Ru-catalyzed aldehyde hydrogenation. This system is further applied to synthesis of α,ω-diols from simple α-olefins through terminal-selective hydroxymethylation of silyl alkanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lan Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
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8
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Valdés H, Rufino‐Felipe E, van Koten G, Morales‐Morales D. Hybrid POCZP Aryl Pincer Metal Complexes and their Catalytic Applications. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Valdés
- Instituto de Química Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 04510, Ciudad de México Coyoacán Mexico
| | - Ernesto Rufino‐Felipe
- Instituto de Química Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 04510, Ciudad de México Coyoacán Mexico
| | - Gerard van Koten
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University 3584CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - David Morales‐Morales
- Instituto de Química Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 04510, Ciudad de México Coyoacán Mexico
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9
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Gan L, Jia X, Fang H, Liu G, Huang Z. Dehydrogenation of Primary Alkyl Azides to Nitriles Catalyzed by Pincer Iridium/Ruthenium Complexes. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Gan
- Department State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Institution Shanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
| | - Xiangqing Jia
- Department State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Institution Shanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
| | - Huaquan Fang
- Department State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Institution Shanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
| | - Guixia Liu
- Department State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Institution Shanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
| | - Zheng Huang
- Department State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Institution Shanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
- Chang-Kung Chuang InstituteEast China Normal University 3663 N. Zhongshan Rd. Shanghai 200062 P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Material Sciences Hangzhou Institute of Advanced StudyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan Hangzhou 310024 P. R. China
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10
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Ohmura T, Yagi K, Kusaka S, Suginome M. Tandem C–H Transformations by a Single Iridium Catalyst: Direct Access to Indoles and Indolines from o-Alkyl-N-methylanilines. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b05579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshimichi Ohmura
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kaito Yagi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kusaka
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Michinori Suginome
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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11
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Abstract
For the first time, we developed a method which enables a functionalized alkane to be metathesized to its lower and higher homologues. For this metathesis reaction, we used [(≡Si-O-)W(CH3)5] as a catalyst precursor and 9-hexyl-9H-carbazole as a reactant.
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12
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Das K, Kumar A. Alkane dehydrogenation reactions catalyzed by pincer-metal complexes. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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13
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Morlanés N, Kavitake SG, Rosenfeld DC, Basset JM. Alkane Cross-Metathesis Reaction between Light and Heavy Linear Alkanes, on a Silica Supported Well-Defined Single-Site Catalyst. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Morlanés
- KAUST Catalysis Center and Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Santosh G. Kavitake
- KAUST Catalysis Center and Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Devon C. Rosenfeld
- Feedstocks, Energy Research and Development, Hydrocarbons Division, The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 N. Brazosport Blvd. B-251, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - Jean-Marie Basset
- KAUST Catalysis Center and Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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14
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Chen J, Nielsen RJ, Goddard WA, McKeown BA, Dickie DA, Gunnoe TB. Catalytic Synthesis of Superlinear Alkenyl Arenes Using a Rh(I) Catalyst Supported by a “Capping Arene” Ligand: Access to Aerobic Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:17007-17018. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b07728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Robert J. Nielsen
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Bradley A. McKeown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - T. Brent Gunnoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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15
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Tang X, Jia X, Huang Z. Thermal, Catalytic Conversion of Alkanes to Linear Aldehydes and Linear Amines. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:4157-4163. [PMID: 29498516 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b01526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alkanes, the main constituents of petroleum, are attractive feedstocks for producing value-added chemicals. Linear aldehydes and amines are two of the most important building blocks in the chemical industry. To date, there have been no effective methods for directly converting n-alkanes to linear aldehydes and linear amines. Here, we report a molecular dual-catalyst system for production of linear aldehydes via regioselective carbonylation of n-alkanes. The system is comprised of a pincer iridium catalyst for transfer-dehydrogenation of the alkane using t-butylethylene or ethylene as a hydrogen acceptor working sequentially with a rhodium catalyst for olefin isomerization-hydroformylation with syngas. The system exhibits high regioselectivity for linear aldehydes and gives high catalytic turnover numbers when using ethylene as the acceptor. In addition, the direct conversion of light alkanes, n-pentane and n-hexane, to siloxy-terminated alkyl aldehydes through a sequence of Ir/Fe-catalyzed alkane silylation and Ir/Rh-catalyzed alkane carbonylation, is described. Finally, the Ir/Rh dual-catalyst strategy has been successfully applied to regioselective alkane aminomethylation to form linear alkyl amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Xiangqing Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Zheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , China
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16
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Tang X, Jia X, Huang Z. Challenges and opportunities for alkane functionalisation using molecular catalysts. Chem Sci 2017; 9:288-299. [PMID: 29629098 PMCID: PMC5870200 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03610h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The conversion of vast low-value saturated hydrocarbons into valuable chemicals is of great interest.
The conversion of vast low-value saturated hydrocarbons into valuable chemicals is of great interest. Thanks to the progression of organometallic and coordination chemistry, transition metal catalysed C sp3–H bond functionalisation has now become a powerful tool for alkane transformations. Specifically, methods for alkane functionalisation include radical initiated C–H functionalisation, carbene/nitrene insertion, and transition metal catalysed C–H bond activation. This perspective provides a systematic and concise overview of each protocol, highlighting the factors that govern regioselectivity in these reactions. The challenges of the existing catalytic tactics and future directions for catalyst development in this field will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , China .
| | - Xiangqing Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , China .
| | - Zheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , China .
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17
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Kumar A, Bhatti TM, Goldman AS. Dehydrogenation of Alkanes and Aliphatic Groups by Pincer-Ligated Metal Complexes. Chem Rev 2017; 117:12357-12384. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akshai Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, Assam, India
| | - Tariq M. Bhatti
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Alan S. Goldman
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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18
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Webster-Gardiner MS, Chen J, Vaughan BA, McKeown BA, Schinski W, Gunnoe TB. Catalytic Synthesis of “Super” Linear Alkenyl Arenes Using an Easily Prepared Rh(I) Catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:5474-5480. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Junqi Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Benjamin A. Vaughan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Bradley A. McKeown
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | | | - T. Brent Gunnoe
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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19
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Abstract
Great progress has been made in the past several decades concerning C-H bond functionalization. But despite many significant advances, a commercially viable large-scale process for selective alkane functionalization remains an unreached goal. Such conversions will require highly active, selective, and long-lived catalysts. In addition, essentially complete atom-economy will be required. Thus, any reagents used in transforming the alkanes must be almost free (e.g., O2, H2O, N2), or they should be incorporated into the desired large-scale product. Any side-products should be completely benign or have value as fuels (e.g., H2 or other alkanes). Progress and promising leads toward the development of such systems involving primarily molecular transition metal catalysts are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen I. Goldberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Alan S. Goldman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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20
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Kumar A, Hackenberg JD, Zhuo G, Steffens AM, Mironov O, Saxton RJ, Goldman AS. High yields of piperylene in the transfer dehydrogenation of pentane catalyzed by pincer-ligated iridium complexes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Sues PE, John JM, Bukhryakov KV, Schrock RR, Müller P. Molybdenum and Tungsten Alkylidene Complexes That Contain a 2-Pyridyl-Substituted Phenoxide Ligand. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter E. Sues
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeremy M. John
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Konstantin V. Bukhryakov
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Richard R. Schrock
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Peter Müller
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ventura-Espinosa
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry; Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM); Universitat Jaume I; Avda. Sos Baynat s/n 12071 Castellón Spain
| | - Jose A. Mata
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry; Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM); Universitat Jaume I; Avda. Sos Baynat s/n 12071 Castellón Spain
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23
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Dinh LV, Li B, Kumar A, Schinski W, Field KD, Kuperman A, Celik FE, Goldman AS. Alkyl–Aryl Coupling Catalyzed by Tandem Systems of Pincer-Ligated Iridium Complexes and Zeolites. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long V. Dinh
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Bo Li
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Akshai Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam India
| | - William Schinski
- Chevron Energy
Technology
Company, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94802, United States
| | - Kathleen D. Field
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Alexander Kuperman
- Chevron Energy
Technology
Company, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94802, United States
| | - Fuat E. Celik
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Alan S. Goldman
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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24
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Kwan EH, Kawai YJ, Kamakura S, Yamashita M. A long-tethered (P–B–P)-pincer ligand: synthesis, complexation, and application to catalytic dehydrogenation of alkanes. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:15931-15941. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt02075e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new long-tethered boron-containing (P–B–P)-pincer ligand has been synthesized. This ligand was introduced to Ir to form (P–B–P)Ir(H)Cl complex. Subsequent reaction with nBuLi led to the formation of dihydride complex (P–B–P)Ir(H)2. Both complexes were found to be moderately active for the catalytic dehydrogenation of alkanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Huang Kwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Chuo University
- 112-8551 Tokyo
- Japan
| | - Yasushi Jack Kawai
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Chuo University
- 112-8551 Tokyo
- Japan
| | - Sei Kamakura
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Chuo University
- 112-8551 Tokyo
- Japan
| | - Makoto Yamashita
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Chuo University
- 112-8551 Tokyo
- Japan
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Rabiee Kenaree A, Sauvé ER, Ragogna PJ, Gilroy JB. Group 6 metal pentacarbonyl complexes of air-stable primary, secondary, and tertiary ferrocenylethylphosphines. Dalton Trans 2015; 45:2859-67. [PMID: 26650447 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt03961d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of a series of Group 6 metal pentacarbonyl complexes of air stable primary, secondary, and tertiary phosphines containing ferrocenylethyl substituents are reported [M(CO)5L: M = Cr, Mo, W; L = PH2(CH2CH2Fc), PH(CH2CH2Fc)2, P(CH2CH2Fc)3]. The structure and composition of the complexes were confirmed by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, IR and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, X-ray crystallography, and elemental analysis. The solid-state structural data reported revealed trends in M-C and M-P bond lengths that mirrored those of the atomic radii of the Group 6 metals involved. UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry highlighted characteristics consistent with electronically isolated ferrocene units including wavelengths of maximum absorption between 435 and 441 nm and reversible one-electron (per ferrocene unit) oxidation waves between 10 and -5 mV relative to the ferrocene/ferrocenium redox couple. IR spectroscopy confirmed that the σ donating ability of the phosphines increased as ferrocenylethyl substituents were introduced and that the tertiary phosphine ligand described is a stronger σ donor than PPh3 and a weaker σ donor than PEt3, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Rabiee Kenaree
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St. N., London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubendu Adhikary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Hairong Guan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
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27
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Kenaree AR, Cuthbert TJ, Barbon SM, Boyle PD, Gillies ER, Ragogna PJ, Gilroy JB. Synthesis and Characterization of a Family of Air-Stable Ferrocene- and Ruthenocene-Containing Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Phosphines. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Elizabeth R. Gillies
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street N., London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9
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28
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Kumar A, Zhou T, Emge TJ, Mironov O, Saxton RJ, Krogh-Jespersen K, Goldman AS. Dehydrogenation of n-Alkanes by Solid-Phase Molecular Pincer-Iridium Catalysts. High Yields of α-Olefin Product. J Am Chem Soc 2015. [PMID: 26200219 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b05313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the transfer-dehydrogenation of gas-phase alkanes catalyzed by solid-phase, molecular, pincer-ligated iridium catalysts, using ethylene or propene as hydrogen acceptor. Iridium complexes of sterically unhindered pincer ligands such as (iPr4)PCP, in the solid phase, are found to give extremely high rates and turnover numbers for n-alkane dehydrogenation, and yields of terminal dehydrogenation product (α-olefin) that are much higher than those previously reported for solution-phase experiments. These results are explained by mechanistic studies and DFT calculations which jointly lead to the conclusion that olefin isomerization, which limits yields of α-olefin from pincer-Ir catalyzed alkane dehydrogenation, proceeds via two mechanistically distinct pathways in the case of ((iPr4)PCP)Ir. The more conventional pathway involves 2,1-insertion of the α-olefin into an Ir-H bond of ((iPr4)PCP)IrH2, followed by 3,2-β-H elimination. The use of ethylene as hydrogen acceptor, or high pressures of propene, precludes this pathway by rapid hydrogenation of these small olefins by the dihydride. The second isomerization pathway proceeds via α-olefin C-H addition to (pincer)Ir to give an allyl intermediate as was previously reported for ((tBu4)PCP)Ir. The improved understanding of the factors controlling rates and selectivity has led to solution-phase systems that afford improved yields of α-olefin, and provides a framework required for the future development of more active and selective catalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshai Kumar
- †Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States.,§Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati - 781039, Assam, India
| | - Tian Zhou
- †Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Thomas J Emge
- †Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Oleg Mironov
- ‡Chevron Energy Technology Company, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94802, United States
| | - Robert J Saxton
- ‡Chevron Energy Technology Company, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94802, United States
| | - Karsten Krogh-Jespersen
- †Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Alan S Goldman
- †Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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29
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Lee CI, DeMott JC, Pell CJ, Christopher A, Zhou J, Bhuvanesh N, Ozerov OV. Ligand survey results in identification of PNP pincer complexes of iridium as long-lived and chemoselective catalysts for dehydrogenative borylation of terminal alkynes. Chem Sci 2015; 6:6572-6582. [PMID: 30090274 PMCID: PMC6054099 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02161h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the report on the successful use of SiNN pincer complexes of iridium as catalysts for dehydrogenative borylation of terminal alkynes (DHBTA) to alkynylboronates, this work examined a wide variety of related pincer ligands in the supporting role in DHBTA. The ligand selection included both new and previously reported ligands and was developed to explore systematic changes to the SiNN framework (the 8-(2-diisopropylsilylphenyl)aminoquinoline). Surprisingly, only the diarylamido/bis(phosphine) PNP system showed any DHBTA reactivity. The specific PNP ligand (bearing two diisopropylphosphino side donors) used in the screen showed DHBTA activity inferior to SiNN. However, taking advantage of the ligand optimization opportunities presented by the PNP system via the changes in the substitution at phosphorus led to the discovery of a catalyst whose activity, longevity, and scope far exceeded that of the original SiNN archetype. Several Ir complexes were prepared in a model PNP system and evaluated as potential intermediates in the catalytic cycle. Among them, the (PNP)Ir diboryl complex and the borylvinylidene complex were shown to be less competent in catalysis and thus likely not part of the catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-I Lee
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , TX 77842 , USA .
| | - Jessica C DeMott
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , TX 77842 , USA .
| | - Christopher J Pell
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , TX 77842 , USA .
| | - Alyson Christopher
- Department of Chemistry , Brandeis University , MS 015, 415 South Street , Waltham , MA 02454 , USA
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Chemistry , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001 , China
| | - Nattamai Bhuvanesh
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , TX 77842 , USA .
| | - Oleg V Ozerov
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , TX 77842 , USA .
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30
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Lohr TL, Marks TJ. Orthogonal tandem catalysis. Nat Chem 2015; 7:477-82. [PMID: 25991525 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tandem catalysis is a growing field that is beginning to yield important scientific and technological advances toward new and more efficient catalytic processes. 'One-pot' tandem reactions, where multiple catalysts and reagents, combined in a single reaction vessel undergo a sequence of precisely staged catalytic steps, are highly attractive from the standpoint of reducing both waste and time. Orthogonal tandem catalysis is a subset of one-pot reactions in which more than one catalyst is used to promote two or more mechanistically distinct reaction steps. This Perspective summarizes and analyses some of the recent developments and successes in orthogonal tandem catalysis, with particular focus on recent strategies to address catalyst incompatibility. We also highlight the concept of thermodynamic leveraging by coupling multiple catalyst cycles to effect challenging transformations not observed in single-step processes, and to encourage application of this technique to energetically unfavourable or demanding reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Lohr
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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31
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The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2013. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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Goldberg JM, Wong GW, Brastow KE, Kaminsky W, Goldberg KI, Heinekey DM. The Importance of Steric Factors in Iridium Pincer Complexes. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/om501166w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Goldberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Gene W. Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Kenzie E. Brastow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Werner Kaminsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Karen I. Goldberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - D. Michael Heinekey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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33
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Kumar A, Goldman AS. Recent Advances in Alkane Dehydrogenation Catalyzed by Pincer Complexes. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2015_113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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34
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Bézier D, Brookhart M. Transfer Dehydrogenations of Alkanes and Related Reactions Using Iridium Pincer Complexes. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2015_132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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35
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Dobereiner GE, Erdogan G, Larsen CR, Grotjahn DB, Schrock RR. A One-Pot Tandem Olefin Isomerization/Metathesis-Coupling (ISOMET) Reaction. ACS Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cs500889x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Graham E. Dobereiner
- Department
of Chemistry 6-331, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gulin Erdogan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500
Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182-1030, United States
| | - Casey R. Larsen
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500
Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182-1030, United States
| | - Douglas B. Grotjahn
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500
Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182-1030, United States
| | - Richard R. Schrock
- Department
of Chemistry 6-331, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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36
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Burgess SA, Joslin EE, Gunnoe TB, Cundari TR, Sabat M, Myers WH. Hydrophenylation of ethylene using a cationic Ru(ii) catalyst: comparison to a neutral Ru(ii) catalyst. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc01665c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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37
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Leitch DC, Labinger JA, Bercaw JE. Scope and Mechanism of Homogeneous Tantalum/Iridium Tandem Catalytic Alkane/Alkene Upgrading using Sacrificial Hydrogen Acceptors. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om500231t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David C. Leitch
- Arnold
and Mabel Beckman Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jay A. Labinger
- Arnold
and Mabel Beckman Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - John E. Bercaw
- Arnold
and Mabel Beckman Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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38
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Fortman GC, Boaz NC, Munz D, Konnick MM, Periana RA, Groves JT, Gunnoe TB. Selective Monooxidation of Light Alkanes Using Chloride and Iodate. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:8393-401. [DOI: 10.1021/ja502657g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- George C. Fortman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Nicholas C. Boaz
- Department
of Chemistry and Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology
of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Dominik Munz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | | | - Roy A. Periana
- Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - John T. Groves
- Department
of Chemistry and Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology
of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - T. Brent Gunnoe
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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39
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Gladysz JA, Bedford RB, Fujita M, Gabbaı̈ FP, Goldberg KI, Holland PL, Kiplinger JL, Krische MJ, Louie J, Lu CC, Norton JR, Petrukhina MA, Ren T, Stahl SS, Tilley TD, Webster CE, White MC, Whiteker GT. Organometallics Roundtable 2013–2014. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om500253z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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40
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Nawara-Hultzsch AJ, Hackenberg JD, Punji B, Supplee C, Emge TJ, Bailey BC, Schrock RR, Brookhart M, Goldman AS. Rational Design of Highly Active “Hybrid” Phosphine–Phosphinite Pincer Iridium Catalysts for Alkane Metathesis. ACS Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/cs400624c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka J. Nawara-Hultzsch
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Jason D. Hackenberg
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Benudhar Punji
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Carolyn Supplee
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Thomas J. Emge
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Brad C. Bailey
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Richard R. Schrock
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Maurice Brookhart
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Alan S. Goldman
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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