1
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Kuster L, Bélanger-Bouliga M, Shaw TE, Jurca T, Nazemi A, Frenette M. Insight into the nature of carbon-metal bonding for N-heterocyclic carbenes in gold/silver complexes and nanoparticles using DFT-correlated Raman spectroscopy: strong evidence for π-backbonding. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:11052-11068. [PMID: 38619424 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00143e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have emerged as promising ligands for stabilizing metallic complexes, nanoclusters, nanoparticles (NPs) and surfaces. The carbon-metal bond between NHCs and metal atoms plays a crucial role in determining the resulting material's stability, reactivity, function, and electronic properties. Using Raman spectroscopy coupled with density functional theory calculations, we investigate the nature of carbon-metal bonding in NHC-silver and NHC-gold complexes as well as their corresponding NPs. While low wavenumbers are inaccessible to standard infrared spectroscopy, Raman detection reveals previously unreported NHC-Au/Ag bond-stretching vibrations between 154-196 cm-1. The computationally efficient r2SCAN-3c method allows an excellent correlation between experimental and predicted Raman spectra which helps calibrate an accurate description of NHC-metal bonding. While π-backbonding should stabilize the NHC-metal bond, conflicting reports for the presence and absence of π-backbonding are seen in the literature. This debate led us to further investigate experimental and theoretical results to ultimately confirm and quantify the presence of π-backbonding in these systems. Experimentally, an observed decrease in the NHC's CN stretching due to the population of the π* orbital is a good indication for the presence of π-backbonding. Using energy decomposition analysis - natural orbitals for chemical valence (EDA-NOCV), our calculations concur and quantify π-backbonding in these NHC-bound complexes and NPs. Surprisingly, we observe that NPs are less stabilized by π-backbonding compared to their respective complexes-a result that partially explains the weaker NHC-NP bond. The protocol described herein will help optimize metal-carbon bonding in NHC-stabilized metal complexes, nanoparticles and surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucille Kuster
- Department of Chemistry, NanoQAM and Centre Québécois de Matériaux Fonctionnels (CQMF), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Marilyne Bélanger-Bouliga
- Department of Chemistry, NanoQAM and Centre Québécois de Matériaux Fonctionnels (CQMF), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Thomas E Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
| | - Titel Jurca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
| | - Ali Nazemi
- Department of Chemistry, NanoQAM and Centre Québécois de Matériaux Fonctionnels (CQMF), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Mathieu Frenette
- Department of Chemistry, NanoQAM and Centre Québécois de Matériaux Fonctionnels (CQMF), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada.
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2
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Li S, Li NN, Dong XY, Zang SQ, Mak TCW. Chemical Flexibility of Atomically Precise Metal Clusters. Chem Rev 2024; 124:7262-7378. [PMID: 38696258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Ligand-protected metal clusters possess hybrid properties that seamlessly combine an inorganic core with an organic ligand shell, imparting them exceptional chemical flexibility and unlocking remarkable application potential in diverse fields. Leveraging chemical flexibility to expand the library of available materials and stimulate the development of new functionalities is becoming an increasingly pressing requirement. This Review focuses on the origin of chemical flexibility from the structural analysis, including intra-cluster bonding, inter-cluster interactions, cluster-environments interactions, metal-to-ligand ratios, and thermodynamic effects. In the introduction, we briefly outline the development of metal clusters and explain the differences and commonalities of M(I)/M(I/0) coinage metal clusters. Additionally, we distinguish the bonding characteristics of metal atoms in the inorganic core, which give rise to their distinct chemical flexibility. Section 2 delves into the structural analysis, bonding categories, and thermodynamic theories related to metal clusters. In the following sections 3 to 7, we primarily elucidate the mechanisms that trigger chemical flexibility, the dynamic processes in transformation, the resultant alterations in structure, and the ensuing modifications in physical-chemical properties. Section 8 presents the notable applications that have emerged from utilizing metal clusters and their assemblies. Finally, in section 9, we discuss future challenges and opportunities within this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Li
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Na-Na Li
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
| | - Xi-Yan Dong
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
| | - Shuang-Quan Zang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Thomas C W Mak
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, China
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3
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Rivers M, Carden RG, Widenhoefer RA. Substituent Effects and the Mechanism of Gold to Alkene Benzylidene Transfer Employing a Gold Sulfonium Benzylide Complex. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitch Rivers
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Robert G. Carden
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Ross A. Widenhoefer
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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4
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Greiner LC, Matsuoka J, Inuki S, Ohno H. Azido-Alkynes in Gold(I)-Catalyzed Indole Syntheses. CHEM REC 2021; 21:3897-3910. [PMID: 34498385 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The exploitation of nitrogen-functionalized reactive intermediates plays an important role in the synthesis of biologically relevant scaffolds in the field of pharmaceutical sciences. Those based on gold carbenes carry a strong potential for the design of highly efficient cascade processes toward the synthesis of compounds containing a fused indole core structure. This personal account gives a detailed explanation of our contribution to this sector, and embraces the reaction development of efficient gold-catalyzed cascade processes based on diversely functionalized azido-alkynes. Challenging cyclizations and their subsequent application in the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant scaffolds and natural products conducted in an intra- or intermolecular fashion are key features of our research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca C Greiner
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Junpei Matsuoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Current address: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kodo, Kyotanabe, 610-0395, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ohno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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5
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Wu Y, Cao S, Douair I, Maron L, Bi X. Computational Insights into Different Mechanisms for Ag-, Cu-, and Pd-Catalyzed Cyclopropanation of Alkenes and Sulfonyl Hydrazones. Chemistry 2021; 27:5999-6006. [PMID: 33443293 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The [2+1] cycloaddition reaction of a metal carbene with an alkene can produce important cyclopropane products for synthetic intermediates, materials, and pharmaceutical applications. However, this reaction is often accompanied by side reactions, such as coupling and self-coupling, so that the yield of the cyclopropanation product of non-silver transition-metal carbenes and hindered alkenes is generally lower than 50 %. To solve this problem, the addition of a low concentration of diazo compound (decomposition of sulfonyl hydrazones) to alkenes catalyzed by either CuOAc or PdCl2 was studied, but side reactions could still not be avoided. Interestingly, however, the yield of cyclopropanation products for such hindered alkenes were as high as 99 % with AgOTf as a catalyst. To explain this unexpected phenomenon, reaction pathways have been computed for four different catalysts by using DFT. By combining the results of these calculations with those obtained experimentally, it can be concluded that the efficiency of the silver catalyst is due to the barrierless concerted cycloaddition step and the kinetic inhibition of side reactions by a high concentration of alkene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P.R. China
| | - Iskander Douair
- INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, Université de Toulouse et CNRS, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Maron
- INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, Université de Toulouse et CNRS, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Xihe Bi
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P.R. China
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6
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Mieres-Perez J, Lucht K, Trosien I, Sander W, Sanchez-Garcia E, Morgenstern K. Controlling Reactivity-Real-Space Imaging of a Surface Metal Carbene. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4653-4660. [PMID: 33599124 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metal carbenes are key intermediates in a plethora of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic processes. However, despite their importance to heterogeneous catalysis, the influence of surface attachment on carbene reactivity has not yet been explored. Here, we reveal the interactions of fluorenylidene (FY), an archetypical aromatic carbene of extreme reactivity, with a Ag(111) surface. For the first time, the interaction of a highly reactive carbene with a metal surface could be studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). FY chemisorbs on Ag(111) with an estimated desorption energy of 3 eV, forming a surface bound silver-carbene complex. The surface interaction leads to a switching of the electronic ground state of FY from triplet to singlet, and to controlled chemical reactivity. This atomistic understanding of the interplay between carbenes and metal surfaces opens the way for the development of novel classes of catalytic systems based on surface metal carbenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Mieres-Perez
- Universität Duisburg-Essen, Computational Biochemistry, Universitätsstr.2, D-45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Karsten Lucht
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie I, Universitätsstr.150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Iris Trosien
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Universitätsstr.150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfram Sander
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Universitätsstr.150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Elsa Sanchez-Garcia
- Universität Duisburg-Essen, Computational Biochemistry, Universitätsstr.2, D-45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Karina Morgenstern
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie I, Universitätsstr.150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
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7
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Paenurk E, Chen P. Modeling Gas-Phase Unimolecular Dissociation for Bond Dissociation Energies: Comparison of Statistical Rate Models within RRKM Theory. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:1927-1940. [PMID: 33635061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) theory provides a simple yet powerful rate theory for calculating microcanonical rate constants. In particular, it has found widespread use in combination with gas-phase kinetic experiments of unimolecular dissociations to extract experimental bond dissociation energies (BDEs). We have previously found several discrepancies between the computed BDE values and the respective experimental ones, obtained with our empirical rate model, named L-CID. To investigate the reliability of our rate model, we conducted a theoretical analysis and comparison of the performance of conventional rate models and L-CID within the RRKM framework. Using the previously published microcanonical rate data as well as reaction cross-section data, we show that the BDE values obtained with the L-CID model agree with the ones from the other rate models within the expected uncertainty bounds. Based on this agreement, we discuss the possible rationalization of the good performance of the L-CID model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eno Paenurk
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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8
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Wang Y, Zheng Z, Yuan Y, Wang M, Guo Z, Jiang YY, Bai LP, Li Y. Cascade C–N bond cleavage of amides/intramolecular amination reactions: an atom economical way to α-cabolin-4-ones. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01257b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel one-pot procedure for the synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted α-carbolin-4-ones through successive C–N bond cleavage and intramolecular amination reactions involving a 1,2-acyl migration has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Zhong Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yang Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Mengdan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Zixia Guo
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yuan-Ye Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu
- China
| | - Li-Ping Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- and Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health
- Macau University of Science and Technology
- Taipa
- Macau
| | - Yanzhong Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai
- China
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9
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Toledo A, Salamanca V, Pérez-Moro T, Albéniz AC. Transmetalation of Acyclic Tungsten Carbenes to Coinage Metals: Distinct Behavior of Silver toward Carbene Transfer and Hydrolysis. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Toledo
- IU CINQUIMA/Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Valladolid, 47071 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Salamanca
- IU CINQUIMA/Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Valladolid, 47071 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Teresa Pérez-Moro
- IU CINQUIMA/Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Valladolid, 47071 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ana C. Albéniz
- IU CINQUIMA/Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Valladolid, 47071 Valladolid, Spain
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10
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Salvitti C, Chiarotto I, Pepi F, Troiani A. Charge-Tagged N-Heterocyclic Carbenes (NHCs): Revealing the Hidden Side of NHC-Catalysed Reactions through Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Chempluschem 2020; 86:209-223. [PMID: 33252194 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are key intermediates in a variety of chemical reactions. Owing to their transient nature, the interception and characterization of these reactive species have always been challenging. Similarly, the study of reaction mechanisms in which carbenes act as catalysts is still an active research field. This Minireview describes the contribution of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) to the detection of charge-tagged NHCs resulting from the insertion of an ionic group into the molecular scaffold. The use of different mass spectrometric techniques, combined with the charge-tagging strategy, allowed clarification of the involvement of NHCs in archetypal reactions and the study of their intrinsic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Salvitti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Chiarotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Base e Applicate per l'Ingegneria, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via Castro Laurenziano 7, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Pepi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Troiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
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11
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Bot M, Gorbachev V, Tsybizova A, Chen P. Bond Dissociation Energies in the Gas Phase for Large Molecular Ions by Threshold Collision-Induced Dissociation Experiments: Stretching the Limits. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:8692-8707. [PMID: 32955888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c05712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Accurate bond dissociation energies for large molecules are difficult to obtain by either experimental or computational methods. The former methods are hampered by a range of physical and practical limitations in gas-phase measurement techniques, while the latter require incorporation of multiple approximations whose impact on accuracy may not always be clear. When internal benchmarks are not available, one hopes that experiment and theory can mutually support each other. A recent report found, however, a large discrepancy between gas-phase bond dissociation energies, measured mass spectrometrically, and the corresponding quantities computed using density functional theory (DFT)-D3 and DLPNO-CCSD(T) methods. With the widespread application of these computational methods to large molecular systems, the discrepancy needs to be resolved. We report a series of experimental studies that validate the mass spectrometric methods from small to large ions and find that bond dissociation energies extracted from threshold collision-induced dissociation experiments on large ions do indeed behave correctly. The implications for the computational studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Bot
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Vladimir Gorbachev
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Tsybizova
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Chen
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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12
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Ma W, Zhai G, Hu X, Wu Y. Experimental and theoretical study on the cyclic(alkyl)(amino)carbene-copper catalyzed Friedel-Crafts reaction of N,N-dialkylanilines with styrenes. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:4272-4275. [PMID: 32441731 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02734c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Friedel-Crafts reaction of alkalinous substrates is challenging because of the coordination between amines and traditional acid catalysts. Based on theoretical research, we designed a catalytic process for the Friedel-Crafts reactions of N,N-dialkylanilines in the presence of CAAC-CuCl [CAAC = cyclic(alkyl)(amino)carbene] and KB(C6F5)4. Experimental results show that the catalytic system is suitable for a series of N,N-dialkylanilines and styrenes with good to excellent yields of para-selectivity products. The results are comparable to those obtained in carbene-gold catalyzed processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Separation Engineering Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China.
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13
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Joost M, Nieger M, Lutz M, Ehlers AW, Slootweg JC, Lammertsma K. Synthesis, Structures, and Electronic Properties of O- and S-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes of Iridium, Copper, Silver, and Gold. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Joost
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Nieger
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martin Lutz
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas W. Ehlers
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
| | - J. Chris Slootweg
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Koop Lammertsma
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
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14
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Cervantes‐Reyes A, Rominger F, Hashmi ASK. Sterically Demanding Ag I and Cu I N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis, Structures, Steric Parameters, and Catalytic Activity. Chemistry 2020; 26:5530-5540. [PMID: 32104933 PMCID: PMC7216994 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and full characterization of new air-stable AgI and CuI complexes bearing structurally bulky expanded-ring N-heterocyclic carbene (erNHC) ligands is presented. The condensation of protonated NHC salts with Ag2 O afforded a collection of AgI complexes, and their first use as ligand transfer reagents led to novel isostructural CuI or AuI complexes. In situ deprotonation of the NHC salts in the presence of a copper(I) source, provides a library of new CuI complexes. The solid-state structures feature large N-CNHC -N angles (118-128°) and almost identical angles between the aryl groups on the nitrogen atoms and the plane of the N-C-N unit of the carbene (i.e. torsion angles close to 0°). Among the steric parameters, the percent buried volume (%Vbur ) values span easily in the 50-57 % range, and that one of (9-Dipp)CuBr complex (%Vbur =57.5) overcomes to other known erNHC-metal complexes reported to date. Preliminary catalytic experiments in the copper-catalyzed coupling between N-tosylhydrazone and phenylacetylene, afforded 76-93 % product at the 0.5-2.5 mol % catalyst loading, proving the stability of CuI erNHC complexes at elevated temperatures (100 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - A. Stephen K. Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
- Chemistry DepartmentFaculty of ScienceKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah21589Saudi Arabia
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15
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García‐Morales C, Pei X, Sarria Toro JM, Echavarren AM. Direct Observation of Aryl Gold(I) Carbenes that Undergo Cyclopropanation, C-H Insertion, and Dimerization Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:3957-3961. [PMID: 30644625 PMCID: PMC6593763 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201814577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mesityl gold(I) carbenes lacking heteroatom stabilization or shielding ancillary ligands have been generated and spectroscopically characterized from chloro(mesityl)methylgold(I) carbenoids bearing JohnPhos-type ligands by chloride abstraction with GaCl3 . The aryl carbenes react with PPh3 and alkenes to give stable phosphonium ylides and cyclopropanes, respectively. Oxidation with pyridine N-oxide and intermolecular C-H insertion to cyclohexane have also been observed. In the absence of nucleophiles, a bimolecular reaction, similar to that observed for other metal carbenes, leads to a symmetrical alkene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina García‐Morales
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)Av. Països Catalans 1643007TarragonaSpain
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química OrgànicaUniversitat Rovira i Virgili43007TarragonaSpain
| | - Xiao‐Li Pei
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)Av. Països Catalans 1643007TarragonaSpain
| | - Juan M. Sarria Toro
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)Av. Països Catalans 1643007TarragonaSpain
| | - Antonio M. Echavarren
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)Av. Països Catalans 1643007TarragonaSpain
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química OrgànicaUniversitat Rovira i Virgili43007TarragonaSpain
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16
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García‐Morales C, Pei X, Sarria Toro JM, Echavarren AM. Direct Observation of Aryl Gold(I) Carbenes that Undergo Cyclopropanation, C−H Insertion, and Dimerization Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201814577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina García‐Morales
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química OrgànicaUniversitat Rovira i Virgili 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Xiao‐Li Pei
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Juan M. Sarria Toro
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Antonio M. Echavarren
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química OrgànicaUniversitat Rovira i Virgili 43007 Tarragona Spain
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17
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Cheng GJ, Zhong XM, Wu YD, Zhang X. Mechanistic understanding of catalysis by combining mass spectrometry and computation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:12749-12764. [PMID: 31560354 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05458h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The combination of mass spectrometry and computational chemistry has been proven to be powerful for exploring reaction mechanisms. The former provides information of reaction intermediates, while the latter gives detailed reaction energy profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Juan Cheng
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Xiu-Mei Zhong
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Yun-Dong Wu
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Xinhao Zhang
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School
- Shenzhen
- China
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18
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Goddard
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr Germany
| | - Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr Germany
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19
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Tskhovrebov AG, Goddard R, Fürstner A. Two Amphoteric Silver Carbene Clusters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:8089-8094. [PMID: 29733538 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Two highly labile silver carbene cluster complexes are described, which are unique in that they mark the transition point at which the carbene center transmutes from a fairly common NHC-like nucleophilic behavior to an electrophilic character befitting reactive silver carbene intermediates of relevance in various catalytic transformations. This amphoteric character is the distinguishing attribute of a μ-bridged donor/donor carbene entity that connects two silver atoms of triangular or tetrahedral metallic core units.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Goddard
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
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20
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Kim N, Widenhoefer RA. Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity of Cationic Gold Diarylallenylidene Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4722-4726. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201713209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nana Kim
- French Family Science Center Duke University Durham NC 27708-0346 USA
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21
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Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity of Cationic Gold Diarylallenylidene Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201713209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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22
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23
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Wang Y, Sun M, Qiao J, Ouyang J, Na N. FAD roles in glucose catalytic oxidation studied by multiphase flow of extractive electrospray ionization (MF-EESI) mass spectrometry. Chem Sci 2017; 9:594-599. [PMID: 29629123 PMCID: PMC5869319 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04259k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the coenzyme flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) in the catalytic oxidation of glucose was elucidated by MS using a new extraction and ionization method.
The role of the coenzyme flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) in the catalytic oxidation of glucose was elucidated by MS using a new extraction and ionization method. By a multiphase flow of liquid–gas, extractive electrospray ionization was achieved, and this technique (MF-EESI) decreased the salt-matrix interference effectively, avoided salt crystallizations at the capillary tip and increased ionization efficiency by a concentric-sprayed solvent. Notably, two intermediate complexes of FAD–glucose have been observed and differentiated for the first time using this MF-EESI technique. These intermediate complexes were demonstrated to be responsible for the hydride abstraction from glucose, as well as the cyclic coenzyme conversion of FAD during glucose oxidation. Online monitoring was also employed in MF-EESI, thereby providing a potential and informative tool to scrutinize enzymatic catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry , College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China .
| | - Min Sun
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry , College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China .
| | - Jinping Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry , College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China .
| | - Jin Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry , College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China .
| | - Na Na
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry , College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , China .
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24
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Voss JM, Duffy EM, Marsh BM, Garand E. Mass Spectrometric and Vibrational Characterization of Reaction Intermediates in [Ru(bpy)(tpy)(H 2 O)] 2+ Catalyzed Water Oxidation. Chempluschem 2017; 82:691-694. [PMID: 31961527 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201700085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry coupled with an in-line electrochemical electrospray ionization source is used to capture some of the reaction intermediates formed in the [Ru(bpy)(tpy)(H2 O)]2+ (bpy=2,2'-bipyridine, tpy=2,2':6',2"-terpyridine) catalyzed water oxidation reaction. By controlling the applied electrochemical potential, we identified the parent complex, as well as the first two oxidation complexes, identified as [Ru(bpy)(tpy)(OH)]2+ and [Ru(bpy)(tpy)(O)]2+ . The structures of the parent and first oxidation complexes are probed directly in the mass spectrometer by using infrared predissociation spectroscopy of D2 -tagged ions. Comparisons between experimental vibrational spectra and density functional theory calculations confirmed the identity and structure of these two complexes. Moreover, the frequency of the O-H stretching mode in [Ru(bpy)(tpy)(OH)]2+ shows that this complex features a Ru-OH interaction that is more covalent than ionic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Voss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA), E-mail: Etienne Garand
| | - Erin M Duffy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA), E-mail: Etienne Garand
| | - Brett M Marsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA), E-mail: Etienne Garand
| | - Etienne Garand
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA), E-mail: Etienne Garand
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25
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Oeschger RJ, Chen P. Structure and Gas-Phase Thermochemistry of a Pd/Cu Complex: Studies on a Model for Transmetalation Transition States. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:1069-1072. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael J. Oeschger
- Laboratorium für Organische
Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Chen
- Laboratorium für Organische
Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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26
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Jiang YY, Man X, Bi S. Advances in theoretical study on transition-metal-catalyzed C−H activation. Sci China Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-016-0330-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2014. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Harris RJ, Widenhoefer RA. Gold carbenes, gold-stabilized carbocations, and cationic intermediates relevant to gold-catalysed enyne cycloaddition. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:4533-51. [PMID: 27146712 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00171h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cationic gold complexes in which gold is bound to a formally divalent carbon atom, typically formulated as gold carbenes or α-metallocarbenium ions, have been widely invoked in a range of gold-catalyzed transformations, most notably in the gold-catalyzed cycloisomerization of 1,n-enynes. Although the existence of gold carbene complexes as intermediates in gold-catalyzed transformations is supported by a wealth of indirect experimental data and by computation, until recently no examples of cationic gold carbenes/α-metallocarbenium ions had been synthesized nor had any cationic intermediates generated via gold-catalyzed enyne cycloaddition been directly observed. Largely for this reason, there has been considerable debate regarding the electronic structure of these cationic complexes, in particular the relative contributions of the carbene (LAu(+)[double bond, length as m-dash]CR2) and α-metallocarbenium (LAu-CR2(+)) forms, which is intimately related to the extent of d → p backbonding from gold to the C1 carbon atom. However, over the past ∼ seven years, a number of cationic gold carbene complexes have been synthesized in solution and generated in the gas phase and cationic intermediates have been directly observed in the gold-catalyzed cycloaddition of enynes. Together, these advances provide insight into the nature and electronic structure of gold carbene/α-metallocarbenium complexes and the cationic intermediates generated via gold-catalyzed enyne cycloaddition. Herein we review recent advances in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Harris
- French Family Science Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0346, USA.
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29
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Tsybizova A, Roithová J. Copper-catalyzed reactions: Research in the gas phase. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2016; 35:85-110. [PMID: 25975564 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is becoming an important tool for mechanistic studies in organic and organometallic chemistry. It allows investigation of reaction mixtures including monitoring of reactants, products, and intermediates, studying properties of the intermediates and their reactivity. Studying the reactive species in the gas phase can be advantageously combined with theoretical calculations. This review is focused on ESI-MS studies of copper-catalyzed reactions. Possible effects of the electrospray process on the transfer of the copper complexes to the gas phase are discussed. The plethora of mass spectrometric approaches is demonstrated on copper mediated C-H activations, cross coupling reactions, rearrangements, organocuprate chemistry, and other examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Tsybizova
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science; Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Roithová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science; Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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30
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Zhou S, Li J, Wu XN, Schlangen M, Schwarz H. Au+
-vermittelte, effiziente Kupplung eines Carbenliganden mit Methan: Bildung von C2
H
x
(x=
4, 6) bei Raumtemperatur. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201509320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Zhou S, Li J, Wu XN, Schlangen M, Schwarz H. Efficient Room-Temperature, Au+
-Mediated Coupling of a Carbene Ligand with Methane To Generate C2
H
x
(x=
4, 6). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:441-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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32
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33
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Oeschger RJ, Ringger DH, Chen P. Gas-Phase Investigations on the Transmetalation Step in Sonogashira Reactions. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael J. Oeschger
- Laboratorium
für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David H. Ringger
- Laboratorium
für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Chen
- Laboratorium
für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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34
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Hussong MW, Hoffmeister WT, Rominger F, Straub BF. Kupfer- und Silber-Carbenkomplexe ohne Heteroatom-Stabilisierung: Struktur, Spektroskopie und relativistische Effekte. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201504117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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35
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Hussong MW, Hoffmeister WT, Rominger F, Straub BF. Copper and Silver Carbene Complexes without Heteroatom-Stabilization: Structure, Spectroscopy, and Relativistic Effects. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:10331-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201504117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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36
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Aldajaei JT, Keeffe JR, Swift CA, Gronert S. Are Copper(I) Carbenes Capable Intermediates for Cyclopropanations? The Case for Ylide Intermediates. Chemistry 2015; 21:12702-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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37
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Zhou S, Schlangen M, Li J, Wu XN, Schwarz H. Carbon-Atom Extrusion from Halobenzenes and Its Coupling with a Methylene Ligand to Form Acetylene. Chemistry 2015; 21:9629-31. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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38
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Abstract
By reviewing the recent progress on the elucidation of the structure of gold carbenes and the definitions of metal carbenes and carbenoids, we recommend to use the term gold carbene to describe gold carbene-like intermediates, regardless of whether the carbene or carbocation extreme resonance dominates. Gold carbenes, because of the weak metal-to-carbene π-back-donation and their strongly electrophilic reactivity, could be classified into the broader family of Fischer carbenes, although their behavior and properties are very specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Wang
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona (Spain) E-mail:
| | - Michael E Muratore
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona (Spain) E-mail:
| | - Antonio M Echavarren
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona (Spain) E-mail:
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliC/Marcel⋅lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona (Spain)
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39
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Nunes dos Santos Comprido L, Klein JEMN, Knizia G, Kästner J, Hashmi ASK. Zu den stabilisierenden Effekten in Carbengoldkomplexen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201412401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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40
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Nunes Dos Santos Comprido L, Klein JEMN, Knizia G, Kästner J, Hashmi ASK. The Stabilizing Effects in Gold Carbene Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:10336-40. [PMID: 25951142 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201412401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Bonding and stabilizing effects in gold carbene complexes are investigated by using Kohn-Sham density functional theory (DFT) and the intrinsic bond orbital (IBO) approach. The π-stabilizing effects of organic substituents at the carbene carbon atom coordinated to the gold atom are evaluated for a series of recently isolated and characterized complexes, as well as intermediates of prototypical 1,6-enyne cyclization reactions. The results indicate that these effects are of particular importance for gold complexes especially because of the low π-backbonding contribution from the gold atom.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johannes E M N Klein
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart (Germany).,Present address: Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota; Minneapolis (USA)
| | - Gerald Knizia
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University (USA)
| | - Johannes Kästner
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart (Germany).
| | - A Stephen K Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg (Germany). .,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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41
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Harris RJ, Widenhoefer RA. Synthesis and Characterization of a Gold Vinylidene Complex Lacking π-Conjugated Heteroatoms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6867-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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42
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Harris RJ, Widenhoefer RA. Synthesis and Characterization of a Gold Vinylidene Complex Lacking π-Conjugated Heteroatoms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201501474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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43
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Zhugralin AR, Kobylianskii IJ, Chen P. Experimental Gas-Phase and in Silico Investigation of β-Methyl Elimination from Cationic Palladium Alkyl Species. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adil R. Zhugralin
- Laboratorium für Organische
Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Strasse 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ilia J. Kobylianskii
- Laboratorium für Organische
Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Strasse 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Chen
- Laboratorium für Organische
Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Strasse 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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44
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Wong VHL, White AJP, Hor TSA, Hii KK(M. Structure and bonding of [(SIPr)AgX] (X = Cl, Br, I and OTf). Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:17752-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc07977b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A series of iso-structural complexes [(SIPr)AgX] (X = Cl, Br, I, OTf; SIPr = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolidene) were synthesised, including the first example of a N-heterocyclic carbene silver(i) complex containing an O-bound triflate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie H. L. Wong
- Department of Chemistry
- Imperial College London
- South Kensington
- UK
- Department of Chemistry
| | | | - T. S. Andy Hor
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117543
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45
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Joost M, Estévez L, Mallet-Ladeira S, Miqueu K, Amgoune A, Bourissou D. Enhanced π-Backdonation from Gold(I): Isolation of Original Carbonyl and Carbene Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201407684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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46
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Joost M, Estévez L, Mallet-Ladeira S, Miqueu K, Amgoune A, Bourissou D. Enhanced π-backdonation from gold(I): isolation of original carbonyl and carbene complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:14512-6. [PMID: 25359485 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201407684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The specific electronic properties of bent o-carborane diphosphine gold(I) fragments were exploited to obtain the first classical carbonyl complex of gold [(DPCb)AuCO](+) (ν(CO)=2143 cm(-1) ) and the diphenylcarbene complex [(DPCb)Au(CPh2 )](+) , which is stabilized by the gold fragment rather than the carbene substituents. These two complexes were characterized by spectroscopic and crystallographic means. The [(DPCb)Au](+) fragment plays a major role in their stability, as substantiated by DFT calculations. The bending induced by the diphosphine ligand substantially enhances π-backdonation and thereby allows the isolation of carbonyl and carbene complexes featuring significant π-bond character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Joost
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Paul Sabatier/CNRS UMR 5069, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09 (France)
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