1
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Valadbeigi Y, Taheri R. Superbasicity of imines with bicyclo[5.1.0]octa-1,3,5,7-tetraene scaffold due to electron delocalization in the conjugated acids. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2023.114076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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2
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Modeling pKa of the Brønsted Bases as an Approach to the Gibbs Energy of the Proton in Acetonitrile. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810576. [PMID: 36142490 PMCID: PMC9502073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple but efficient computational approach to calculate pKa in acetonitrile for a set of phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon bases was established. A linear function that describes relations between the calculated ΔG’a.sol(BH+) and pKa values was determined for each group of bases. The best model was obtained through the variations in the basis set, in the level of theory (density functionals or MP2), and in the continuum solvation model (IPCM, CPCM, or SMD). The combination of the IPCM/B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) solvation approach with MP2/6-311+G(2df,p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d) gas-phase energies provided very good results for all three groups of bases with R2 values close to or above 0.99. Interestingly, the slopes and the intercepts of the obtained linear functions showed significant deviations from the theoretical values. We made a linear plot utilizing all the conducted calculations and all the structural variations and employed methods to prove the systematic nature of the intercept/slope dependence. The interpolation of the intercept to the ideal slope value enabled us to determine the Gibbs energy of the proton in acetonitrile, which amounted to −258.8 kcal mol−1. The obtained value was in excellent agreement with previously published results.
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3
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Wei R, Ju S, Liu LL. Free Metallophosphines: Extremely Electron‐Rich Phosphorus Superbases That Are Electronically and Sterically Tunable**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205618. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wei
- Department of Chemistry Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Shaoying Ju
- Department of Chemistry Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
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4
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Kulsha AV, Ragoyja EG, Ivashkevich OA. Strong Bases Design: Predicted Limits of Basicity. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:3642-3652. [PMID: 35657384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Brønsted superbases have wide applications in organic chemistry due to their ability to activate C-H bonds. The strongest neutral bases to date are substituted aminophosphazenes developed in the late 1980s by Reinhard Schwesinger. Since then, much effort has been expended to create even stronger neutral bases. In this article, the reasons for the instability of very basic compounds are investigated by means of high-level quantum-chemical calculations. Theoretical basicity limits are suggested for solutions as well as for the gas phase. A record-breaking superbase most likely to be synthesizable and stable at ambient conditions is proposed. Hexamethylphosphoramide is considered a reliable ionizing solvent for superbases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Kulsha
- Chemical Department, Belarusian State University, 4 Nezavisimosti Avenue, 220030 Minsk, Republic of Belarus
| | - Ekaterina G Ragoyja
- Chemical Department, Belarusian State University, 4 Nezavisimosti Avenue, 220030 Minsk, Republic of Belarus
| | - Oleg A Ivashkevich
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Condensed Systems, Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, 14 Leningradskaya Street, 220006 Minsk, Republic of Belarus
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5
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Wei R, Ju S, Liu LL. Free Metallophosphines: Extremely Electron‐Rich Phosphorus Superbases That Are Electronically and Sterically Tunable**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wei
- Department of Chemistry Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Shaoying Ju
- Department of Chemistry Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
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6
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Tian J, Cordier M, Bour C, Auffrant A, Gandon V. A cyclic divalent N(I) species isoelectronic to carbodiphosphoranes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5741-5744. [PMID: 35466973 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01637k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The formation of a rare type of diphosphazenium cation is described. Its synthesis features a unique oxidative dealkylation of an iminophosphorane-phosphole by a silver(I) salt. DFT study of this compound reveals the low valent character of the N(I) center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Tian
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, CNRS UMR 8182, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 420, 91405 Orsay cedex, France.
| | - Marie Cordier
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire (LCM), CNRS UMR 9168 Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, route de Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
| | - Christophe Bour
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, CNRS UMR 8182, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 420, 91405 Orsay cedex, France.
| | - Audrey Auffrant
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire (LCM), CNRS UMR 9168 Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, route de Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
| | - Vincent Gandon
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, CNRS UMR 8182, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 420, 91405 Orsay cedex, France. .,Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire (LCM), CNRS UMR 9168 Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, route de Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
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7
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Cobo J, Molina S, Sánchez A, Nogueras M, Insuasty B, Orozco‐López F. Reactivity of Pyrimidinylphosphazenes with Acetylenic Esters: Competitive [4+2] and [2+2] Tandem Cycloaddition/Retro‐cycloaddition Approaches. J Heterocycl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justo Cobo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica Grupo de Investigación en Compuestos de Interés Biológico, Universidad de Jaén Jaén Spain
| | - Sebastián Molina
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica Grupo de Investigación en Compuestos de Interés Biológico, Universidad de Jaén Jaén Spain
| | - Adolfo Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica Grupo de Investigación en Compuestos de Interés Biológico, Universidad de Jaén Jaén Spain
| | - Manuel Nogueras
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica Grupo de Investigación en Compuestos de Interés Biológico, Universidad de Jaén Jaén Spain
| | - Braulio Insuasty
- Departamento de Química Grupo de Investigación de Compuestos Heterocíclicos, Universidad del Valle Cali Colombia
| | - Fabián Orozco‐López
- Grupo de Estudios en Síntesis y Aplicaciones de Compuestos Heterocíclicos, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Bogotá Colombia
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8
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Vermersch F, Yazdani S, Junor GP, Grotjahn DB, Jazzar R, Bertrand G. Stable Singlet Carbenes as Organic Superbases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- François Vermersch
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (IRL 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Sima Yazdani
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (IRL 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry San Diego State University 5500 Campanile Drive San Diego CA 92182-1030 USA
| | - Glen P. Junor
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (IRL 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Douglas B. Grotjahn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry San Diego State University 5500 Campanile Drive San Diego CA 92182-1030 USA
| | - Rodolphe Jazzar
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (IRL 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (IRL 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
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9
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Vermersch F, Yazdani S, Junor GP, Grotjahn DB, Jazzar R, Bertrand G. Stable Singlet Carbenes as Organic Superbases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:27253-27257. [PMID: 34729888 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A simple experimental procedure for scaling carbene Brønsted basicity is described. The results highlight the strong basicity of pyrazol-4-ylidenes, a type of mesoionic carbene, also named cyclic-bentallenes (CBA). They are more basic (pKaH >42.7 in acetonitrile) than the popular proazaphosphatrane Verkade bases, and even the Schwesinger phosphazene superbase P4 (t Bu). The basicity of these compounds can readily be tuned, and they are accessible in multigram quantities. These results open new avenues for carbon centered superbases.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Vermersch
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (IRL 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
| | - Sima Yazdani
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (IRL 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-1030, USA
| | - Glen P Junor
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (IRL 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
| | - Douglas B Grotjahn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-1030, USA
| | - Rodolphe Jazzar
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (IRL 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (IRL 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
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10
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Vazdar K, Margetić D, Kovačević B, Sundermeyer J, Leito I, Jahn U. Design of Novel Uncharged Organic Superbases: Merging Basicity and Functionality. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:3108-3123. [PMID: 34308625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusOne of the constant challenges of synthetic chemistry is the molecular design and synthesis of nonionic, metal-free superbases as chemically stable neutral organic compounds of moderate molecular weight, intrinsically high thermodynamic basicity, adaptable kinetic basicity, and weak or tunable nucleophilicity at their nitrogen, phosphorus, or carbon basicity centers. Such superbases can catalyze numerous reactions, ranging from C-C bond formation to cycloadditions and polymerization, to name just a few. Additional benefits of organic superbases, as opposed to their inorganic counterparts, are their solubility in organic reaction media, mild reaction conditions, and higher selectivity. Approaching such superbasic compounds remains a continuous challenge. However, recent advances in synthetic methodology and theoretical understanding have resulted in new design principles and synthetic strategies toward superbases. Our computational contributions have demonstrated that the gas-phase basicity region of 350 kcal mol-1 and even beyond is easily reachable by organosuperbases. However, despite record-high basicities, the physical limitations of many of these compounds become quickly evident. The typically large molecular weight of these molecules and their sensitivity to ordinary reaction conditions prevent them from being practical, even though their preparation is often not too difficult. Thus, obviously structural limitations with respect to molecular weight and structural complexity must be imposed on the design of new synthetically useful organic superbases, but strategies for increasing their basicity remain important.The contemporary design of novel organic superbases is illustrated by phosphazenyl phosphanes displaying gas-phase basicities (GB) above 300 kcal mol-1 but having molecular weights well below 1000 g·mol-1. This approach is based on a reconsideration of phosphorus(III) compounds, which goes along with increasing their stability in solution. Another example is the preparation of carbodiphosphoranes incorporating pyrrolidine, tetramethylguanidine, or hexamethylphosphazene as a substituent. With gas-phase proton affinities of up to 300 kcal mol-1, they are among the top nonionic carbon bases on the basicity scale. Remarkably, the high basicity of these compounds is achieved at molecular weights of around 600 g·mol-1. Another approach to achieving high basicity through the cooperative effect of multiple intramolecular hydrogen bonding, which increases the stabilization of conjugate acids, has recently been confirmed.This Account focuses on our efforts to produce superbasic molecules that embody many desirable traits, but other groups' approaches will also be discussed. We reveal the crucial structural features of superbases and place them on known basicity scales. We discuss the emerging potential and current limits of their application and give a general outlook into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Vazdar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ivo Leito
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ullrich Jahn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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11
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Weitkamp RF, Neumann B, Stammler H, Hoge B. Phosphorus-Containing Superbases: Recent Progress in the Chemistry of Electron-Abundant Phosphines and Phosphazenes. Chemistry 2021; 27:10807-10825. [PMID: 34032319 PMCID: PMC8362139 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The renaissance of Brønsted superbases is primarily based on their pronounced capacity for a large variety of chemical transformations under mild reaction conditions. Four major set screws are available for the selective tuning of the basicity: the nature of the basic center (N, P, …), the degree of electron donation by substituents to the central atom, the possibility of charge delocalization, and the energy gain by hydrogen bonding. Within the past decades, a plethora of neutral electron-rich phosphine and phosphazene bases have appeared in the literature. Their outstanding properties and advantages over inorganic or charged bases have now made them indispensable as auxiliary bases in deprotonation processes. Herein, an update of the chemistry of basic phosphines and phosphazenes is given. In addition, due to widespread interest, their use in catalysis or as ligands in coordination chemistry is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin F. Weitkamp
- Centrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Centrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Centrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Centrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
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12
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Puleo TR, Sujansky SJ, Wright SE, Bandar JS. Organic Superbases in Recent Synthetic Methodology Research. Chemistry 2021; 27:4216-4229. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Puleo
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| | - Stephen J. Sujansky
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| | - Shawn E. Wright
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Bandar
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
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13
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Valadbeigi Y. Effects of intramolecular hydrogen bond and electron delocalization on the basicity of proton sponges and superbases with benzene, pyridine, pyrazine and pyrimidine scaffolds. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2020.112947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Wang L, Zhang J, Zhao N, Ren C, Liu S, Li Z. Synthesis of Tris-Phosphazene Bases with Triazine as Core and Their Applications for Efficient Ring-Opening Alternating Copolymerization of Epoxide and Anhydride: Notable Effect of Basicity and Molecular Size. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1398-1402. [PMID: 35638629 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Phosphazenes as organocatalysts for the synthesis of polymers have evolved to powerful tools, and their catalytic performances highly depend on the basicity and molecular structure (size and shape). Therefore, designing phosphazenes with tunable basicity and molecular structure is greatly promising for the development of organocatalysts with improved catalytic properties, for example, high activity and selectivity. In this contribution, 2,4,6-tris[tri(dimethylamino)iminophosphorane]-1,3,5-triazine (C3N3-Me-P3) and 2,4,6-tris[tri(1-pyrrolidinyl)iminophosphorane]-1,3,5-triazine (C3N3-Py-P3) containing a 1,3,5-triazine-core were designed and synthesized. NMR spectroscopy analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffractions reveal that C3N3-Me-P3 and C3N3-Py-P3, particularly the latter, show relatively low basicity, similar as t-BuP1, but have a bulky molecular size, similar as t-BuP4. C3N3-Me-P3 and C3N3-Py-P3 were successfully employed as organocatalysts for the ring-opening alternating copolymerization (ROAC) of anhydrides and epoxides with high activity. The produced polyesters were characterized using NMR spectroscopy, GPC and MALDI TOF, revealing perfectly alternating sequence, controlled molar mass and low dispersity and suggesting highly controlled ROAC reactions. Thus, well-defined triblock polyester P(PA-alt-CHO)-b-P(PA-alt-PO)-b-P(PA-alt-CHO) was facilely synthesized by one-pot reaction via sequential addition of two different epoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lebin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Jinbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Chuanli Ren
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Shaofeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Zhibo Li
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
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15
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Valadbeigi Y. Proton sponges and superbases with nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium as proton acceptor sites. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Kögel JF, Ullrich S, Kovačević B, Wagner S, Sundermeyer J. Mono‐Phosphazenyl Phosphines (R
2
N)
3
P=N–P(NR
2
)
2
– Strong P‐Bases, P‐Donors, and P‐Nucleophiles for the Construction of Chelates. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julius F. Kögel
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps‐Universität Marburg Hans‐Meerwein‐Straße 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Sebastian Ullrich
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps‐Universität Marburg Hans‐Meerwein‐Straße 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Borislav Kovačević
- Group for Computational Life Sciences Rudjer Bošković Institute Bijenička c. 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Sebastian Wagner
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps‐Universität Marburg Hans‐Meerwein‐Straße 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps‐Universität Marburg Hans‐Meerwein‐Straße 35032 Marburg Germany
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17
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Karas LJ, Wu CH, Das R, Wu JIC. Hydrogen bond design principles. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2020; 10. [PMID: 33936251 DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen bonding principles are at the core of supramolecular design. This overview features a discussion relating molecular structure to hydrogen bond strengths, highlighting the following electronic effects on hydrogen bonding: electronegativity, steric effects, electrostatic effects, π-conjugation, and network cooperativity. Historical developments, along with experimental and computational efforts, leading up to the birth of the hydrogen bond concept, the discovery of nonclassical hydrogen bonds (C-H…O, O-H…π, dihydrogen bonding), and the proposal of hydrogen bond design principles (e.g., secondary electrostatic interactions, resonance-assisted hydrogen bonding, and aromaticity effects) are outlined. Applications of hydrogen bond design principles are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Karas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Chia-Hua Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Ranjita Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Judy I-Chia Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX
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18
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Saeidian H, Barfinejad E, Vessally E. Effect of aromaticity and ring strain on proton affinity of aziridine and amidine skeletons: a DFT study. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-020-01899-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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19
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Ullrich S, Barić D, Xie X, Kovačević B, Sundermeyer J. Basicity Enhancement by Multiple Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding in Organic Superbase N,N′,N″,N‴-Tetrakis(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)triaminophosphazene. Org Lett 2019; 21:9142-9146. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ullrich
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Danijela Barić
- The Group for Computational Life Sciences, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Xiulan Xie
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Borislav Kovačević
- The Group for Computational Life Sciences, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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Pozharskii AF, Ozeryanskii VA, Mikshiev VY, Chernyshev AV, Metelitsa AV, Antonov AS. Proton-induced fluorescence in modified quino[7,8-h]quinolines: dual sensing for protons and π-donors. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:8221-8233. [PMID: 31436774 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01391a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, as well as spectral, structural and photoluminescence properties of dipyrido[3,2-e:2',3'-h]acenaphthene 5 and quinazolino[7,8-h]quinazolines 6 as representatives of the bidentate -N[double bond, length as m-dash]/-N[double bond, length as m-dash] superbases, are reported. These nitrogen bases being more rigid (5) or π-extended (6) analogs of optically-mute quino[7,8-h]quinoline are both active in terms of fluorescence with quantum yields up to φ = 0.71-0.77. At the same time, their luminescence behavior is opposite to that of peri-NMe2/NMe2 naphthalene proton sponges and their hybrid NMe2/-N[double bond, length as m-dash] analogs. Although 5 and 6 exhibit visible region emission upon protonation, for the hybrid systems the fluorescence is manifested only for bases. The most remarkable observation is that the fluorescence of compound 5 can be switched on not only by means of organic or inorganic acids, but also through the formation of chelate complexes with such weak H-donors as water and primary alcohols. It was disclosed that water is present in the complex as a cluster comprising 8 interconnected H2O molecules. Overall, the studied compounds demonstrate a previously unobserved type of dual mode optical response, H-sensing (emission enhancement in 5 and 6 on protonation) and π-sensing (emission quenching in 5H+ and 6H+ on coordination with π-donors). This work seems to be an important contribution to areas such as chemosensorics, the creation of new ligands, hydrogen transfer and some other phenomena representing different types of supramolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander F Pozharskii
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Zorge str. 7, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation.
| | - Valery A Ozeryanskii
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Zorge str. 7, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation.
| | - Vladimir Y Mikshiev
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Zorge str. 7, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation.
| | - Anatoly V Chernyshev
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Ave. 194/2, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | - Anatoly V Metelitsa
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Stachki Ave. 194/2, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S Antonov
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Zorge str. 7, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation.
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21
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Barić D. Utilizing the Azaazulene Scaffolds in the Design of New Organic Superbases. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:15197-15207. [PMID: 31552365 PMCID: PMC6751732 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
New neutral organic superbases with 1-azaazulene(s) as a molecular backbone are computationally designed, employing two basic substituents: dimethylaminocyclopropen-imines (CPI) and dimethylaminocyclopropeniminophosphazenes (CPI-P). Their proton affinities, gas basicities, and pK a values in acetonitrile are obtained using density functional theory. Azaazulenes substituted with CPI have a computed PA in the gas phase ranging between 272.9 and 306.8 kcal mol-1, with pK a values in acetonitrile between 28.8 and 36 units. The substitution with the CPI-P group resulted in even stronger superbases, with a PA from 296.5 to 335.2 kcal mol-1 and corresponding pK a values from 33.9 to 50 units. This exceptionally strong thermodynamic basicity is accompanied by very high kinetic basicity as well; contrary to typical proton sponges, the release of a proton from the conjugate superbase does not demand high activation energy. Because synthetic routes for both substituents and azaazulenes are already known, newly designed superbases represent suitable targets for synthesis and application.
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22
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Galea C, Makuc D, Szaciłowski K, Plavec J, Magri DC. Synthesis and spectroscopic studies of diaza-8-crown-4-dinitrophenyl ethers. Supramol Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2019.1662420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Galea
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Damjan Makuc
- Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Konrad Szaciłowski
- Academic Centre of Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Janez Plavec
- Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David C. Magri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
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23
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Ullrich S, Kovačević B, Koch B, Harms K, Sundermeyer J. Design of non-ionic carbon superbases: second generation carbodiphosphoranes. Chem Sci 2019; 10:9483-9492. [PMID: 32055322 PMCID: PMC6993619 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03565f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The edge-cutting design, synthesis and characterization of the so far strongest non-ionic carbon superbases is presented.
A new generation of carbodiphosphoranes (CDPs), incorporating pyrrolidine, tetramethylguanidine, or tris(dimethylamino)phosphazene as substituents is introduced as the most powerful class of non-ionic carbon superbases on the basicity scale to date. The synthetic approach as well as NMR spectroscopic and structural characteristics in the free and protonated form are described. Investigation of basicity in solution and in the gas phase by experimental and theoretical means provides the to our knowledge first reported pKBH+ values for CDPs in the literature and suggest them as upper tier superbases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ullrich
- Fachbereich Chemie , Philipps-University Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Straße , 35032 Marburg , Germany .
| | - Borislav Kovačević
- The Group for Computational Life Sciences , Rudjer Bošković Institute , Bijenička c. 54 , HR-10000 Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Björn Koch
- Fachbereich Chemie , Philipps-University Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Straße , 35032 Marburg , Germany .
| | - Klaus Harms
- Fachbereich Chemie , Philipps-University Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Straße , 35032 Marburg , Germany .
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich Chemie , Philipps-University Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Straße , 35032 Marburg , Germany .
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24
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Ullrich S, Kovačević B, Xie X, Sundermeyer J. Phosphazenyl Phosphines: The Most Electron‐Rich Uncharged Phosphorus Brønsted and Lewis Bases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:10335-10339. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ullrich
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Borislav Kovačević
- The Group for Computational Life SciencesRudjer Bošković Institute Bijenička c. 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Xiulan Xie
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35032 Marburg Germany
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25
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Ullrich S, Kovačević B, Xie X, Sundermeyer J. Phosphazenylphosphine: Die elektronenreichsten ungeladenen Brønsted‐ und Lewis‐Phosphor‐Basen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201903342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ullrich
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35032 Marburg Deutschland
| | - Borislav Kovačević
- The Group for Computational Life SciencesRudjer Bošković Institute Bijenička 54 HR-10000 Zagreb Kroatien
| | - Xiulan Xie
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35032 Marburg Deutschland
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35032 Marburg Deutschland
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26
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Khademloo E, Saeidian H, Mirjafary Z, Aliabad JM. Design of Robust Organosuperbases and Anion Receptors by Combination of Azine Heterocycle Skeleton and Phosphazene Motif. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Khademloo
- Department of ChemistryScience and Research BranchIslamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Hamid Saeidian
- Department of SciencePayame Noor University (PNU) P.O. Box: 19395–4697 Tehran Iran
| | - Zohreh Mirjafary
- Department of ChemistryScience and Research BranchIslamic Azad University Tehran Iran
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27
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Liu S, Ren C, Zhao N, Shen Y, Li Z. Phosphazene Bases as Organocatalysts for Ring-Opening Polymerization of Cyclic Esters. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800485. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials; Shandong Provincial Education Department; College of Polymer Science and Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; 53 Zhengzhou Rd. Qingdao 266042 China
| | - Chuanli Ren
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials; Shandong Provincial Education Department; College of Polymer Science and Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; 53 Zhengzhou Rd. Qingdao 266042 China
| | - Na Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials; Shandong Provincial Education Department; College of Polymer Science and Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; 53 Zhengzhou Rd. Qingdao 266042 China
| | - Yong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials; Shandong Provincial Education Department; College of Polymer Science and Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; 53 Zhengzhou Rd. Qingdao 266042 China
| | - Zhibo Li
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials; Shandong Provincial Education Department; College of Polymer Science and Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; 53 Zhengzhou Rd. Qingdao 266042 China
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28
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Despotović I. Basicity of Some Pyridinophanes in Gas Phase and Acetonitrile – a DFT Study. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Despotović
- Division of Physical ChemistryRuđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54 HR-10002 Zagreb Croatia
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29
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Bouchoux G, Eckert-Maksic M. Gas phase basicities of polyfunctional molecules. Part 5: Non-aromatic sp 2 nitrogen containing compounds. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:139-170. [PMID: 27275644 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper constitutes the fifth part of a general review of the gas-phase protonation thermochemistry of polyfunctional molecules (Part 1: Theory and methods, Mass Spectrom Rev 2007, 26:775-835, Part 2: Saturated basic sites, Mass Spectrom Rev 2012, 31:353-390, Part 3: Amino acids, Mass Spectrom Rev 2012, 31:391-435, Part 4: Carbonyl as basic site, Mass Spectrom Rev 2015, 34:493-534). This part is devoted to non-aromatic molecules characterized by a lone pair located on a sp2 nitrogen atom, it embraces functional groups such as imines, amidines, guanidines, diazenes, hydrazines, oximes, and phosphazenes. Specific examples are examined under five major chapters. In the first one, aliphatic and unsaturated (conjugated and cyclic) imines, hydrazones, and oximes are considered. A second chapter describes the protonation energetic of aliphatic, conjugated, or cyclic amidines. Guanidines, polyguanides, and biomolecules containing guanidine were examined in the third chapter. A fourth chapter describes the particular case of the phosphazene molecules. Finally, diazenes and azides were considered in the last chapter. Experimental data were re-evaluated according to the presently adopted basicity scale, i.e., PA(NH3 ) = 853.6 kJ/mol, GB (NH3 ) = 819 kJ/mol. Structural and energetic information given by G4MP2 quantum chemistry computations on typical systems are presented. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:139-170, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Bouchoux
- Département de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 9168, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, 91120, France
- Université Paris-Sud XI, ICMO, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Mirjana Eckert-Maksic
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, Zagreb, HR 1000, Croatia
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30
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Tamura M, Kishi R, Nakayama A, Nakagawa Y, Hasegawa JY, Tomishige K. Formation of a New, Strongly Basic Nitrogen Anion by Metal Oxide Modification. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:11857-11867. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masazumi Tamura
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07
Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho
Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Ryota Kishi
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07
Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Akira Nakayama
- JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho
Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Institute
for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Nakagawa
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07
Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Jun-ya Hasegawa
- Institute
for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Keiichi Tomishige
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07
Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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31
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Kögel JF, Margetić D, Xie X, Finger LH, Sundermeyer J. A Phosphorus Bisylide: Exploring a New Class of Superbases with Two Interacting Carbon Atoms as Basicity Centers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:3090-3093. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201612446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julius F. Kögel
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 35032 Marburg Germany
- FB Biologie/Chemie; Universität Bremen; Leobener Str. im NW2 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Davor Margetić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute; Bijenička c. 54 10001 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Xiulan Xie
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Lars H. Finger
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 35032 Marburg Germany
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32
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Kögel JF, Margetić D, Xie X, Finger LH, Sundermeyer J. Phosphorbisylid: Eine neue Klasse von Superbasen mit zwei superbasischen Kohlenstoffatomen in räumlicher Nähe. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201612446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julius F. Kögel
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35032 Marburg Deutschland
- FB Biologie/Chemie; Universität Bremen; Leobener Str. im NW2 28359 Bremen Deutschland
| | - Davor Margetić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute; Bijenička c. 54 10001 Zagreb Kroatien
| | - Xiulan Xie
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35032 Marburg Deutschland
| | - Lars H. Finger
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35032 Marburg Deutschland
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35032 Marburg Deutschland
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33
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Kögel JF, Kovačević B, Ullrich S, Xie X, Sundermeyer J. Chelating P2-Bis-phosphazenes with a (R
,R
)-1,2-Diaminocyclohexane Skeleton: Two New Chiral Superbases. Chemistry 2017; 23:2591-2598. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julius F. Kögel
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35032 Marburg Germany
- Current address: FB Biologie/Chemie; Universität Bremen; Leobener Str. im NW2 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Borislav Kovačević
- Group for Computational Life Sciences; Rudjer Bošković Institute; Bijenička c. 54 HR-10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Sebastian Ullrich
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Xiulan Xie
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35032 Marburg Germany
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34
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Biswas AK, Ganguly B. Revealing Germylene Compounds to Attain Superbasicity with Sigma Donor Substituents: A Density Functional Theory Study. Chemistry 2017; 23:2700-2705. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abul Kalam Biswas
- Analytical Discipline and Centralized Instrument Facility; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute; Bhavnagar- 364002 India
| | - Bishwajit Ganguly
- Analytical Discipline and Centralized Instrument Facility; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute; Bhavnagar- 364002 India
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35
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Mehlmann P, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, Tan TTY, Dielmann F. Tris(imidazolin-2-ylidenamino)phosphine: A Crystalline Phosphorus(III) Superbase That Splits Carbon Dioxide. Chemistry 2016; 23:5929-5933. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Mehlmann
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstrasse 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Christian Mück-Lichtenfeld
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Tristan T. Y. Tan
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstrasse 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Fabian Dielmann
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstrasse 30 48149 Münster Germany
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36
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Raczyńska ED, Gal JF, Maria PC. Enhanced Basicity of Push-Pull Nitrogen Bases in the Gas Phase. Chem Rev 2016; 116:13454-13511. [PMID: 27739663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen bases containing one or more pushing amino-group(s) directly linked to a pulling cyano, imino, or phosphoimino group, as well as those in which the pushing and pulling moieties are separated by a conjugated spacer (C═X)n, where X is CH or N, display an exceptionally strong basicity. The n-π conjugation between the pushing and pulling groups in such systems lowers the basicity of the pushing amino-group(s) and increases the basicity of the pulling cyano, imino, or phosphoimino group. In the gas phase, most of the so-called push-pull nitrogen bases exhibit a very high basicity. This paper presents an analysis of the exceptional gas-phase basicity, mostly in terms of experimental data, in relation with structure and conjugation of various subfamilies of push-pull nitrogen bases: nitriles, azoles, azines, amidines, guanidines, vinamidines, biguanides, and phosphazenes. The strong basicity of biomolecules containing a push-pull nitrogen substructure, such as bioamines, amino acids, and peptides containing push-pull side chains, nucleobases, and their nucleosides and nucleotides, is also analyzed. Progress and perspectives of experimental determinations of GBs and PAs of highly basic compounds, termed as "superbases", are presented and benchmarked on the basis of theoretical calculations on existing or hypothetical molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa D Raczyńska
- Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW) , ul. Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Jean-François Gal
- Institut de Chimie de Nice (ICN) - UMR CNRS 7272, University Nice Sophia Antipolis , Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Pierre-Charles Maria
- Institut de Chimie de Nice (ICN) - UMR CNRS 7272, University Nice Sophia Antipolis , Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
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37
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Saame J, Rodima T, Tshepelevitsh S, Kütt A, Kaljurand I, Haljasorg T, Koppel IA, Leito I. Experimental Basicities of Superbasic Phosphonium Ylides and Phosphazenes. J Org Chem 2016; 81:7349-61. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaan Saame
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila Str, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Toomas Rodima
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila Str, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sofja Tshepelevitsh
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila Str, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Agnes Kütt
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila Str, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ivari Kaljurand
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila Str, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tõiv Haljasorg
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila Str, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ilmar A. Koppel
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila Str, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ivo Leito
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila Str, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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38
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Barić D, Kovačević B. Cyclopropenimine as pincer ligand and strong electron donor in proton sponges. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Barić
- Group for Computational Life Sciences; Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute; Bijenička 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Borislav Kovačević
- Group for Computational Life Sciences; Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute; Bijenička 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
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39
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Kaljurand I, Saame J, Rodima T, Koppel I, Koppel IA, Kögel JF, Sundermeyer J, Köhn U, Coles MP, Leito I. Experimental Basicities of Phosphazene, Guanidinophosphazene, and Proton Sponge Superbases in the Gas Phase and Solution. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:2591-604. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b01552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivari Kaljurand
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a Str, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaan Saame
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a Str, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Toomas Rodima
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a Str, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ivar Koppel
- Institute
of Computer Sciences, University of Tartu, J. Liivi 2 Str, 50409 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ilmar A. Koppel
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a Str, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Julius F. Kögel
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Köhn
- Institut
für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Martyn P. Coles
- School
of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Ivo Leito
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a Str, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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40
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Designing a next generation of proton sponges: cyclopropeniminophosphazenes as the strongest pincer ligands. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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41
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Sánchez-Sanz G, Trujillo C, Alkorta I, Elguero J. Modulating intramolecular P⋯N pnictogen interactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:9148-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00227g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The strength of P⋯N intramolecular pnictogen interactions can be modulated, enhanced or diminished upon substitution of different electron withdrawing or donor groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Trujillo
- School of Chemistry
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute
- Trinity College Dublin
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
| | - Ibon Alkorta
- Instituto de Química Médica
- CSIC
- E-28006 Madrid
- Spain
| | - José Elguero
- Instituto de Química Médica
- CSIC
- E-28006 Madrid
- Spain
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42
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Tamura M, Kishi R, Nakagawa Y, Tomishige K. Self-assembled hybrid metal oxide base catalysts prepared by simply mixing with organic modifiers. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8580. [PMID: 26436638 PMCID: PMC4600743 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidentate materials formed by simply mixing heterogeneous and homogeneous
components are promising for construction of versatile active sites on the surface
of heterogeneous compounds, however, to the best of our knowledge, there are no
reports on such materials. Self-assembly of hetero-hybrid catalytic materials occurs
when heterogeneous catalysts having adjacent Lewis acid-Lewis base sites are mixed
with an organic modifier that contains at least two Lewis base functional groups.
Here we demonstrate the strategy by combining cerium oxide and 2-cyanopyridine that
self-assembles to form a charge-transfer complex in methanol that exhibits a
2,000-fold increase in reaction rate for hydromethoxylation of acrylonitrile with
high selectivity compared with cerium oxide or 2-cyanopyridine alone. The catalytic
system is applied to the transesterification and Knoevenagel condensation affording
14-fold and 11-fold higher activity, respectively, than cerium oxide alone. These
results demonstrate the potential versatility of the catalytic system and the
generality of the catalyst preparation strategy. Self-assembled heterogeneous/homogeneous hybrid materials may offer
ease of preparation and tunable catalytic performance. Here, the authors report the
accelerated selective hydromethoxylation of acrylonitrile in the presence of
CeO2 and 2-cyanopyridine, resulting from the proposed supramolecular
complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masazumi Tamura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-07, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Ryota Kishi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-07, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-07, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Keiichi Tomishige
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-07, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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43
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Gao X, Han J, Wang L. Design of Highly Stable Iminophosphoranes as Recyclable Organocatalysts: Application to Asymmetric Chlorinations of Oxindoles. Org Lett 2015; 17:4596-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Gao
- Key
Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road, 130, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- Shanghai−Hong
Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Jianwei Han
- Shanghai−Hong
Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Limin Wang
- Key
Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road, 130, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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44
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Nacsa ED, Lambert TH. Higher-Order Cyclopropenimine Superbases: Direct Neutral Brønsted Base Catalyzed Michael Reactions with α-Aryl Esters. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:10246-53. [PMID: 26131761 PMCID: PMC4617652 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b05033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of six new classes of higher-order superbases, including five that incorporate cyclopropenimine functionality, has been achieved. We propose a nomenclature that designates these as the CG2, GC2, PC3, PC1, C3, and GP2 classes of superbases. The pK(BH+) values were measured to be between 29.0 and 35.6 in acetonitrile. Linear correlations of ten superbase basicities vs that of their substituents demonstrated the insulating effect of the cyclopropenimine core. The molecular structures of several of these materials were obtained by single-crystal X-ray analysis, revealing interesting aspects of conformational bias and noncovalent organization. The types of superbasic cores and substituents were each reliably shown to affect selectivity for deprotonation over alkylation. Higher-order cyclopropenimine and guanidine superbase stability to hydrolysis was found to correlate to basicity. Finally, a GC2 base was found to catalyze conjugate additions of α-aryl ester pronucleophiles, representing the first report of a neutral Brønsted base to catalyze such reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Nacsa
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Tristan H Lambert
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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45
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Leito I, Koppel IA, Koppel I, Kaupmees K, Tshepelevitsh S, Saame J. Basicity Limits of Neutral Organic Superbases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201503345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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Leito I, Koppel IA, Koppel I, Kaupmees K, Tshepelevitsh S, Saame J. Basicity Limits of Neutral Organic Superbases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:9262-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201503345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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47
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Bocian W, Paluch P, Nowak-Król A, Gryko DT, Potrzebowski M, Śniechowska J, Sitkowski J, Bednarek E, Kozerski L. The 1H, 13C, 15N, and 19F NMR chemical shifts assignments in 5,10,15-tris (pentafluorophenyl)tetra-15N corrole at 191 K. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2015; 53:167-71. [PMID: 25233837 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Bocian
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland; National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725, Warsaw, Poland
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48
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Khamaru K, Ganguly B. In silico design of adamantane derived organic superbases with an extended hydrogen bond network and their use as molecular containers for the storage of H2 and CO2. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra19206d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DFT calculations predicted that amine substituted adamantane derivatives can function as organic superbases and can be used for gas storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Khamaru
- Computation and Simulation Unit
- Analytical Discipline & Centralized Instrument Facility, and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
- CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute
- Bhavnagar
- India
| | - Bishwajit Ganguly
- Computation and Simulation Unit
- Analytical Discipline & Centralized Instrument Facility, and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
- CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute
- Bhavnagar
- India
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49
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Barić D, Dragičević I, Kovačević B. Cyclopropenimine as a hydrogen bond acceptor—towards the strongest non-phosphorus superbases. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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50
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Kögel JF, Xie X, Baal E, Gesevičius D, Oelkers B, Kovačević B, Sundermeyer J. Superbasic Alkyl‐Substituted Bisphosphazene Proton Sponges: Synthesis, Structural Features, Thermodynamic and Kinetic Basicity, Nucleophilicity and Coordination Chemistry. Chemistry 2014; 20:7670-85. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julius F. Kögel
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps‐Universität Marburg, Hans‐Meerwein‐Straße, 35032 Marburg (Germany), Fax: (+49) 642128‐25711
| | - Xiulan Xie
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps‐Universität Marburg, Hans‐Meerwein‐Straße, 35032 Marburg (Germany), Fax: (+49) 642128‐25711
| | - Eduard Baal
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps‐Universität Marburg, Hans‐Meerwein‐Straße, 35032 Marburg (Germany), Fax: (+49) 642128‐25711
| | - Donatas Gesevičius
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps‐Universität Marburg, Hans‐Meerwein‐Straße, 35032 Marburg (Germany), Fax: (+49) 642128‐25711
| | - Benjamin Oelkers
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps‐Universität Marburg, Hans‐Meerwein‐Straße, 35032 Marburg (Germany), Fax: (+49) 642128‐25711
| | - Borislav Kovačević
- Quantum Chemistry Group, Rudjer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000 Zagreb (Croatia)
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps‐Universität Marburg, Hans‐Meerwein‐Straße, 35032 Marburg (Germany), Fax: (+49) 642128‐25711
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