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Gao XF, Hood DJ, Zhao X, Nathanson GM. Creation and Reaction of Solvated Electrons at and near the Surface of Water. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10987-10990. [PMID: 37191478 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Solvated electrons (es-) are among nature's most powerful reactants, with over 2600 reactions investigated in bulk water. These electrons can also be created at and near the surface of water by exposing an aqueous microjet in vacuum to gas-phase sodium atoms, which ionize into es- and Na+ within the top few layers. When a reactive surfactant is added to the jet, the surfactant and es- become coreactants localized in the interfacial region. We report the reaction of es- with the surfactant benzyltrimethylammonium in a 6.7 M LiBr/water microjet at 235 K and pH = 2. The reaction intermediates trimethylamine (TMA) and benzyl radical are identified by mass spectrometry after they evaporate from solution into the gas phase. Their detection demonstrates that TMA can escape before it is protonated and benzyl before it combines with itself or a H atom. Diffusion-reaction calculations indicate that es- reacts on average within 20 Å of the surface and perhaps within the surfactant monolayer itself, while unprotonated TMA evaporates from the top 40 Å. The escape depth exceeds 1300 Å for the more slowly reacting benzyl radical. These proof-of-principle experiments establish an approach for exploring the near-interfacial analogues of aqueous bulk-phase radical chemistry through the evaporation of reaction intermediates into the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - David J Hood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Xianyuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Gilbert M Nathanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Kumar A, Craig VS, Page AJ, Webber GB, Wanless EJ, Andersson G. Ion Specificity in the Measured Concentration Depth Profile of Ions at the Vapor-Glycerol Interface. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 626:687-699. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.06.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Lu W, Mackie CJ, Xu B, Head-Gordon M, Ahmed M. A Computational and Experimental View of Hydrogen Bonding in Glycerol Water Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:1701-1710. [PMID: 35254809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyol-water clusters provide a template to probe ionization and solvation processes of paramount interest in atmospheric and interstellar chemistry. We generate glycerol water clusters in a continuous supersonic jet expansion and interrogate the neutral species with synchrotron-based tunable vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry. A series of glycerol fragments (m/z 44, 61, 62, and 74) clustered with water are observed. A judicious combination of backing pressure, nozzle temperature, and water vapor pressure allows for tuning the mol % of glycerol. The recorded appearance energies of the water cluster series m/z 62 and 74 are similar to that observed in pure glycerol, while the m/z 61 series shows a dependence on cluster composition. Furthermore, this series also tracks the water concentration of the beam. Theoretical calculations on neutral and ionized clusters visualize the hydrogen bond network in these water clusters and provide an assessment of the number of glycerol-glycerol, glycerol-water, and water-water hydrogen bonds in the cluster, as well as their interaction energies. This method of bond counting and interaction energy assessment explains the changes in the mass spectrum as a function of mol % and offers a glimpse of the disruption of the hydrogen bond network in glycerol-water clusters. The calculations also reveal interesting barrierless chemical processes in photoionized glycerol water clusters that are either activated or do not occur without the presence of water. Examples include spontaneous intramolecular proton transfer within glycerol to form a distonic ion, nonactivated breaking of a C-C bond, and spontaneous proton transfer from glycerol to water. These results appear relevant to radiation-induced chemical processing of alcohol-water ices in the interstellar medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Lu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Cameron J Mackie
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bo Xu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Zhao X, Nathanson GM, Andersson GG. Experimental Depth Profiles of Surfactants, Ions, and Solvent at the Angstrom Scale: Studies of Cationic and Anionic Surfactants and Their Salting Out. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:2218-2229. [PMID: 32075369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b11686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neutral impact ion scattering spectroscopy (NICISS) is used to measure the depth profiles of ionic surfactants, counterions, and solvent molecules on the angstrom scale. The chosen surfactants are 0.010 m tetrahexylammonium bromide (THA+/Br-) and 0.0050 m sodium dodecyl sulfate (Na+/DS-) in the absence and presence of 0.30 m NaBr in liquid glycerol. NICISS determines the depth profiles of the elements C, O, Na, S, and Br through the loss in energy of 5 keV He atoms that travel into and out of the liquid, which is then converted into depth. In the absence of NaBr, we find that THA+ and its Br- counterion segregate together because of charge attraction, forming a narrow double layer that is 10 Å wide and 150 times more concentrated than in the bulk. With the addition of NaBr, THA+ is "salted out" to the surface, increasing the interfacial Br- concentration by 3-fold and spreading the anions over a ∼30 Å depth. Added NaBr similarly increases the interfacial concentration of DS- ions and broadens their positions. Conversely, the dissolved Br- ions are significantly depleted over a depth of 0-40 Å from the surface because of charge repulsion from DS- ions within the interfacial region. These different interfacial Br- propensities correlate with previously measured gas-liquid reactivities: gaseous Cl2 readily reacts with Br- ions in the presence of THA+ but drops 70-fold in the presence of DS-, demonstrating that surfactant headgroup charge controls the reactivity of Br- through changes in its depth profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Gilbert M Nathanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Gunther G Andersson
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
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Wu Y, Li J, Jin Y, Zhou M. Binary solvent systems for durable self-adhesive conductive hydrogels. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2019-0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractConductive hydrogels without adhesiveness and durability characteristics face great challenges in practical applications, such as inconvenient use, unstable contact voltage, and difficult to store. Herein, we present sodium polyacrylate (PAANa) hydrogels with binary solvent systems composed of water and an alcohol [ethylene glycol (EG), glycerol (GLY), or poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)] as solvent instead of traditional water to research their self-adhesiveness, durability, conductivity, and mechanical properties. PAANa hydrogels exhibited higher self-adhesive properties and durability after alcohol content increased, and GLY/water hydrogels showed the best self-adhesive and stable properties. With more alcohols added, the weaker conductivity became, and EG/water hydrogels showed the highest conductivity. It was observed the long carbon chain length of alcohol could help improve the rheological properties of hydrogels. Thus, PEG/water hydrogels had the highest storage modulus, loss modulus, and consistency. The results demonstrated that the GLY/water binary solvent could provide good self-adhesiveness and durability, but EG/water and PEG/water showed better conductivity and mechanical properties, respectively. Therefore, our work may provide novel physical insights into the long-term usage of self-adhesive conductive hydrogels to practical requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxuan Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Yangfu Jin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Mi Zhou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
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Wiens JP, Alexander WA. Sodium atom beam collisions with the liquid glycerol surface: Mass effects of deuteration. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Shaloski MA, Gord JR, Staudt S, Quinn SL, Bertram TH, Nathanson GM. Reactions of N2O5 with Salty and Surfactant-Coated Glycerol: Interfacial Conversion of Br– to Br2 Mediated by Alkylammonium Cations. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:3708-3719. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b02040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Shaloski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Joseph R. Gord
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Sean Staudt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Sarah L. Quinn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Timothy H. Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Gilbert M. Nathanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Tesa-Serrate MA, Smoll EJ, Minton TK, McKendrick KG. Atomic and Molecular Collisions at Liquid Surfaces. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2016; 67:515-40. [PMID: 27090845 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-040215-112355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The gas-liquid interface remains one of the least explored, but nevertheless most practically important, environments in which molecular collisions take place. These molecular-level processes underlie many bulk phenomena of fundamental and applied interest, spanning evaporation, respiration, multiphase catalysis, and atmospheric chemistry. We review here the research that has, during the past decade or so, been unraveling the molecular-level mechanisms of inelastic and reactive collisions at the gas-liquid interface. Armed with the knowledge that such collisions with the outer layers of the interfacial region can be unambiguously distinguished, we show that the scattering of gas-phase projectiles is a promising new tool for the interrogation of liquid surfaces with extreme surface sensitivity. Especially for reactive scattering, this method also offers absolute chemical selectivity for the groups that react to produce a specific observed product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Tesa-Serrate
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom;
| | - Eric J Smoll
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717;
| | - Timothy K Minton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717;
| | - Kenneth G McKendrick
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom;
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Zurheide F, Dierking CW, Pradzynski CC, Forck RM, Flüggen F, Buck U, Zeuch T. Size-Resolved Infrared Spectroscopic Study of Structural Transitions in Sodium-Doped (H2O)n Clusters Containing 10–100 Water Molecules. J Phys Chem A 2014; 119:2709-20. [DOI: 10.1021/jp509883m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Zurheide
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Tammannstaße
6, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph W. Dierking
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Tammannstaße
6, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph C. Pradzynski
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Tammannstaße
6, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Richard M. Forck
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Tammannstaße
6, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Florian Flüggen
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Tammannstaße
6, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Udo Buck
- Max-Planck-Institut für Dynamik und Selbstorganisation, Am Faßberg 17, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Zeuch
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Tammannstaße
6, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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