1
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Chen H, Roy I, Myong MS, Seale JSW, Cai K, Jiao Y, Liu W, Song B, Zhang L, Zhao X, Feng Y, Liu F, Young RM, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion in a Porphyrinic Molecular Container. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10061-10070. [PMID: 37098077 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation-based molecular photon upconversion (TTA-UC) is a photophysical phenomenon that can yield high-energy emitting photons from low-energy incident light. TTA-UC is believed to fuse two triplet excitons into a singlet exciton through several consecutive energy-conversion processes. When organic aromatic dyes─i.e., sensitizers and annihilators─are used in TTA-UC, intermolecular distances, as well as relative orientations between the two chromophores, are important in an attempt to attain high upconversion efficiencies. Herein, we demonstrate a host-guest strategy─e.g., a cage-like molecular container incorporating two porphyrinic sensitizers and encapsulating two perylene emitters inside its cavity─to harness photon upconversion. Central to this design is tailoring the cavity size (9.6-10.4 Å) of the molecular container so that it can host two annihilators with a suitable [π···π] distance (3.2-3.5 Å). The formation of a complex with a host:guest ratio of 1:2 between a porphyrinic molecular container and perylene was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) as well as by DFT calculations. We have obtained TTA-UC yielding blue emission at 470 nm when the complex is excited with low-energy photons. This proof-of-concept demonstrates that TTA-UC can take place in one supermolecule by bringing together the sensitizers and annihilators. Our investigations open up some new opportunities for addressing several issues associated with supramolecular photon upconversion, such as sample concentrations, molecular aggregation, and penetration depths, which have relevance to biological imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Indranil Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michele S Myong
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - James S W Seale
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kang Cai
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Wenqi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xingang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yuanning Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Fangjun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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2
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Lu S, Morrow DJ, Li Z, Guo C, Yu X, Wang H, Schultz JD, O'Connor JP, Jin N, Fang F, Wang W, Cui R, Chen O, Su C, Wasielewski MR, Ma X, Li X. Encapsulating Semiconductor Quantum Dots in Supramolecular Cages Enables Ultrafast Guest-Host Electron and Vibrational Energy Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5191-5202. [PMID: 36745391 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the field of supramolecular chemistry, host-guest systems have been extensively explored to encapsulate a wide range of substrates, owing to emerging functionalities in nanoconfined space that cannot be achieved in dilute solutions. However, host-guest chemistry is still limited to encapsulation of small guests. Herein, we construct a water-soluble metallo-supramolecular hexagonal prism with a large hydrophobic cavity by anchoring multiple polyethylene glycol chains onto the building blocks. Then, assembled prisms are able to encapsulate quantum dots (QDs) with diameters of less than 5.0 nm. Furthermore, we find that the supramolecular cage around each QD strongly modifies the photophysics of the QD by universally increasing the rates of QD relaxation processes via ultrafast electron and vibrational energy transfer. Taken together, these efforts expand the scope of substrates in host-guest systems and provide a new approach to tune the optical properties of QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Lu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China.,Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Darien J Morrow
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Zhikai Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Chenxing Guo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Xiujun Yu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Jonathan D Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - James P O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Na Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Fang Fang
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Wu Wang
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Ran Cui
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Ou Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Chenliang Su
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xuedan Ma
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States.,Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Northwestern-Argonne Institute of Science and Engineering, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China.,Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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3
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Enantioselective fullerene functionalization through stereochemical information transfer from a self-assembled cage. Nat Chem 2023; 15:405-412. [PMID: 36550231 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01103-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The regioselective functionalization of C60 remains challenging, while the enantioselective functionalization of C60 is difficult to explore due to the need for complex chiral tethers or arduous chromatography. Metal-organic cages have served as masks to effect the regioselective functionalization of C60. However, it is difficult to control the stereochemistry of the resulting fullerene adducts through this method. Here we report a means of defining up to six stereocentres on C60, achieving enantioselective fullerene functionalization. This method involves the use of a metal-organic cage built from a chiral formylpyridine. Fullerenes hosted within the cavity of the cage can be converted into a series of C60 adducts through chemo-, regio- and stereo-selective Diels-Alder reactions with the edges of the cage. The chiral formylpyridine ultimately dictates the stereochemistry of these chiral fullerene adducts without being incorporated into them. Such chiral fullerene adducts may become useful in devices requiring circularly polarized light manipulation.
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4
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Sen S, Ishiwari F, Kaur R, Ishida M, Ray D, Kikuchi K, Mori T, Bähring S, Lynch VM, Saeki A, Guldi DM, Sessler JL, Jana A. Supramolecular Recognition within a Nanosized "Buckytrap" That Exhibits Substantial Photoconductivity. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1031-1039. [PMID: 36608693 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We report here a nanosized "buckytrap", 1, constructed from two bis-zinc(II) expanded-TTF (exTTF) porphyrin subunits. Two forms, 1a and 1b, differing in the axial ligands, H2O vs tetrahydrofuran (THF), were isolated and characterized. Discrete host-guest inclusion complexes are formed upon treatment with fullerenes as inferred from a single-crystal X-ray structural analyses of 1a with C70. The fullerene is found to be encapsulated within the inner pseudohexagonal cavity of 1a. In contrast, the corresponding free-base derivative (2) was found to form infinite ball-and-socket type supramolecular organic frameworks (3D-SOFs) with fullerenes, (2•C60)n or (2•C70)n. This difference is ascribed to the fact that in 1a and 1b the axial positions are blocked by a H2O or THF ligand. Emission spectroscopic studies supported a 1:1 host-guest binding stoichiometry, allowing association constants of (2.0 ± 0.5) × 104 M-1 and (4.3 ± 0.9) × 104 M-1 to be calculated for C60 and C70, respectively. Flash-photolysis time-resolved microwave conductivity (FP-TRMC) studies of solid films of the Zn-complex 1a revealed that the intrinsic charge carrier transport, i.e., pseudo-photoconductivity (ϕ∑μ), increases upon fullerene inclusion (e.g., ϕ∑μ = 1.53 × 10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1 for C60⊂(1a)2 and ϕ∑μ = 1.45 × 10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1 for C70⊂(1a)2 vs ϕ∑μ = 2.49 × 10-5 cm2 V-1 s-1 for 1a) at 298 K. These findings provide support for the notion that controlling the nature of self-assembly supramolecular constructs formed from exTTF-porphyrin dimers through metalation or choice of fullerene can be used to regulate key functional features, including photoconductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajal Sen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street Stop A 5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Fumitaka Ishiwari
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ramandeep Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Masatoshi Ishida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Debmalya Ray
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Koichi Kikuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Takehiko Mori
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguru-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Steffen Bähring
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Vincent M Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street Stop A 5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Akinori Saeki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street Stop A 5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Atanu Jana
- Applied Supramolecular Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management (GITAM), Gandhinagar, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam 530045, Andhra Pradesh, India
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5
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Formation of C60-SnI4 Adducts. Insights of the role of σ-hole and Tetrel-bonding in the Strength and Interaction Nature from DFT calculations. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2022.121277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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6
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Wang LJ, Bai S, Han YF. Water-Soluble Self-Assembled Cage with Triangular Metal-Metal-Bonded Units Enabling the Sequential Selective Separation of Alkanes and Isomeric Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16191-16198. [PMID: 35972889 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The selective separation of structurally similar aliphatic/aromatic hydrocarbons is an essential goal in industrial processes. In this study, we report the synthesis of a water-soluble (Tr2M3)4L4 (Tr = cycloheptatrienyl ring; M = metal; L = organosulfur ligand) molecular cage (1) via self-assembly of the water-soluble acceptor tripalladium sandwich species [(Tr2Pd3)(CH3CN)][NO3]2 and the attachment onto L of solubilizing methoxyethoxy appendants to be utilized in an energy-friendly alternative approach to the separation of structurally similar molecules under ambient conditions. Cage 1, comprising a hydrophobic inner cavity, exhibited good solubility and stability in aqueous media. It also demonstrated excellent performance in the sequential separation of alkanes (C6-C9), xylene, and other disubstituted benzene isomers and cis/trans-decalin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P.R. China
| | - Sha Bai
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P.R. China
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7
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Hirao T, Haino T. Supramolecular Ensembles Formed via Calix[5]arene-Fullerene Host-Guest Interactions. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200344. [PMID: 35647739 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This minireview introduces the research directions for the synthesis of supramolecular fullerene polymers. First, the discovery of host-guest complexes of pristine fullerenes is briefed. We focus on progress in supramolecular fullerene polymers directed by the use of calix[5]arene-fullerene interactions, which comprise linear, networked, helical arrays of fullerenes in supramolecular ensembles. The unique self-sorting behavior of right-handed and left-handed helical supramolecular fullerene arrays is discussed. Thereafter, an extensive investigation of the calix[5]arene-fullerene interaction for control over the chain structures of covalent polymers is introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Hirao
- Hiroshima Daigaku - Higashihiroshima Campus: Hiroshima Daigaku, Chemistry, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, 739-8526, Higashi-Hiroshima, JAPAN
| | - Takeharu Haino
- Hiroshima Daigaku - Higashihiroshima Campus: Hiroshima Daigaku, Department of Chemistry, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, 739-8526, Higashi-Hiroshima, JAPAN
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8
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Rothschild DA, Kopcha WP, Tran A, Zhang J, Lipke MC. Gram-scale synthesis of a covalent nanocage that preserves the redox properties of encapsulated fullerenes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5325-5332. [PMID: 35655559 PMCID: PMC9093146 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00445c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Discrete nanocages provide a way to solubilize, separate, and tune the properties of fullerenes, but these 3D receptors cannot usually be synthesized easily from inexpensive starting materials, limiting their utility. Herein, we describe the first fullerene-binding nanocage (Cage4+) that can be made efficiently on a gram scale. Cage4+ was prepared in up to 57% yield by the formation of pyridinium linkages between complemantary porphyrin components that are themselves readily accessible. Cage4+ binds C60 and C70 with large association constants (>108 M−1), thereby solubilizing these fullerenes in polar solvents. Fullerene association and redox-properties were subsequently investigated across multiple charge states of the host-guest complexes. Remarkably, neutral and singly reduced fullerenes bind with similar strengths, leaving their 0/1− redox couples minimally perturbed and fully reversible, whereas other hosts substantially alter the redox properties of fullerenes. Thus, C60@Cage4+ and C70@Cage4+ may be useful as solubilized fullerene derivatives that preserve the inherent electron-accepting and electron-transfer capabilities of the fullerenes. Fulleride dianions were also found to bind strongly in Cage4+, while further reduction is centered on the host, leading to lowered association of the fulleride guest in the case of C602−. This report describes the first gram-scale synthesis of a nanocage that can host fullerenes (C60 and C70). The redox properties of the fullerenes are preserved in this host, enabling characterization of complexes with fulleride anions and dianions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Rothschild
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 123 Bevier Rd Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
| | - William P Kopcha
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 123 Bevier Rd Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
| | - Aaron Tran
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 123 Bevier Rd Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
| | - Jianyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 123 Bevier Rd Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
| | - Mark C Lipke
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 123 Bevier Rd Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
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9
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Ueda M, Kimura M, Miyagawa S, Naito M, Takaya H, Tokunaga Y. Four- and two-armed hetero porphyrin dimers: their specific recognition and self-sorting behaviours. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:387-395. [PMID: 34908079 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01694f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study we self-assembled the four-armed porphyrin hetero dimer capsule Cap4, stabilized through amidinium-carboxylate salt bridges, in CH2Cl2 and CHCl3. The dimer capsule Cap4 was kinetically and thermodynamically more stable than the corresponding two-armed dimer Cap2. The number of arms strongly influenced their recognition behaviour; guests possessing small aromatic faces (e.g., 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene) preferred residing in the cavity of the two-armed capsule Cap2, rather than in Cap4, both thermodynamically and kinetically; in contrast, large aromatic guests (e.g., 9,10-dibromoanthracene) were encapsulated predominantly by Cap4 because of favourable entropic effects. The number of arms enabled self-sorting behaviour of the dimer formation; complexation studies using an equimolar mixture of the four porphyrin constituents of the two capsules revealed the quantitative formation of the corresponding dimers Cap2 and Cap4. Furthermore, we examined the specific molecular recognition of Cap2 and Cap4; NMR experiments of mixtures of Cap2 and Cap4 in the presence of favourable guests for Cap2 and Cap4 revealed that these guest molecules were encapsulated selectively by their preferred hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Ueda
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan.
| | - Masaki Kimura
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan.
| | - Shinobu Miyagawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan.
| | - Masaya Naito
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan.
| | - Hikaru Takaya
- International Research Centre for Elements Science, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan.,Institute for Molecular Science, National Institute of Natural Science, Nishigo-Naka, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yuji Tokunaga
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan.
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10
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Poyac L, Rose C, Wahiduzzaman M, Lebrun A, Cazals G, Devillers CH, Yot PG, Clément S, Richeter S. Synthesis, Characterization, and Encapsulation Properties of Rigid and Flexible Porphyrin Cages Assembled from N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Metal Bonds. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:19009-19021. [PMID: 34878781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Four porphyrins equipped with imidazolium rings on the para positions of their meso aryl groups were prepared and used as tetrakis(N-heterocyclic carbene) (NHC) precursors for the synthesis of porphyrin cages assembled from eight NHC-M bonds (M = Ag+ or Au+). The conformation of the obtained porphyrin cages in solution and their encapsulation properties strongly depend on the structure of the spacer -(CH2)n- (n = 0 or 1) between meso aryl groups and peripheral NHC ligands. In the absence of methylene groups (n = 0), porphyrin cages are rather rigid and the short porphyrin-porphyrin distance prevents the encapsulation of guest molecules like 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO). By contrast, the presence of methylene functions (n = 1) between meso aryl groups and peripheral NHCs offers additional flexibility to the system, allowing the inner space between the two porphyrins to expand enough to encapsulate guest molecules like water molecules or DABCO. The peripheral NHC-wingtip groups also play a significant role in the encapsulation properties of the porphyrin cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine Poyac
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34293, France
| | - Clémence Rose
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34293, France
| | | | | | | | - Charles H Devillers
- ICMUB UMR6302, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 avenue Alain Savary, Dijon 21078, France
| | - Pascal G Yot
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34293, France
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmundo G. Percástegui
- Instituto de Química Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad Universitaria Ciudad de México 04510 México
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco km 14.5, Toluca Estado de México 50200 México
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12
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Ousaka N, Yamamoto S, Iida H, Iwata T, Ito S, Souza R, Hijikata Y, Irle S, Yashima E. Encapsulation of Aromatic Guests in the Bisporphyrin Cavity of a Double-Stranded Spiroborate Helicate: Thermodynamic and Kinetic Studies and the Encapsulation Mechanism. J Org Chem 2021; 86:10501-10516. [PMID: 34282918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A double-stranded spiroborate helicate bearing a bisporphyrin unit in the middle forms an inclusion complex with electron-deficient aromatic guests that are sandwiched between the porphyrins. In the present study, we systematically investigated the effects of size, electron density, and substituents of a series of aromatic guests on inclusion complex formations within the bisporphyrin. The thermodynamic and kinetic behaviors during the guest-encapsulation process were also investigated in detail. The guest-encapsulation abilities in the helicate increased with the increasing core sizes of the electron-deficient aromatic guests and decreased with the increasing bulkiness and number of substituents of the guests. Among the naphthalenediimide derivatives, those with bulky N-substituents at both ends hardly formed an inclusion complex. Instead, they formed a [2]rotaxane-like inclusion complex through the water-mediated dynamic B-O bond cleavage/reformation of the spiroborate groups of the helicate, which enhanced the conformational flexibility of the helicate to enlarge the bisporphyrin cavity and form an inclusion complex. Based on the X-ray crystal structure of a unique pacman-like 1:1 inclusion complex between the helicate and an ammonium cation as well as the molecular dynamics simulation results, a plausible mechanism for the inclusion of a planar aromatic guest within the helicate is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ousaka
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.,Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroki Iida
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Takuya Iwata
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Shingo Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Rafael Souza
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yuh Hijikata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Stephan Irle
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Eiji Yashima
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.,Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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13
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Nakamura T, Yonemura S, Akatsuka S, Nabeshima T. Synthesis of Single Isomeric Complexes with Dissymmetric Structures Using Macrocyclic Homooligomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:3080-3086. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakamura
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS) University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8571 Japan
| | - Sota Yonemura
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS) University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8571 Japan
| | - Shunya Akatsuka
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS) University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8571 Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nabeshima
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS) University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8571 Japan
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14
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Nakamura T, Yonemura S, Akatsuka S, Nabeshima T. Synthesis of Single Isomeric Complexes with Dissymmetric Structures Using Macrocyclic Homooligomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakamura
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS) University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8571 Japan
| | - Sota Yonemura
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS) University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8571 Japan
| | - Shunya Akatsuka
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS) University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8571 Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nabeshima
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS) University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8571 Japan
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15
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Hardy M, Lützen A. Better Together: Functional Heterobimetallic Macrocyclic and Cage-like Assemblies. Chemistry 2020; 26:13332-13346. [PMID: 32297380 PMCID: PMC7693062 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metallosupramolecular chemistry has attracted the interest of generations of researches due to the versatile properties and functionalities of oligonuclear coordination complexes. Quite a number of different discrete cages were investigated, mostly consisting of only one type of ligand and one type of metal cation. Looking for ever more complex structures, heterobimetallic complexes became more and more attractive, as they give access to new structural motifs and functions. In the last years substantial success has been made in the design and synthesis of cages consisting of more than one type of metal cations, and a rapidly growing number of functional materials has appeared in the literature. This Minireview describes recent developments in the field of discrete heterometallic macrocycles and cages focusing on functional materials that have been used as host‐systems or as magnetic, photo‐active, redox‐active, and even catalytically active materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hardy
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str.1, 53111, Bonn, Germany
| | - Arne Lützen
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str.1, 53111, Bonn, Germany
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16
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Chang X, Lin S, Wang G, Shang C, Wang Z, Liu K, Fang Y, Stang PJ. Self-Assembled Perylene Bisimide-Cored Trigonal Prism as an Electron-Deficient Host for C60 and C70 Driven by “Like Dissolves Like”. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:15950-15960. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingmao Chang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Simin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Congdi Shang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Zhaolong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Kaiqiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Yu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Peter J. Stang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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17
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Ueda M, Kimura M, Miyagawa S, Takaya H, Naito M, Tokunaga Y. A Five-layer π-Aromatic Structure Formed through Self-assembly of a Porphyrin Trimer and Two Aromatic Guests. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:2212-2217. [PMID: 32483880 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this study we synthesized two- and four-armed porphyrins - bearing two carboxyl and four 2-aminoquinolino functionalities, respectively, at their meso positions - as a complementary hydrogen bonding pair for the self-assembly of a D2 -symmetric porphyrin trimer host. Two units of the two-armed porphyrin and one unit of the four-armed porphyrin self-assembled quantitatively into the D2 -symmetric porphyrin trimer, stabilized through ammidinium-carboxylate salt bridge formation, in CH2 Cl2 and CHCl3 . The porphyrin trimer host gradually bound two units of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene between the pair of porphyrin units, forming a five-layer aromatic structure. At temperatures below -40 °C, the rates of association and dissociation of the complexes were slow on the NMR spectroscopic time scale, allowing the 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 complexes of the trimer host and trinitrobenzene guest(s) to be detected independently when using less than 2 eq of trinitrobenzene. Vis titration experiments revealed the values of K1 (2.1±0.4×105 M-1 ) and K2 (2.2±0.06×104 M-1 ) in CHCl3 at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Ueda
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Masaki Kimura
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Shinobu Miyagawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Hikaru Takaya
- International Research Center for Elements Science Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Masaya Naito
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Yuji Tokunaga
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
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18
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Satake A, Katagami Y, Odaka Y, Kuramochi Y, Harada S, Kouchi T, Kamebuchi H, Tadokoro M. Synthesis of Double-Bridged Cofacial Nickel Porphyrin Dimers with 2,2'-Bipyridyl Pillars and Their Restricted Coordination Space. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:8013-8024. [PMID: 32441925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Double-bridged cofacial Ni porphyrin dimers 2 with 2,2'-bipyridyl pillars were effectively prepared by a one-step reductive homocoupling reaction of bis(chloropyridyl)-substituted Ni porphyrin derivatives followed by a specific separation of a cyanopropyl-modified silica gel column using pyridine eluent systems. The structural analyses of 2 and its Pd complex were carried out in their solid and solution states by means of X-ray single crystal analysis and NMR, respectively. The complexation of η3-allylpalladium chloride (Pd) with 2 on the spatially restricted 2,2-bipyridine moieties on 2 gave a 2:1 (Pd:2) complex, in which the 2,2'-bipyridine ligands only provided one of the N atoms on a 2,2'-bipyridine ligand to a Pd. Therefore, the 2,2-bipyridine moieties acted as a monodentate ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiharu Satake
- Graduate School of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Division II, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Katagami
- Graduate School of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Yuki Odaka
- Graduate School of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kuramochi
- Graduate School of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Division II, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shohei Harada
- Graduate School of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Takaya Kouchi
- Graduate School of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Hajime Kamebuchi
- Graduate School of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Division I, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Tadokoro
- Graduate School of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Division I, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Ronson TK, Wang Y, Baldridge K, Siegel JS, Nitschke JR. An S10-Symmetric 5-Fold Interlocked [2]Catenane. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:10267-10272. [PMID: 32453562 PMCID: PMC7291353 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of sym-pentakis(4-aminothiophenyl)corannulene with 2-formyl-6-methylpyridine and CuI or 2-formyl-1,10-phenanthroline and MII (M = Co, Zn) yields an S10-symmetric 5-fold interlocked [2]catenane of two interpenetrating [CuI5L2]5+ cages or D5-symmetric [MII5L2]10+ cages, respectively. The new structures were characterized by X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. Density functional theory computations point to dispersive energies on par with traditional covalent bond energies. Subcomponent exchange reactions favored formation of the [CoII5L2]10+ cage over the [CuI10L4]10+ catenane. The single cage and catenane each cocrystallized with a corannulene guest to form a bowl-in-bowl substructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya K Ronson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Yujia Wang
- Health Sciences Platform, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Kim Baldridge
- Health Sciences Platform, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jay S Siegel
- Health Sciences Platform, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jonathan R Nitschke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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20
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Iizuka F, Ube H, Sato H, Nakamura T, Shionoya M. Self-assembled Porphyrin-based Cage Complexes, M 11L 6 (M = Zn II, Cd II), with Inner Coordination Sites in Their Crystal Structure. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.190943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumiya Iizuka
- The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ube
- The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Sato
- Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12 Matsubaracho, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8666, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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21
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Coordination-driven assemblies based on meso-substituted porphyrins: Metal-organic cages and a new type of meso-metallaporphyrin macrocycles. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.213165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Shi Q, Zhou X, Yuan W, Su X, Neniškis A, Wei X, Taujenis L, Snarskis G, Ward JS, Rissanen K, de Mendoza J, Orentas E. Selective Formation of S4- and T-Symmetric Supramolecular Tetrahedral Cages and Helicates in Polar Media Assembled via Cooperative Action of Coordination and Hydrogen Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:3658-3670. [PMID: 31983204 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis and self-assembly study of novel supramolecular monomers encompassing quadruple hydrogen-bonding motifs and metal-coordinating 2,2'-bipyridine units. When mixed with metal ions such as Fe2+ or Zn2+, the tetrahedron cage complexes are formed in quantitative yields and full diastereoselectivity, even in highly polar acetonitrile or methanol solvents. The symmetry of the complexes obtained has been shown to depend critically on the flexibility of the ligand. Restriction of the rotation of the hydrogen-bonding unit with respect to the metal-coordinating site results in a T-symmetric cage, whereas introducing flexibility either through a methylene linker or rotating benzene ring allows the formation of S4-symmetric cages with self-filled interior. In addition, the possibility to select between tetrahedral cages or helicates and to control the dimensions of the aggregate has been demonstrated with a three-component assembly using external hydrogen-bonding molecular inserts or by varying the radius of the metal ion (Hg2+ vs Fe2+). Self-sorting studies of individual Fe2+ complexes with ligands of different sizes revealed their inertness toward ligand scrambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixun Shi
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China.,State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Xiaoshi Su
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Algirdas Neniškis
- Department of Organic Chemistry , Vilnius University , Naugarduko 24 , LT-03225 Vilnius , Lithuania
| | - Xin Wei
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Lukas Taujenis
- Thermo Fisher Scientific Baltics , V. A. Graičiu̅no 8, LT-02241 Vilnius , Lithuania
| | - Gustautas Snarskis
- Department of Organic Chemistry , Vilnius University , Naugarduko 24 , LT-03225 Vilnius , Lithuania
| | - Jas S Ward
- Department of Chemistry , University of Jyvaskyla , P.O. Box 35 , 40014 Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Jyvaskyla , P.O. Box 35 , 40014 Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Javier de Mendoza
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) , AV. Països Catalans, 16 , 43007 Tarragona , Spain
| | - Edvinas Orentas
- Department of Organic Chemistry , Vilnius University , Naugarduko 24 , LT-03225 Vilnius , Lithuania
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23
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Liu G, Hong J, Ma K, Wan Y, Zhang X, Huang Y, Kang K, Yang M, Chen J, Deng S. Porphyrin Trio−Pendant fullerene guest as an In situ universal probe of high ECL efficiency for sensitive miRNA detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 150:111963. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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24
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Endo K, Ube H, Shionoya M. Multi-Stimuli-Responsive Interconversion between Bowl- and Capsule-Shaped Self-Assembled Zinc(II) Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 142:407-416. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Endo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ube
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Shionoya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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25
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Barendt TA, Myers WK, Cornes SP, Lebedeva MA, Porfyrakis K, Marques I, Félix V, Beer PD. The Green Box: An Electronically Versatile Perylene Diimide Macrocyclic Host for Fullerenes. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 142:349-364. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Barendt
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - William K. Myers
- Centre for Advanced ESR, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart P. Cornes
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Maria A. Lebedeva
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Kyriakos Porfyrakis
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Igor Marques
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO − Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Vítor Félix
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO − Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Paul D. Beer
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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26
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Yan X, Wei P, Liu Y, Wang M, Chen C, Zhao J, Li G, Saha ML, Zhou Z, An Z, Li X, Stang PJ. Endo- and Exo-Functionalized Tetraphenylethylene M 12L 24 Nanospheres: Fluorescence Emission inside a Confined Space. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:9673-9679. [PMID: 31125220 PMCID: PMC6689230 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b03885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The intrinsic relationship between the properties of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and its encapsulated small molecular light machine has spurred many biomimicking studies, aiming at revealing the detailed mechanism and further promoting its wide applications in different disciplines. However, how to build a similar confined microenvironment to mimic the cavity of a β-barrel and the fluorescence turn-on process is a fundamental challenge for both chemists and biologists. Herein, two distinct exo- and endo-functionalized tetraphenylethylene (TPE)-based M12L24 nanospheres with precise distribution of anchored TPE moieties and unique photophysical properties were constructed by means of a coordination-driven self-assembly strategy. Under dilute conditions, the nanospheres fluoresce more strongly than the corresponding TPE subcomponents. Meanwhile, the endo-functionalized sphere is able to induce a higher local concentration and more restrained motion of the enclosed 24 TPE units compared with exo-functionalized counterpart and thus induces much stronger emission due to the restriction of the rotation of the pendant TPE units. The biomimetic methodology developed here represents a promising way to understand and construct artificial GFP materials on the platforms of supramolecular coordination complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuzhou Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Peifa Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Yuhang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China
| | - Chuanshuang Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Guangfeng Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Manik Lal Saha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Zhixuan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Zhe An
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Peter J. Stang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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27
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Chen B, Holstein JJ, Horiuchi S, Hiller WG, Clever GH. Pd(II) Coordination Sphere Engineering: Pyridine Cages, Quinoline Bowls, and Heteroleptic Pills Binding One or Two Fullerenes. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:8907-8913. [PMID: 31067401 PMCID: PMC6609009 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b02207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Fullerenes
and their derivatives are of tremendous technological
relevance. Synthetic access and application are still hampered by
tedious purification protocols, peculiar solubility, and limited control
over regioselective derivatization. We present a modular self-assembly
system based on a new low-molecular-weight binding motif, appended
by two palladium(II)-coordinating units of different steric demands,
to either form a [Pd2L14]4+ cage or an unprecedented [Pd2L23(MeCN)2]4+ bowl (with L1 = pyridyl, L2 = quinolinyl
donors). The former was used as a selective induced-fit receptor for
C60. The latter, owing to its more open structure, also
allows binding of C70 and fullerene derivatives. By exposing
only a fraction of the bound guests’ surface, the bowl acts
as fullerene protecting group to control functionalization, as demonstrated
by exclusive monoaddition of anthracene. In a hierarchical manner,
sterically low-demanding dicarboxylates were found to bridge pairs
of bowls into pill-shaped dimers, able to host two fullerenes. The
hosts allow transferring bound fullerenes into a variety of organic
solvents, extending the scope of possible derivatization and processing
methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn Straße 6 , 44227 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Julian J Holstein
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn Straße 6 , 44227 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Shinnosuke Horiuchi
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn Straße 6 , 44227 Dortmund , Germany.,Division of Chemistry and Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering , Nagasaki University , Bunkyo-machi , Nagasaki 852-8521 , Japan
| | - Wolf G Hiller
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn Straße 6 , 44227 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Guido H Clever
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn Straße 6 , 44227 Dortmund , Germany
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28
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Nakamura T, Tsukuda S, Nabeshima T. Double-Circularly Connected Saloph-Belt Macrocycles Generated from a Bis-Armed Bifunctional Monomer. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:6462-6467. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakamura
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Tsukuda
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nabeshima
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
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29
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Lu X, Gopalakrishna TY, Han Y, Ni Y, Zou Y, Wu J. Bowl-Shaped Carbon Nanobelts Showing Size-Dependent Properties and Selective Encapsulation of C70. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:5934-5941. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | | | - Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - Yong Ni
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - Ya Zou
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
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30
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Qin Y, Zhang Y, Yin G, Wang Y, Zhang C, Chen L, Tan H, Li X, Xu L, Yang H. Construction of Highly Emissive Pt(II) Metallacycles upon Irradiation. CHINESE J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201800577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of ChemistryBeijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Guangqiang Yin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Changwei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Lijun Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Hongwei Tan
- College of ChemistryBeijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of South Florida Tampa, Florida 33620 United States
| | - Lin Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Haibo Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
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31
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Li B, He T, Fan Y, Yuan X, Qiu H, Yin S. Recent developments in the construction of metallacycle/metallacage-cored supramolecular polymers via hierarchical self-assembly. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:8036-8059. [PMID: 31206102 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc02472g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular polymers have received considerable attention during the last few decades due to their scientific value in polymer chemistry and profound implications for future developments of advanced materials. Discrete supramolecular coordination complexes (SCCs) with well-defined size, shape, and geometry have been widely employed to construct hierarchical systems by coordination-driven self-assembly with the spontaneous formation of metal-ligand bonds, which results in the formation of well-defined two-dimensional (2D) metallacycles or three-dimensional (3D) metallacages with high functionalities. The incorporation of discrete SCCs into supramolecular polymers by the orthogonal combination of metal-ligand coordination and other noncovalent interactions or covalent bonding could further facilitate the construction of novel supramolecular polymers with hierarchical architectures and multiple functions including controllable uptake and release of guest molecules, providing a flexible platform for the development of smart materials. In this review, the recent progress in metallacycle/metallacage-cored supramolecular polymers that were constructed by the combination of metal-ligand interactions and other orthogonal interactions (including hydrophobic or hydrophilic interactions, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces, π-π stacking, electrostatic interactions, host-guest interactions and covalent bonding) has been discussed. In addition, the potential applications of metallacycle/metallacage-cored supramolecular polymers in the areas of light emitting, sensing, bio-imaging, delivery and release, etc., are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, P. R. China.
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32
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Wu GY, Wang XQ, Chen LJ, Hu YX, Yin GQ, Xu L, Jiang B, Yang HB. Supramolecular Polymer Cross-Linked by Discrete Tris-[2]pseudorotaxane Metallacycles and Its Redox-Responsive Behavior. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:15414-15420. [PMID: 30521327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new discrete hexagonal metallacycle M containing tris-[2]pseudorotaxane moiety has been successfully designed and synthesized via coordination-driven self-assembly. The newly designed tris-[2]pseudorotaxane metallacycle was well characterized with nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectra analysis. Such tris-[2]pseudorotaxane metallacycle M and pillar[5]arene dimer (PD) could further form a new family of cross-linked redox-responsive supramolecular polymer M⊃(PD)3 through a host-guest interaction. Interestingly, the polymer M⊃(PD)3 displayed redox-responsive behavior and showed tuned weight-average diffusion coefficients D upon redox stimuli, which is attributed to the changed coordination geometries of [Cu(phen)2]+ and [Cu(phen)2]2+ in such system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Yuan Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200062 , P. R. China
| | - Xu-Qing Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200062 , P. R. China
| | - Li-Jun Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200062 , P. R. China
| | - Yi-Xiong Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200062 , P. R. China
| | - Guang-Qiang Yin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200062 , P. R. China
| | - Lin Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200062 , P. R. China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200062 , P. R. China
| | - Hai-Bo Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200062 , P. R. China
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33
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Kawano SI, Fukushima T, Tanaka K. Specific and Oriented Encapsulation of Fullerene C70
into a Supramolecular Double-Decker Cage Composed of Shape-Persistent Macrocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201809167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichiro Kawano
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Nagoya University; Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Tomoaki Fukushima
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Nagoya University; Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Kentaro Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Nagoya University; Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
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34
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Kawano SI, Fukushima T, Tanaka K. Specific and Oriented Encapsulation of Fullerene C70
into a Supramolecular Double-Decker Cage Composed of Shape-Persistent Macrocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:14827-14831. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201809167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichiro Kawano
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Nagoya University; Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Tomoaki Fukushima
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Nagoya University; Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Kentaro Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Nagoya University; Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
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35
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Hu Y, Zhang X, Xu L, Yang H. Coordination‐Driven Self‐Assembly of Functionalized Supramolecular Metallacycles: Highlighted Research during 2010–2018. Isr J Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201800102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Xiong Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessesSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University 3663 N. Zhongshan Rd. 200062 Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Xiangyi Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringChinese Culture University Taipei China
| | - Lin Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessesSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University 3663 N. Zhongshan Rd. 200062 Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Hai‐Bo Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessesSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University 3663 N. Zhongshan Rd. 200062 Shanghai P. R. China
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36
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37
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Kimura M, Miyashita J, Miyagawa S, Kawasaki T, Takaya H, Tokunaga Y. Recognition Behavior of a Porphyrin Heterodimer Self-Assembled through an Amidinium-Carboxylate Salt Bridge. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201800382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kimura
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering; University of Fukui; Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507 Japan
| | - Jyunichi Miyashita
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering; University of Fukui; Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507 Japan
| | - Shinobu Miyagawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering; University of Fukui; Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507 Japan
| | - Tsuneomi Kawasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Tokyo University of Science; Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Hikaru Takaya
- International Research Center for Elements Science, Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Uji 611-0011 Japan
| | - Yuji Tokunaga
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering; University of Fukui; Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507 Japan
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38
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Wu GY, Chen LJ, Xu L, Zhao XL, Yang HB. Construction of supramolecular hexagonal metallacycles via coordination-driven self-assembly: Structure, properties and application. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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39
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Takeda M, Hiroto S, Yokoi H, Lee S, Kim D, Shinokubo H. Azabuckybowl-Based Molecular Tweezers as C60 and C70 Receptors. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:6336-6342. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Takeda
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Satoru Hiroto
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yokoi
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Sangsu Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemoon-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemoon-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
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40
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Das P, Kumar A, Howlader P, Mukherjee PS. A Self-Assembled Trigonal Prismatic Molecular Vessel for Catalytic Dehydration Reactions in Water. Chemistry 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paramita Das
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Department; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Atul Kumar
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Department; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Prodip Howlader
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Department; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Department; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560012 India
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41
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Rizzuto FJ, Wood DM, Ronson TK, Nitschke JR. Tuning the Redox Properties of Fullerene Clusters within a Metal–Organic Capsule. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:11008-11011. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix J. Rizzuto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel M. Wood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Tanya K. Ronson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R. Nitschke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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42
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Ronson TK, Meng W, Nitschke JR. Design Principles for the Optimization of Guest Binding in Aromatic-Paneled Fe II4L 6 Cages. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:9698-9707. [PMID: 28682628 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A series of aromatic-paneled FeII4L6 cages was synthesized through iron(II)-templated subcomponent self-assembly of 2-formylpyridine and C2-symmetric diamine building blocks having differing geometries, including many with a large degree of lateral offset between metal-binding sites. The new cages were characterized using X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. Investigations of the guest binding properties of the cages provided insights into the structural factors important for the observation of guest binding. Both the size and arrangement of the aromatic panels were shown to be crucial for achieving effective encapsulation of large hydrophobic guests, including fullerenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and steroids, with subtle differences in the structure of subcomponents resulting in incommensurate effects on the binding abilities of the resulting hosts. Cages with large, offset aromatic panels were observed to be the most effective hosts as a result of a preference for a ligand conformation where the aromatic panels lie tangent to the edges of the tetrahedron, thus maximizing cavity enclosure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya K Ronson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Wenjing Meng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Jonathan R Nitschke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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43
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Cecot G, Marmier M, Geremia S, De Zorzi R, Vologzhanina AV, Pattison P, Solari E, Fadaei Tirani F, Scopelliti R, Severin K. The Intricate Structural Chemistry of M II2nL n-Type Assemblies. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:8371-8381. [PMID: 28603972 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of cis-blocked, square-planar MII complexes with tetratopic N-donor ligands is known to give metallasupramolecular assemblies of the formula M2nLn. These assemblies typically adopt barrel-like structures, with the ligands paneling the sides of the barrels. However, alternative structures are possible, as demonstrated by the recent discovery of a Pt8L4 cage with unusual gyrobifastigium-like geometry. To date, the factors that govern the assembly of MII2nLn complexes are not well understood. Herein, we provide a geometric analysis of M2nLn complexes, and we discuss how size and geometry of the ligand is expected to influence the self-assembly process. The theoretical analysis is complemented by experimental studies using different cis-blocked PtII complexes and metalloligands with four divergent pyridyl groups. Mononuclear metalloligands gave mainly assemblies of type Pt8L4, which adopt barrel- or gyrobifastigium-like structures. Larger assemblies can also form, as evidenced by the crystallographic characterization of a Pt10L5 complex and a Pt16L8 complex. The former adopts a pentagonal barrel structure, whereas the latter displays a barrel structure with a distorted square orthobicupola geometry. The Pt16L8 complex has a molecular weight of more than 23 kDa and a diameter of 4.5 nm, making it the largest, structurally characterized M2nLn complex described to date. A dinuclear metalloligand was employed for the targeted synthesis of pentagonal Pt10L5 barrels, which are formed in nearly quantitative yields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Silvano Geremia
- Centro di Eccellenza in Biocristallografia, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste , 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Rita De Zorzi
- Centro di Eccellenza in Biocristallografia, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste , 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Anna V Vologzhanina
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences , 119991 Moscow, Russia
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44
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Bhat IA, Jain R, Siddiqui MM, Saini DK, Mukherjee PS. Water-Soluble Pd 8L 4 Self-assembled Molecular Barrel as an Aqueous Carrier for Hydrophobic Curcumin. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:5352-5360. [PMID: 28394128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A tetrafacial water-soluble molecular barrel (1) was synthesized by coordination driven self-assembly of a symmetrical tetrapyridyl donor (L) with a cis-blocked 90° acceptor [cis-(en)Pd(NO3)2] (en = ethane-1,2-diamine). The open barrel structure of (1) was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The presence of a hydrophobic cavity with large windows makes it an ideal candidate for encapsulation and carrying hydrophobic drug like curcumin in an aqueous medium. The barrel (1) encapsulates curcumin inside its molecular cavity and protects highly photosensitive curcumin from photodegradation. The photostability of encapsulated curcumin is due to the absorption of a high proportion of the incident photons by the aromatic walls of 1 with a high absorption cross-sectional area, which helps the walls to shield the guest even against sunlight/UV radiations. As compared to free curcumin in water, we noticed a significant increase in solubility as well as cellular uptake of curcumin upon encapsulation inside the water-soluble molecular barrel (1) in aqueous medium. Fluorescence imaging confirmed that curcumin was delivered into HeLa cancer cells by the aqueous barrel (1) with the retention of its potential anticancer activity. While free curcumin is inactive toward cancer cells in aqueous medium at room temperature due to negligible solubility, the determined IC50 value of ∼14 μM for curcumin in aqueous medium in the presence of the barrel (1) reflects the efficiency of the barrel as a potential curcumin carrier in aqueous medium without any other additives. Thus, two major challenges of increasing the bioavailability and stability of curcumin in aqueous medium even in the presence of UV light have been addressed by using a new supramolecular water-soluble barrel (1) as a drug carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtiyaz Ahmad Bhat
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Ruchi Jain
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics and Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Mujahuddin M Siddiqui
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Deepak K Saini
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics and Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560012, India
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45
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Atomic force microscope characterization of self-assembly behaviors of cyclo[8] pyrrole on solid substrates. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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46
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Colomban C, Szalóki G, Allain M, Gómez L, Goeb S, Sallé M, Costas M, Ribas X. Reversible C60
Ejection from a Metallocage through the Redox-Dependent Binding of a Competitive Guest. Chemistry 2017; 23:3016-3022. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Colomban
- Institut de Química Computatcional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi; Girona 17003, Catalonia Spain
| | - György Szalóki
- Université d'Angers, CNRS UMR 6200; Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou; 2 bd Lavoisier 49045 Angers Cedex France
| | - Magali Allain
- Université d'Angers, CNRS UMR 6200; Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou; 2 bd Lavoisier 49045 Angers Cedex France
| | - Laura Gómez
- Institut de Química Computatcional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi; Girona 17003, Catalonia Spain
- Serveis Tècnics de Recerca (STR); Universitat de Girona, Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la UdG; Pic de Peguera 15 17003 Girona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Sébastien Goeb
- Université d'Angers, CNRS UMR 6200; Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou; 2 bd Lavoisier 49045 Angers Cedex France
| | - Marc Sallé
- Université d'Angers, CNRS UMR 6200; Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou; 2 bd Lavoisier 49045 Angers Cedex France
| | - Miquel Costas
- Institut de Química Computatcional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi; Girona 17003, Catalonia Spain
| | - Xavi Ribas
- Institut de Química Computatcional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi; Girona 17003, Catalonia Spain
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47
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Grommet AB, Nitschke JR. Directed Phase Transfer of an FeII4L4 Cage and Encapsulated Cargo. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:2176-2179. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela B. Grommet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R. Nitschke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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Yuan GY, Zhang L, Wang MJ, Zhang KL. Synthesis and characterization of a cadmium(II)-organic supramolecular coordination compound based on the multifunctional 2-amino-5-sulfobenzoic acid ligand. Acta Crystallogr C Struct Chem 2016; 72:939-946. [PMID: 27918294 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229616016326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Much attention has been paid by chemists to the construction of supramolecular coordination compounds based on the multifunctional ligand 5-sulfosalicylic acid (H3SSA) due to the structural and biological interest of these compounds. However, no coordination compounds have been reported for the multifunctional amino-substituted sulfobenzoate ligand 2-amino-5-sulfobenzoic acid (H2asba). We expected that H2asba could be a suitable building block for the assembly of supramolecular networks due to its interesting structural characteristics. The reaction of cadmium(II) nitrate with H2asba in the presence of the auxiliary flexible dipyridylamide ligand N,N'-bis[(pyridin-4-yl)methyl]oxamide (4bpme) under ambient conditions formed a new mixed-ligand coordination compound, namely bis(3-amino-4-carboxybenzenesulfonato-κO1)diaquabis{N,N'-bis[(pyridin-4-yl)methyl]oxamide-κN}cadmium(II)-N,N'-bis[(pyridin-4-yl)methyl]oxamide-water (1/1/4), [Cd(C7H6NO5S)2(C14H14N4O2)2(H2O)2]·C14H14N4O2·4H2O, (1), which was characterized by single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction analysis (PXRD), FT-IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and UV-Vis and photoluminescence spectroscopic analyses in the solid state. The central CdII atom in (1) occupies a special position on a centre of inversion and exhibits a slightly distorted octahedral geometry, being coordinated by two N atoms from two monodentate 4bpme ligands, four O atoms from two monodentate 4-amino-3-carboxybenzenesulfonate (Hasba-) ligands and two coordinated water molecules. Interestingly, complex (1) further extends into a threefold polycatenated 0D→2D (0D is zero-dimensional and 2D is two-dimensional) interpenetrated supramolecular two-dimensional (4,4) layer through intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The interlayer hydrogen bonding further links adjacent threefold polycatenated two-dimensional layers into a three-dimensional network. The optical properties of complex (1) indicate that it may be used as a potential indirect band gap semiconductor material. Complex (1) exhibits an irreversible dehydration-rehydration behaviour. The fluorescence properties have also been investigated in the solid state at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Yin Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Jie Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, People's Republic of China
| | - Kou Lin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, People's Republic of China
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Yang L, Jing X, He C, Chang Z, Duan C. Redox-Active M8L6Cubic Hosts with Tetraphenylethylene Faces Encapsulate Organic Dyes for Light-Driven H2Production. Chemistry 2016; 22:18107-18114. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Xu Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Cheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Zhiduo Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Chunying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116023 P. R. China
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Moreira L, Calbo J, Aragó J, Illescas BM, Nierengarten I, Delavaux-Nicot B, Ortí E, Martín N, Nierengarten JF. Conjugated Porphyrin Dimers: Cooperative Effects and Electronic Communication in Supramolecular Ensembles with C 60. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:15359-15367. [PMID: 27640915 PMCID: PMC5133674 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b07250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Two new conjugated porphyrin-based
systems (dimers 3 and 4) endowed with suitable
crown ethers have been
synthesized as receptors for a fullerene-ammonium salt derivative
(1). Association constants in solution have been determined
by UV–vis titration experiments in CH2Cl2 at room temperature. The designed hosts are able to associate up
to two fullerene-based guest molecules and present association constants
as high as ∼5 × 108 M–1.
Calculation of the allosteric cooperative factor α for supramolecular
complexes [3·12] and [4·12] showed a negative cooperative effect in both cases. The interactions
accounting for the formation of the associates are based, first, on
the complementary ammonium-crown ether interaction and, second, on
the π–π interactions between the porphyrin rings
and the C60 moieties. Theoretical calculations have evidenced
a significant decrease of the electron density in the porphyrin dimers 3 and 4 upon complexation of the first C60 molecule, in good agreement with the negative cooperativity
found in these systems. This negative effect is partially compensated
by the stabilizing C60–C60 interactions
that take place in the more stable syn-disposition
of [4·12].
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Moreira
- Laboratorie de Chimie des Matériaux Moléculaires, Université de Strasbourg et CNRS (UMR 7509), ECPM , 67087 Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France.,Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Calbo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia , 46890 Paterna, Spain
| | - Juan Aragó
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia , 46890 Paterna, Spain
| | - Beatriz M Illescas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Iwona Nierengarten
- Laboratorie de Chimie des Matériaux Moléculaires, Université de Strasbourg et CNRS (UMR 7509), ECPM , 67087 Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
| | - Béatrice Delavaux-Nicot
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS (UPR 8241), Université de Toulouse (UPS, INPT) , 31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France
| | - Enrique Ortí
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia , 46890 Paterna, Spain
| | - Nazario Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Imdea-Nanoscience , Campus Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jean-François Nierengarten
- Laboratorie de Chimie des Matériaux Moléculaires, Université de Strasbourg et CNRS (UMR 7509), ECPM , 67087 Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
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