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Brown CL, Bowser BH, Meisner J, Kouznetsova TB, Seritan S, Martinez TJ, Craig SL. Substituent Effects in Mechanochemical Allowed and Forbidden Cyclobutene Ring-Opening Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3846-3855. [PMID: 33667078 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Woodward and Hoffman once jested that a very powerful Maxwell demon could seize a molecule of cyclobutene at its methylene groups and tear it open in a disrotatory fashion to obtain butadiene (Woodward, R. B.; Hoffmann, R. The Conservation of Orbital Symmetry. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1969, 8, 781-853). Nearly 40 years later, that demon was discovered, and the field of covalent polymer mechanochemistry was born. In the decade since our demon was befriended, many fundamental investigations have been undertaken to build up our understanding of force-modified pathways for electrocyclic ring-opening reactions. Here, we seek to extend that fundamental understanding by exploring substituent effects in allowed and forbidden ring-opening reactions of cyclobutene (CBE) and benzocyclobutene (BCB) using a combination of single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) and computation. We show that, while the forbidden ring-opening of cis-BCB occurs at a lower force than the allowed ring-opening of trans-BCB on the time scale of the SMFS experiment, the opposite is true for cis- and trans-CBE. Such a reactivity flip is explained through computational analysis and discussion of the so-called allowed/forbidden gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron L Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Brandon H Bowser
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jan Meisner
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Tatiana B Kouznetsova
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Stefan Seritan
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Todd J Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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Šolomek T, Ravat P, Mou Z, Kertesz M, Juríček M. Cethrene: The Chameleon of Woodward–Hoffmann Rules. J Org Chem 2018; 83:4769-4774. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Šolomek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Prince Ravat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Zhongyu Mou
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Soft Matter, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, Washington, DC 20057-1227, United States
| | - Miklos Kertesz
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Soft Matter, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, Washington, DC 20057-1227, United States
| | - Michal Juríček
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Boon BA, Green AG, Liu P, Houk KN, Merlic CA. Using Ring Strain to Control 4π-Electrocyclization Reactions: Torquoselectivity in Ring Closing of Medium-Ring Dienes and Ring Opening of Bicyclic Cyclobutenes. J Org Chem 2017; 82:4613-4624. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Byron A. Boon
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Aaron G. Green
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260-3900, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Craig A. Merlic
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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Wei J, Trout W, Simon YC, Granados-Focil S. Ring opening metathesis polymerization of triazole-bearing cyclobutenes: Diblock copolymer synthesis and evaluation of the effect of side group size on polymerization kinetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wei
- Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Clark University; 950 Main St Worcester Massachusetts 01610
| | - William Trout
- Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Clark University; 950 Main St Worcester Massachusetts 01610
| | - Yoan C. Simon
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials; 118 College Drive, #5050 Hattiesburg Mississippi 39406
| | - Sergio Granados-Focil
- Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Clark University; 950 Main St Worcester Massachusetts 01610
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Hasegawa M, Murakami M. Studies on the thermal ring-opening reactions of cis-3,4-bis(organosilyl)cyclobutenes. J Org Chem 2007; 72:3764-9. [PMID: 17432908 DOI: 10.1021/jo070039n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Three cis-3,4-bis(organosilyl)cyclobutenes were synthesized, and their thermal ring-opening reactions were studied. The ring-opening reaction of cis-3,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)cyclobutene proceeded remarkably faster than that of cis-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene. The significant rate acceleration was explained by assuming (i) stabilization of the transition state by electron delocalization from the cyclobutene HOMO to the Si-CH3 sigma* orbital, (ii) destabilization of the ground state by intramolecular interaction between the C-Si sigma orbitals and the pi orbital of cyclobutene, and (iii) through-space steric repulsion of the two bulky trimethylsilyl groups in a cis arrangement. The ring-opening reaction of unsymmetrical cis-3,4-bis(arylsilyl)cyclobutenes having electronically different arylsilyl groups was also examined. The inward preference increased in the order, p-CH3OC6H4-Si, C6H5-Si, p-CF3C6H4-Si, supporting the interpretation of the origin of the inward preference of silyl substituents on the basis of a stabilizing interaction between the cyclobutene HOMO and the Si-C sigma* orbital at the transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munehiro Hasegawa
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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Roth WR, Rekowski V, Börner S, Quast M. Verbotene Reaktionen, II Die disrotative Cyclobuten-Ringöffnung. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.199619960317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Thermal and photochemical isomerization of exocyclic 1,3-dienes: 1,1-diphenyl-3,4-bis(trimethylsilylmethylene)-1-silacyclopentane s-cis(E,E). J Organomet Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2004.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Reactivity–selectivity principle in substituted cyclobutene ring opening computed with density functional theory methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(98)00145-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Exploring reaction outcomes through the reactivity-selectivity principle estimated by density functional theory studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1380-7323(98)80006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Maughon BR, Grubbs RH. Ruthenium Alkylidene Initiated Living Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP) of 3-Substituted Cyclobutenes. Macromolecules 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ma961780s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bob R. Maughon
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Robert H. Grubbs
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
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12
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Dolbier, WR, Koroniak H, Houk KN, Sheu C. Electronic Control of Stereoselectivities of Electrocyclic Reactions of Cyclobutenes: A Triumph of Theory in the Prediction of Organic Reactions. Acc Chem Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ar9501986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William R. Dolbier,
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, 60-780 Poznañ, Poland, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Henryk Koroniak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, 60-780 Poznañ, Poland, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, 60-780 Poznañ, Poland, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Chimin Sheu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, 60-780 Poznañ, Poland, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
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Perrott MG, Novak BM. Living Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerizations of 3,4-Disubstituted Cyclobutenes and Synthesis of Polybutadienes with Protic Functionalities. Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma951516j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Perrott
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the Material Research Science and Engineering Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Bruce M. Novak
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the Material Research Science and Engineering Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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Mohler DL, Vollhardt KPC, Wolff S. Leichte Hydrierung des zentralen Cyclohexatriens von Tris(benzocyclobutadieno)benzol: Synthese und Struktur sowie thermische und photochemische Isomerisierung von all-cis-Tris(benzocyclobuta)cyclohexan. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19901021033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Presser N, Mao C, Moriarty RM, Gordon RJ. Infrared multiphoton induced isomerization of cis‐3,4‐ dichlorocyclobutene. I. Experimental results. J Chem Phys 1983. [DOI: 10.1063/1.444618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Kaupp G. Photochemische Umlagerungen und Fragmentierungen von Alkenen und Polyenen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1978. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19780900305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kikuchi O. Reaction Paths in the Photochemical Isomerization betweencis-Butadiene and Cyclobutene. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1974. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.47.1551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Pericyclic Reactions and Orbital Symmetry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-610506-3.50010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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