1
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Szalóki M, Csarnovics I, Bonyár A, Ungor D, Csapó E, Sápi A, Hegedűs C. Plasmonic Effect of Gold-Patchy Silica Nanoparticles on Green Light-Photopolymerizable Dental Resin. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2554. [PMID: 37764583 PMCID: PMC10534508 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
A low ratio of polymerization is a major problem in resin-based composites. In this paper, the plasmonic effect of gold-covered silica nanoparticles on the physicochemical and mechanical properties of bisphenol A diglycidyl dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA), triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) and urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) green light-photopolymerizable dental resin was investigated at an intensity of 1.4 mW/cm2 for 40 s. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed silica of about 350 nm covered with 12-15 nm gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) at 100% nominal coverage. Five different concentrations of bare and patchy silica particles were used; in the latter composite, the calculated Au wt% were 0.0052 wt%, 0.0104 wt%, 0.0208 wt%, 0.04160 wt%, and 0.0823 wt%. The plasmon peak of patchy silica-filled nanocomposite overlapped with the absorption of Irgacure 784 photoinitiator and green LED light emission peak. The effect of plasmon-enhanced polymerization achieved with green light illumination was analyzed using diametral tensile strength (DTS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi), and degree of conversion (DC) based on Raman spectroscopy. The values of the Au NP with 0.0208 wt% was found to be maximum in all the measured data. Based on our result, it can be concluded that the application of patchy silica particles in dental resin can improve the polymerization ratio and the mechanical parameters of the composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Szalóki
- Department of Biomaterials and Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Csarnovics
- Department of Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Bonyár
- Department of Electronics Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ditta Ungor
- MTA-SZTE Lendület "Momentum" Noble Metal Nanostructures Research Group, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Edit Csapó
- MTA-SZTE Lendület "Momentum" Noble Metal Nanostructures Research Group, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Sápi
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Hegedűs
- Department of Biomaterials and Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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2
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Li T, Bandari VK, Schmidt OG. Molecular Electronics: Creating and Bridging Molecular Junctions and Promoting Its Commercialization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209088. [PMID: 36512432 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Molecular electronics is driven by the dream of expanding Moore's law to the molecular level for next-generation electronics through incorporating individual or ensemble molecules into electronic circuits. For nearly 50 years, numerous efforts have been made to explore the intrinsic properties of molecules and develop diverse fascinating molecular electronic devices with the desired functionalities. The flourishing of molecular electronics is inseparable from the development of various elegant methodologies for creating nanogap electrodes and bridging the nanogap with molecules. This review first focuses on the techniques for making lateral and vertical nanogap electrodes by breaking, narrowing, and fixed modes, and highlights their capabilities, applications, merits, and shortcomings. After summarizing the approaches of growing single molecules or molecular layers on the electrodes, the methods of constructing a complete molecular circuit are comprehensively grouped into three categories: 1) directly bridging one-molecule-electrode component with another electrode, 2) physically bridging two-molecule-electrode components, and 3) chemically bridging two-molecule-electrode components. Finally, the current state of molecular circuit integration and commercialization is discussed and perspectives are provided, hoping to encourage the community to accelerate the realization of fully scalable molecular electronics for a new era of integrated microsystems and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Li
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Vineeth Kumar Bandari
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
- Nanophysics, Dresden University of Technology, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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3
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Song K, Lin J, Song X, Yang B, Zhu J, Zang Y, Zhu D. Formation of covalent metal-carbon contacts assisted by Ag + for single molecule junctions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:6207-6210. [PMID: 37129042 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01113e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Covalent metal-carbon (M-C) contacts have long been pursued for constructing robust and high-performance molecular devices. Existing methods for creating such contacts usually rely on direct chemical reactions between metal electrodes and designed molecular ligands. An inherent limitation of this approach is that the commonly used metal electrodes (e.g., Au) are chemically inert, making it generally difficult to form covalent M-C bonds with molecules. Intriguingly, employing the scanning tunneling microscope-break junction technique, we find that simply adding Ag+ ions to molecular solution enables direct covalent bonding of terminal alkynes to Au electrodes. The bonding process is driven by Ag+ ion coupled in situ reactions and efficiently creates covalent Au/Ag-C interfaces in single molecule junctions. This metal ion assisted method avoids the need for complex synthesis of molecular ligands and works robustly for a wide range of alkyne-terminated molecules, offering a facile and versatile approach for precisely tuning the metal-molecule interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Song
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Junfeng Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuwei Song
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bowen Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Jia Zhu
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yaping Zang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Daoben Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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4
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Arasu NP, Vázquez H. Development of Classical Force Fields for Interfaces between Single Molecules and Au. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:5031-5039. [PMID: 35880700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c02514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Interfaces between metals and organic materials play an essential role in molecular surface science, photovoltaics, or molecular electronics. Modeling the evolution of interface geometry over sufficiently long timescales requires an accurate parameterization of the relevant metal-molecule interactions. Here, we describe a method for calculating interface parameters from reference density functional theory calculations of small metal-molecule complexes. We apply this method to develop a parameter set for a series of metal-molecule-metal junctions. We study the dynamics of short oligophenyls with amine, methyl-sulfide, or direct Au-C links, which are bonded to Au(111) via small adatom structures. Nanosecond classical molecular dynamics simulations using the generated parameter set reveal insight into molecular degrees of freedom not accessible from ab initio molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra P Arasu
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Héctor Vázquez
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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5
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Mitra G, Delmas V, Al Sabea H, Norel L, Galangau O, Rigaut S, Cornil J, Costuas K, Scheer E. Electronic transport through single-molecule oligophenyl-diethynyl junctions with direct gold-carbon bonds formed at low temperature. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:457-466. [PMID: 36132702 PMCID: PMC9419624 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00650a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We report on the first systematic transport study of alkynyl-ended oligophenyl-diethynyl (OPA) single-molecule junctions with direct Au-C anchoring scheme at low temperature using the mechanically controlled break junction technique. Through quantitative statistical analysis of opening traces, conductance histograms and density functional theory studies, we identified different types of junctions, classified by their conductance and stretching behavior, for OPA molecules between Au electrodes with two to four phenyl rings. We performed inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy and observed the excitation of Au-C vibrational modes confirming the existence of Au-C bonds at low temperature and compared the stability of molecule junctions upon mechanical stretching. Our findings reveal the huge potential for future functional molecule transport studies at low temperature using alkynyl endgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Mitra
- University of Konstanz, Department of Physics 78 457 Konstanz Germany
| | - Vincent Delmas
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226 F-35 000 Rennes France
| | - Hassan Al Sabea
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226 F-35 000 Rennes France
| | - Lucie Norel
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226 F-35 000 Rennes France
| | - Olivier Galangau
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226 F-35 000 Rennes France
| | - Stéphane Rigaut
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226 F-35 000 Rennes France
| | - Jérôme Cornil
- University of Mons, Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry Place du Parc 20 B-7000 Mons Belgium
| | - Karine Costuas
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226 F-35 000 Rennes France
| | - Elke Scheer
- University of Konstanz, Department of Physics 78 457 Konstanz Germany
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6
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Chen H, Brasiliense V, Mo J, Zhang L, Jiao Y, Chen Z, Jones LO, He G, Guo QH, Chen XY, Song B, Schatz GC, Stoddart JF. Single-Molecule Charge Transport through Positively Charged Electrostatic Anchors. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:2886-2895. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Vitor Brasiliense
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, PPSM, 4 avenue des Sciences, 91190 Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Jingshan Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Leighton O. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Gen He
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qing-Hui Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xiao-Yang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - George C. Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310021, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Hangzhou 311215, China
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7
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Starr RL, Fu T, Doud EA, Stone I, Roy X, Venkataraman L. Gold-Carbon Contacts from Oxidative Addition of Aryl Iodides. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:7128-7133. [PMID: 32212683 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aryl halides are ubiquitous functional groups in organic chemistry, yet despite their obvious appeal as surface-binding linkers and as precursors for controlled graphene nanoribbon synthesis, they have seldom been used as such in molecular electronics. The confusion regarding the bonding of aryl iodides to Au electrodes is a case in point, with ambiguous reports of both dative Au-I and covalent Au-C contacts. Here we form single-molecule junctions with a series of oligophenylene molecular wires terminated asymmetrically with iodine and thiomethyl to show that the dative Au-I contact has a lower conductance than the covalent Au-C interaction, which we propose occurs via an in situ oxidative addition reaction at the Au surface. Furthermore, we confirm the formation of the Au-C bond by measuring an analogous series of molecules prepared ex situ with the complex AuI(PPh3) in place of the iodide. Density functional theory-based transport calculations support our experimental observations that Au-C linkages have higher conductance than Au-I linkages. Finally, we demonstrate selective promotion of the Au-C bond formation by controlling the bias applied across the junction. In addition to establishing the different binding modes of aryl iodides, our results chart a path to actively controlling oxidative addition on an Au surface using an applied bias.
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8
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Li S, Yu H, Schwieter K, Chen K, Li B, Liu Y, Moore JS, Schroeder CM. Charge Transport and Quantum Interference Effects in Oxazole-Terminated Conjugated Oligomers. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:16079-16084. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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9
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Bridonneau N, Hippolyte L, Mercier D, Portehault D, Desage-El Murr M, Marcus P, Fensterbank L, Chanéac C, Ribot F. N-Heterocyclic carbene-stabilized gold nanoparticles with tunable sizes. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:6850-6859. [PMID: 29725678 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00416a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple and straightforward synthesis of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-protected gold nanoparticles is derived from (benz)imidazolium-AuX4 complexes and NaBH4 only. The proposed method allows size tuning, from 3 to 6 nm, by adding (benz)imidazolium bromide. Changing the reducing agent to tBuNH2BH3 shifts the size range to ca. 6-12 nm. A one pot protocol is also reported from AuCl, (benz)imidazolium bromides and NaBH4, thereby providing an even more straightforward way of producing NHC-capped gold nanoparticles. In addition, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is used to unambiguously evidence, on the nanoparticles, the covalent bond formed between the NHC and the surface gold atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bridonneau
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Collège de France, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, LCMCP, F-75005 Paris, France.
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10
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Perera GS, Athukorale SA, Perez F, Pittman CU, Zhang D. Facile displacement of citrate residues from gold nanoparticle surfaces. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 511:335-343. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Kaleta J, Bednárová L, Čížková M, Wen J, Kaletová E, Michl J. IR Spectra of n-Bu 4M (M = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb), n-BuAuPPh 3-d 15, and "n-Bu" on a Gold Surface. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:4619-4625. [PMID: 28497963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b03404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Observed and DFT-calculated IR spectra of n-Bu4M (M = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb), (CH3CH2CH213CD2)4Sn, and n-BuAuPPh3-d15 are reported and assigned. The asymmetric CH stretching vibration of the CH2 group adjacent to the metal atom appears as a distinct shoulder at ∼2934 cm-1, whereas for other CH2 groups it is located at ∼2922 cm-1. The characteristic peak at ∼2899 cm-1 is attributed to an overtone of a symmetric CH2 bend at ∼1445 cm-1. In n-BuAuPPh3-d15, the CH stretching vibrations of the butyl group are shifted to lower frequencies by ∼10 cm-1, and two possible rationalizations are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Kaleta
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR , Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Lucie Bednárová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR , Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Čížková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR , Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jin Wen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR , Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kaletová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR , Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Michl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR , Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
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12
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Ding T, Mertens J, Lombardi A, Scherman OA, Baumberg JJ. Light-Directed Tuning of Plasmon Resonances via Plasmon-Induced Polymerization Using Hot Electrons. ACS PHOTONICS 2017; 4:1453-1458. [PMID: 28670601 PMCID: PMC5485798 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.7b00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The precise morphology of nanoscale gaps between noble-metal nanostructures controls their resonant wavelengths. Here we show photocatalytic plasmon-induced polymerization can locally enlarge the gap size and tune the plasmon resonances. We demonstrate light-directed programmable tuning of plasmons can be self-limiting. Selective control of polymer growth around individual plasmonic nanoparticles is achieved, with simultaneous real-time monitoring of the polymerization process in situ using dark-field spectroscopy. Even without initiators present, we show light-triggered chain growth of various monomers, implying plasmon initiation of free radicals via hot-electron transfer to monomers at the Au surface. This concept not only provides a programmable way to fine-tune plasmons for many applications but also provides a window on polymer chemistry at the sub-nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ding
- Nanophotonics
Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- E-mail: (T. Ding)
| | - Jan Mertens
- Nanophotonics
Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Lombardi
- Nanophotonics
Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Oren A. Scherman
- Melville
Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- E-mail: (O.
A. Scherman)
| | - Jeremy J. Baumberg
- Nanophotonics
Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- E-mail: (J. J. Baumberg)
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13
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Inkpen MS, Leroux YR, Hapiot P, Campos LM, Venkataraman L. Reversible on-surface wiring of resistive circuits. Chem Sci 2017; 8:4340-4346. [PMID: 28660061 PMCID: PMC5472029 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00599g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Whilst most studies in single-molecule electronics involve components first synthesized ex situ, there is also great potential in exploiting chemical transformations to prepare devices in situ. Here, as a first step towards this goal, we conduct reversible reactions on monolayers to make and break covalent bonds between alkanes of different lengths, then measure the conductance of these molecules connected between electrodes using the scanning tunneling microscopy-based break junction (STM-BJ) method. In doing so, we develop the critical methodology required for assembling and disassembling surface-bound single-molecule circuits. We identify effective reaction conditions for surface-bound reagents, and importantly demonstrate that the electronic characteristics of wires created in situ agree with those created ex situ. Finally, we show that the STM-BJ technique is unique in its ability to definitively probe surface reaction yields both on a local (∼50 nm2) and pseudo-global (≥10 mm2) level. This investigation thus highlights a route to the construction and integration of more complex, and ultimately functional, surface-based single-molecule circuitry, as well as advancing a methodology that facilitates studies beyond the reach of traditional ex situ synthetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Inkpen
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics , Columbia University , New York , NY 10027 , USA . ;
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (Equipe MaCSE) , CNRS , Université de Rennes 1 , Campus de Beaulieu, Bat 10C , Rennes Cedex , UMR 6226 , France
| | - Yann R Leroux
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (Equipe MaCSE) , CNRS , Université de Rennes 1 , Campus de Beaulieu, Bat 10C , Rennes Cedex , UMR 6226 , France
| | - Philippe Hapiot
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (Equipe MaCSE) , CNRS , Université de Rennes 1 , Campus de Beaulieu, Bat 10C , Rennes Cedex , UMR 6226 , France
| | - Luis M Campos
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , NY 10027 , USA
| | - Latha Venkataraman
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics , Columbia University , New York , NY 10027 , USA . ;
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , NY 10027 , USA
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14
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Benkovičová M, Wen D, Plutnar J, Čížková M, Eychmüller A, Michl J. Mechanism of Surface Alkylation of a Gold Aerogel with Tetra-n-butylstannane-d 36: Identification of Byproducts. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:2339-2343. [PMID: 28460170 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The formation of self-assembled monolayers on surfaces is often likely to be accompanied by the formation of byproducts, whose identification holds clues to the reaction mechanism but is difficult due to the minute amounts produced. We now report a successful identification of self-assembly byproducts using gold aerogel with a large specific surface area, a procedure likely to be applicable generally. Like a thin gold layer on a flat substrate, the aerogel surface is alkylated with n-butyl-d9 groups upon treatment with a solution of tetra-n-butylstannane-d36 under ambient conditions. The reaction byproducts accumulate in the mother liquor in amounts sufficient for GC-MS analysis. In chloroform solvent, they are butene-d8, butane-d10, octane-d18, and tributylchlorostannane-d27. In hexane, they are the same except that tributylchlorostannane-d27 is replaced with hexabutyldistannane-d54. The results are compatible with an initial homolytic dissociation of a C-Sn bond on the gold surface, followed by known radical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Benkovičová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Dan Wen
- TU Dresden , Bergstrasse 66b, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jan Plutnar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Čížková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | | | - Josef Michl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
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15
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Jiang J, Crabtree RH, Brudvig GW. One-Step Trimethylstannylation of Benzyl and Alkyl Halides. J Org Chem 2016; 81:9483-9488. [PMID: 27643532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trialkylstannanes are good leaving groups that have been used for the formation of carbon-metal bonds to electrode surfaces for analyses of single-molecule conductivity. Here, we report the multistep synthesis of two amide-containing compounds that are of interest in studies of molecular rectifiers. Each molecule has two trimethylstannyl units, one linked by a methylene and the other by an ethylene group. To account for the very different reactivities of the parent halides, a new methodology for one-step trimethylstannylation was developed and optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbing Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States.,Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University , West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Robert H Crabtree
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States.,Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University , West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Gary W Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States.,Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University , West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
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16
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Koepf M, Koenigsmann C, Ding W, Batra A, Negre CFA, Venkataraman L, Brudvig GW, Batista VS, Schmuttenmaer CA, Crabtree RH. Controlling the rectification properties of molecular junctions through molecule-electrode coupling. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:16357-16362. [PMID: 27722662 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr04830g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of molecular components functioning as switches, rectifiers or amplifiers is a great challenge in molecular electronics. A desirable property of such components is functional robustness, meaning that the intrinsic functionality of components must be preserved regardless of the strategy used to integrate them into the final assemblies. Here, this issue is investigated for molecular diodes based on N-phenylbenzamide (NPBA) backbones. The transport properties of molecular junctions derived from NPBA are characterized while varying the nature of the functional groups interfacing the backbone and the gold electrodes required for break-junction measurements. Combining experimental and theoretical methods, it is shown that at low bias (<0.85 V) transport is determined by the same frontier molecular orbital originating from the NPBA core, regardless of the anchoring group employed. The magnitude of rectification, however, is strongly dependent on the strength of the electronic coupling at the gold-NPBA interface and on the spatial distribution of the local density of states of the dominant transport channel of the molecular junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Koepf
- Department of Chemistry & Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, USA.
| | - Christopher Koenigsmann
- Department of Chemistry & Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, USA.
| | - Wendu Ding
- Department of Chemistry & Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, USA.
| | - Arunbah Batra
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, Mail Code: 4701, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Christian F A Negre
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Latha Venkataraman
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, Mail Code: 4701, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Gary W Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry & Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, USA.
| | - Victor S Batista
- Department of Chemistry & Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, USA.
| | - Charles A Schmuttenmaer
- Department of Chemistry & Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, USA.
| | - Robert H Crabtree
- Department of Chemistry & Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, USA.
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17
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Hybertsen MS, Venkataraman L. Structure-Property Relationships in Atomic-Scale Junctions: Histograms and Beyond. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:452-60. [PMID: 26938931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 10 years, there has been tremendous progress in the measurement, modeling and understanding of structure-function relationships in single molecule junctions. Numerous research groups have addressed significant scientific questions, directed both to conductance phenomena at the single molecule level and to the fundamental chemistry that controls junction functionality. Many different functionalities have been demonstrated, including single-molecule diodes, optically and mechanically activated switches, and, significantly, physical phenomena with no classical analogues, such as those based on quantum interference effects. Experimental techniques for reliable and reproducible single molecule junction formation and characterization have led to this progress. In particular, the scanning tunneling microscope based break-junction (STM-BJ) technique has enabled rapid, sequential measurement of large numbers of nanoscale junctions allowing a statistical analysis to readily distinguish reproducible characteristics. Harnessing fundamental link chemistry has provided the necessary chemical control over junction formation, enabling measurements that revealed clear relationships between molecular structure and conductance characteristics. Such link groups (amines, methylsuflides, pyridines, etc.) maintain a stable lone pair configuration that selectively bonds to specific, undercoordinated transition metal atoms available following rupture of a metal point contact in the STM-BJ experiments. This basic chemical principle rationalizes the observation of highly reproducible conductance signatures. Subsequently, the method has been extended to probe a variety of physical phenomena ranging from basic I-V characteristics to more complex properties such as thermopower and electrochemical response. By adapting the technique to a conducting cantilever atomic force microscope (AFM-BJ), simultaneous measurement of the mechanical characteristics of nanoscale junctions as they are pulled apart has given complementary information such as the stiffness and rupture force of the molecule-metal link bond. Overall, while the BJ technique does not produce a single molecule circuit for practical applications, it has proved remarkably versatile for fundamental studies. Measured data and analysis have been combined with atomic-scale theory and calculations, typically performed for representative junction structures, to provide fundamental physical understanding of structure-function relationships. This Account integrates across an extensive series of our specific nanoscale junction studies which were carried out with the STM- and AFM-BJ techniques and supported by theoretical analysis and density functional theory based calculations, with emphasis on the physical characteristics of the measurement process and the rich data sets that emerge. Several examples illustrate the impact of measured trends based on the most probable values for key characteristics (obtained from ensembles of order 1000-10 000 individual junctions) to build a solid picture of conductance phenomena as well as attributes of the link bond chemistry. The key forward-looking question posed here is the extent to which the full data sets represented by the individual trajectories can be analyzed to address structure-function questions at the level of individual junctions. Initial progress toward physical modeling of conductance of individual junctions indicates trends consistent with physical junction structures. Analysis of junction mechanics reveals a scaling procedure that collapses existing data onto a universal force-extension curve. This research directed to understanding the distribution of structures and physical characteristics addresses fundamental questions concerning the interplay between chemical control and stochastically driven diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S. Hybertsen
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Latha Venkataraman
- Department
of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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18
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Pla-Vilanova P, Aragonès AC, Ciampi S, Sanz F, Darwish N, Diez-Perez I. The spontaneous formation of single-molecule junctions via terminal alkynes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:381001. [PMID: 26314486 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/38/381001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the spontaneous formation of single-molecule junctions via terminal alkyne contact groups. Self-assembled monolayers that form spontaneously from diluted solutions of 1, 4-diethynylbenzene (DEB) were used to build single-molecule contacts and assessed using the scanning tunneling microscopy-break junction technique (STM-BJ). The STM-BJ technique in both its dynamic and static approaches was used to characterize the lifetime (stability) and the conductivity of a single-DEB wire. It is demonstrated that single-molecule junctions form spontaneously with terminal alkynes and require no electrochemical control or chemical deprotonation. The alkyne anchoring group was compared against typical contact groups exploited in single-molecule studies, i.e. amine (benzenediamine) and thiol (benzendithiol) contact groups. The alkyne contact showed a conductance magnitude comparable to that observed with amine and thiol groups. The lifetime of the junctions formed from alkynes were only slightly less than that of thiols and greater than that observed for amines. These findings are important as (a) they extend the repertoire of chemical contacts used in single-molecule measurements to 1-alkynes, which are synthetically accessible and stable and (b) alkynes have a remarkable affinity toward silicon surfaces, hence opening the door for the study of single-molecule transport on a semiconducting electronic platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pepita Pla-Vilanova
- Departament de Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, and Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Baldiri Reixac 15-21, E-08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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19
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Kaletová E, Kohutová A, Hajduch J, Kaleta J, Bastl Z, Pospíšil L, Stibor I, Magnera TF, Michl J. The Scope of Direct Alkylation of Gold Surface with Solutions of C1-C4 n-Alkylstannanes. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:12086-99. [PMID: 26327466 PMCID: PMC4704782 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b07672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of cleaned gold surfaces with dilute tetrahydrofuran or chloroform solutions of tetraalkylstannanes (alkyl = methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl) or di-n-butylmethylstannyl tosylate under ambient conditions causes a self-limited growth of disordered monolayers consisting of alkyls and tin oxide. Extensive use of deuterium labeling showed that the alkyls originate from the stannane and not from ambient impurities, and that trialkylstannyl groups are absent in the monolayers, contrary to previous proposals. Methyl groups attached to the Sn atom are not transferred to the surface. Ethyl groups are transferred slowly, and propyl and butyl rapidly. In all cases, tin oxide is codeposited in submonolayer amounts. The monolayers were characterized by ellipsometry, contact angle goniometry, polarization modulated IR reflection absorption spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with ferrocyanide/ferricyanide, which revealed a very low charge-transfer resistance. The thermal stability of the monolayers and their resistance to solvents are comparable with those of an n-octadecanethiol monolayer. A preliminary examination of the kinetics of monolayer deposition from a THF solution of tetra-n-butylstannane revealed an approximately half-order dependence on the bulk solution concentration of the stannane, hinting that more than one alkyl can be transferred from a single stannane molecule. A detailed structure of the attachment of the alkyl groups is not known, and it is proposed that it involves direct single or multiple bonding of one or more C atoms to one or more Au atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kaletová
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy
of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Kohutová
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy
of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hajduch
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy
of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kaleta
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy
of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Bastl
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Pospíšil
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Stibor
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy
of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas F. Magnera
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Josef Michl
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy
of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
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