1
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Pei W, Hou L, Yang J, Zhou S, Zhao J. Doping-mediated excited state dynamics of diphosphine-protected M@Au 12 (M = Au, Ir) superatom nanoclusters. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 39004999 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr02051k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Doping heterometal atoms into ligand-protected gold superatom nanoclusters (Aun NCs) is proposed to further diversify their geometrical and electronic structures and enhance their photoluminescence properties, which is attributed to the mixing and effects between atoms. However, the fundamental principles that govern the optoelectronic properties of the doped Aun NCs remain elusive. Herein, we systematically explored two prototypical 8-electron Aun (n = 11 and 13) NCs with and without Ir dopant atoms using comprehensive ab initio calculations and real-time nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations. These doped Aun NCs maintain their parent geometrical structures and 8-electron superatomic configuration (1S21P6). Strong core-shell (Ir-Aun) electronic coupling significantly expands the energy gap, resulting in a weak nonadiabatic coupling matrix element, which in turn increases the carrier lifetime. This increase is mainly governed by the low-frequency vibration mode. We uncovered the relationship between electronic structures, electron-vibration, and carrier dynamics for these doped Aun NCs. These calculated results provide crucial insights for the atomically precise design of metal NCs with superior optoelectronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Pei
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Lei Hou
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Si Zhou
- Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Structure and Fundamental Interactions of Matter, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Quantum Matter, Frontier Research Institute for Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jijun Zhao
- Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Structure and Fundamental Interactions of Matter, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Quantum Matter, Frontier Research Institute for Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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2
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Tang J, Xu N, Ren A, Ma L, Xu W, Han Z, Chen Z, Li Q. Two-Orders-of-Magnitude Enhancement of Photoinitiation Activity via a Simple Surface Engineering of Metal Nanoclusters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403645. [PMID: 38530138 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Development of high-performance photoinitiator is the key to enhance the printing speed, structure resolution and product quality in 3D laser printing. Here, to improve the printing efficiency of 3D laser nanoprinting, we investigate the underlying photochemistry of gold and silver nanocluster initiators under multiphoton laser excitation. Experimental results and DFT calculations reveal the high cleavage probability of the surface S-C bonds in gold and silver nanoclusters which generate multiple radicals. Based on this understanding, we design several alkyl-thiolated gold nanoclusters and achieve a more than two-orders-of-magnitude enhancement of photoinitiation activity, as well as a significant improvement in printing resolution and fabrication window. Overall, this work for the first time unveils the detailed radical formation pathways of gold and silver nanoclusters under multiphoton activation and substantially improves their photoinitiation sensitivity via surface engineering, which pushes the limit of the printing efficiency of 3D laser lithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Tang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ning Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Department of Physics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - An Ren
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems. School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Liang Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems. School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wenwu Xu
- Department of Physics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Zhongkang Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zijie Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qi Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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3
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Bai M, Qin L, Zeng XM, Wu M, Yao LY, Yang GY. Dithiocarbonate-Protected Au 25 Nanorods of a Chiral D5 Configuration and NIR-II Phosphorescence. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12734-12742. [PMID: 38592928 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Innovative surface-protecting ligands are in constant demand due to their crucial role in shaping the configuration, property, and application of gold nanoclusters. Here, the unprecedented O-ethyl dithiocarbonate (DTX)-stabilized atomically precise gold nanoclusters, [Au25(PPh3)10(DTX)5Cl2]2+ (Au25DTX-Cl) and [Au25(PPh3)10(DTX)5Br2]2+ (Au25DTX-Br), were synthesized and structurally characterized. The introduction of bidentate DTX ligands not only endowed the gold nanocluster with unique staggered Au25 nanorod configurations but also generated the symmetry breaking from the D5d geometry of the Au25 kernels to the chiral D5 configuration of the Au25 molecules. The chirality of Au25 nanorods was notably revealed through single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and chiral separation was induced by employing chiral DTX ligands. The staggered configurations of Au25 nanorods, as opposed to eclipsed ones, were responsible for the large red shift in the emission wavelengths, giving rise to a promising near-infrared II (NIR-II, >1000 nm) phosphorescence. Furthermore, their performances in photocatalytic sulfide oxidation and electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reactions have been examined, and it has been demonstrated that the outstanding catalytic activity of gold nanoclusters is highly related to their stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengge Bai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
| | - Lin Qin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Ming Zeng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
| | - Minjian Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
| | - Liao-Yuan Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Yu Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
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4
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Ma QQ, Zhai XJ, Huang JH, Si Y, Dong XY, Zang SQ, Mak TCW. Construction of novel Ag(0)-containing silver nanoclusters by regulating auxiliary phosphine ligands. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 38660780 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01152j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Controlled synthesis of metal clusters through minor changes in surface ligands holds significant interest because the corresponding entities serve as ideal models for investigating the ligand environment's stereochemical and electronic contributions that impact the corresponding structures and properties of metal clusters. In this work, we obtained two Ag(0)-containing nanoclusters (Ag17 and Ag32) with near-infrared emissions by regulating phosphine auxiliary ligands. Ag17 and Ag32 bear similar shells wherein Ag17 features a trigonal bipyramid Ag5 kernel while Ag32 has a bi-icosahedral interpenetrating an Ag20 kernel. Ag17 and Ag32 showed a near-infrared emission (NIR) of around 830 nm. Benefiting from the rigid structure, Ag17 displayed a more intense near-infrared emission than Ag32. This work provides new insight into the construction of novel superatomic silver nanoclusters by regulating phosphine ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Ma
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Xue-Jing Zhai
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Jia-Hong Huang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Yubing Si
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Xi-Yan Dong
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
| | - Shuang-Quan Zang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Thomas C W Mak
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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5
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Albright EL, Levchenko TI, Kulkarni VK, Sullivan AI, DeJesus JF, Malola S, Takano S, Nambo M, Stamplecoskie K, Häkkinen H, Tsukuda T, Crudden CM. N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Stabilized Atomically Precise Metal Nanoclusters. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5759-5780. [PMID: 38373254 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
This perspective highlights advances in the preparation and understanding of metal nanoclusters stabilized by organic ligands with a focus on N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs). We demonstrate the need for a clear understanding of the relationship between NHC properties and their resulting metal nanocluster structure and properties. We emphasize the importance of balancing nanocluster stability with the introduction of reactive sites for catalytic applications and the importance of a better understanding of how these clusters interact with their environments for effective use in biological applications. The impact of atom-scale simulations, development of atomic interaction potentials suitable for large-scale molecular dynamics simulations, and a deeper understanding of the mechanisms behind synthetic methods and physical properties (e.g., the bright fluorescence displayed by many clusters) are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Albright
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Tetyana I Levchenko
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Viveka K Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Angus I Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Joseph F DeJesus
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Sami Malola
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Shinjiro Takano
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masakazu Nambo
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kevin Stamplecoskie
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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6
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Zhou H, Duan T, Lin Z, Yang T, Deng H, Jin S, Pei Y, Zhu M. Total Structure, Structural Transformation and Catalytic Hydrogenation of [Cu 41 (SC 6 H 3 F 2 ) 15 Cl 3 (P(PhF) 3 ) 6 (H) 25 ] 2- Constructed from Twisted Cu 13 Units. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307085. [PMID: 38064120 PMCID: PMC10870033 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Herein, a remarkable achievement in the synthesis and characterization of an atomically precise copper-hydride nanocluster, [Cu41 (SC6 H3 F2 )15 Cl3 (P(PhF)3 )6 (H)25 ]2- via a mild one-pot reaction is presented. Through X-ray crystallography analysis, it is revealed that [Cu41 (SC6 H3 F2 )15 Cl3 (P(PhF)3 )6 (H)25 ]2- exhibits a unique shell-core-shell structure. The inner Cu29 kernel is composed of three twisted Cu13 units, connected through Cu4 face sharing. Surrounding the metal core, two Cu6 metal shells, resembling a protective sandwich structure are observed. This arrangement, along with intracluster π···π interactions and intercluster C─H···F─C interactions, contributes to the enhanced stability of [Cu41 (SC6 H3 F2 )15 Cl3 (P(PhF)3 )6 (H)25 ]2- . The presence, number, and location of hydrides within the nanocluster are established through a combination of experimental and density functional theory investigations. Notably, the addition of a phosphine ligand triggers a fascinating nanocluster-to-nanocluster transformation in [Cu41 (SC6 H3 F2 )15 Cl3 (P(PhF)3 )6 (H)25 ]2- , resulting in the generation of two nanoclusters, [Cu14 (SC6 H3 F2 )3 (PPh3 )8 H10 ]+ and [Cu13 (SC6 H3 F2 )3 (P(PhF)3 )7 H10 ]0 . Furthermore, it is demonstrated that [Cu41 (SC6 H3 F2 )15 Cl3 (P(PhF)3 )6 (H)25 ]2- exhibits catalytic activity in the hydrogenation of nitroarenes. This intriguing nanocluster provides a unique opportunity to explore the assembly of M13 units, similar to other coinage metal nanoclusters, and investigate the nanocluster-to-nanocluster transformation in phosphine and thiol ligand co-protected copper nanoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zhou
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced MaterialsKey Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of EducationDepartment of Chemistry and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized MaterialsAnhui UniversityHefeiAnhui230601China
| | - Tengfei Duan
- Department of ChemistryKey Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of MOEXiangtan UniversityXiangtanHunan411105China
| | - Zidong Lin
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced MaterialsKey Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of EducationDepartment of Chemistry and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized MaterialsAnhui UniversityHefeiAnhui230601China
| | - Tao Yang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced MaterialsKey Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of EducationDepartment of Chemistry and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized MaterialsAnhui UniversityHefeiAnhui230601China
| | - Huijuan Deng
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced MaterialsKey Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of EducationDepartment of Chemistry and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized MaterialsAnhui UniversityHefeiAnhui230601China
| | - Shan Jin
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced MaterialsKey Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of EducationDepartment of Chemistry and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized MaterialsAnhui UniversityHefeiAnhui230601China
| | - Yong Pei
- Department of ChemistryKey Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of MOEXiangtan UniversityXiangtanHunan411105China
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced MaterialsKey Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of EducationDepartment of Chemistry and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized MaterialsAnhui UniversityHefeiAnhui230601China
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7
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Bose P, Kumaranchira Ramankutty K, Chakraborty P, Khatun E, Pradeep T. A concise guide to chemical reactions of atomically precise noble metal nanoclusters. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:1446-1470. [PMID: 38032061 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05128e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) with atomic precision, known as nanoclusters (NCs), are an emerging field in materials science in view of their fascinating structure-property relationships. Ultrasmall noble metal NPs have molecule-like properties that make them fundamentally unique compared with their plasmonic counterparts and bulk materials. In this review, we present a comprehensive account of the chemistry of monolayer-protected atomically precise noble metal nanoclusters with a focus on the chemical reactions, their diversity, associated kinetics, and implications. To begin with, we briefly review the history of the evolution of such precision materials. Then the review explores the diverse chemistry of noble metal nanoclusters, including ligand exchange reactions, ligand-induced structural transformations, and reactions with metal ions, metal thiolates, and halocarbons. Just as molecules do, these precision materials also undergo intercluster reactions in solution. Supramolecular forces between these systems facilitate the creation of well-defined hierarchical assemblies, composites, and hybrid materials. We conclude the review with a future perspective and scope of such chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulami Bose
- DST Unit of Nanoscience & Thematic Unit of Excellence, HSB 148, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Krishnadas Kumaranchira Ramankutty
- DST Unit of Nanoscience & Thematic Unit of Excellence, HSB 148, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Papri Chakraborty
- DST Unit of Nanoscience & Thematic Unit of Excellence, HSB 148, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Esma Khatun
- DST Unit of Nanoscience & Thematic Unit of Excellence, HSB 148, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- DST Unit of Nanoscience & Thematic Unit of Excellence, HSB 148, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, Tamil Nadu, India.
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8
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Liu C, Li Y, He Z, Yang Y, Wu C, Fan W, Xu WW, Li MB. Reduction-Oxidation Cascade Strategy for Reforming a Au 13-Kerneled Gold Thiolate Nanocluster. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:11558-11564. [PMID: 38096134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoclusters protected by thiolate ligands are ideal models for investigating the structure-property correlation of nanomaterals. Introducing relatively weak coordinating ligands into gold thiolate nanoclusters and thus reforming their structures is beneficial for further releasing their activities. However, controlling the selectivity of the process is a challenging task. In this work, we report a cascade strategy for deeply and purposefully reforming the structures of gold thiolate nanoclusters, exemplified by a Au13-kerneled Au23 nanocluster. Specifically, weakly coordinated triphenylphosphine was utilized to reduce (activate) the surface of Au23, enabling its further structural reformation by the following oxidation step. A structurally distinctive Au20 nanocluster was obtained based on this reduction-oxidation cascade strategy. Mechanism studies reveal that both the reduction and oxidation steps and their working sequence are critical for the transformation. Theoretical and experimental results all indicate that the deep structural reformation results in the evolution of the electronic and photoluminescent properties of the gold thiolate nanocluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P.R. China
| | - Yanshuang Li
- Department of Physics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P.R. China
| | - Zongbing He
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P.R. China
| | - Ying Yang
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, Anhui 237015, P.R. China
| | - Chao Wu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P.R. China
| | - Weigang Fan
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P.R. China
| | - Wen Wu Xu
- Department of Physics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P.R. China
| | - Man-Bo Li
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P.R. China
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9
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Wang Z, Gupta RK, Alkan F, Han BL, Feng L, Huang XQ, Gao ZY, Tung CH, Sun D. Dicarboxylic Acids Induced Tandem Transformation of Silver Nanocluster. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19523-19532. [PMID: 37646485 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Structural transformation of metal nanoclusters (NCs) is of great ongoing interest regarding their synthesis, stability, and reactivity. Although sporadic examples of cluster transformations have been reported, neither the underlying transformation mechanism nor the intermediates are unambiguous. Herein, we have synthesized a flexible 54-nuclei silver cluster (Ag54) by combining soft (tBuC≡C-) and hard (nPrCOO-) ligands. The existence of weakly coordinated nPrCOO- enhances the reactivity of Ag54, thus facilitating the dicarboxylic acid to induce structural transformation. X-ray structural analyses reveal that Ag54 transforms to Ag28 cluster-based 2D networks (Ag28a and Ag28b) induced by H2suc (succinic acid) and H2glu (glutaric acid), whereas with H2pda (2,2'-(1,2-phenylene)diacetic acid), a discrete Ag28 cluster (Ag28c) is isolated. The key intermediate Ag17 that emerges during the self-dissociation of Ag54 was isolated by using cryogenic recrystallization and characterized by X-ray crystallography. The "tandem transformation" mechanism for the structure evolution from Ag54 to Ag28a is established by time-dependent electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and UV-vis spectroscopy. In addition, the catalytic activity in the 4-nitrophenol reduction follows the sequence Ag28c > Ag28b > Ag28a > Ag54 due to more bare silver sites on the surface of the Ag28 cluster unit. Our findings not only open new avenues to the synthesis of silver NCs but also shed light on a better understanding of the structural transformation mechanism from one cluster to another or cluster-based metal-organic networks induced by dicarboxylates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Rakesh Kumar Gupta
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Fahri Alkan
- Department of Nanotechnology Engineering, Abdullah Gül University, Kayseri, 38080, Turkey
| | - Bao-Liang Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Qiang Huang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Yong Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
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10
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Zou X, Kang X, Zhu M. Recent developments in the investigation of driving forces for transforming coinage metal nanoclusters. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5892-5967. [PMID: 37577838 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00876a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanoclusters serve as an emerging class of modular nanomaterials. The transformation of metal nanoclusters has been fully reflected in their studies from every aspect, including the structural evolution analysis, physicochemical property regulation, and practical application promotion. In this review, we highlight the driving forces for transforming atomically precise metal nanoclusters and summarize the related transforming principles and fundamentals. Several driving forces for transforming nanoclusters are meticulously reviewed herein: ligand-exchange-induced transformations, metal-exchange-induced transformations, intercluster reactions, photochemical transformations, oxidation/reduction-induced transformations, and other factors (intrinsic instability, pH, temperature, and metal salts) triggering transformations. The exploitation of transforming principles to customize the preparations, structures, physicochemical properties, and practical applications of metal nanoclusters is also disclosed. At the end of this review, we provide our perspectives and highlight the challenges remaining for future research on the transformation of metal nanoclusters. Our intended audience is the broader scientific community interested in metal nanoclusters, and we believe that this review will provide researchers with a comprehensive synthetic toolbox and insights on the research fundamentals needed to realize more cluster-based nanomaterials with customized compositions, structures, and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejuan Zou
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.
| | - Xi Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.
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11
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Yu JH, Yuan ZR, Xu J, Wang JG, Azam M, Li TD, Li YZ, Sun D. Monoarsine-protected icosahedral cluster [Au 13(AsPh 3) 8Cl 4] +: comparative studies on ligand effect and surface reactivity with its stibine analogue. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6564-6571. [PMID: 37350827 PMCID: PMC10283507 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01311a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ligand shells of gold nanoclusters play important roles in regulating their molecular and electronic structures. However, the similar but distinct impacts of the homologous analogues of the protecting ligands remain elusive. The C2v symmetric monoarsine-protected cluster [Au13(AsPh3)8Cl4]+ (Au13As8) was facilely prepared by direct reduction of (Ph3As)AuCl with NaBH4. This cluster is isostructural with its previously reported stibine analogue [Au13(SbPh3)8Cl4]+ (Au13Sb8), enabling a comparative study between them. Au13As8 exhibits a blue-shifted electronic absorption band, and this is probably related to the stronger π-back donation interactions between the Au13 core and AsPh3 ligands, which destabilize its superatomic 1P and 1D orbitals. In comparison to the thermodynamically less stable Au13Sb8, Au13As8 achieves a better trade-off between catalytic stability and activity, as demonstrated by its excellent catalytic performance towards the aldehyde-alkyne-amine (A3) coupling reaction. Moreover, the ligand exchange reactions between Au13As8 with phosphines, as exemplified by PPh3 and Ph2P(CH2)2PPh2, suggest that Au13As8 may be a good precursor cluster for further cluster preparation through the "cluster-to-cluster" route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiu-Hong Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Ji'nan 250353 P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Rui Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Ji'nan 250353 P. R. China
| | - Jing Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Ji'nan 250353 P. R. China
| | - Jin-Gui Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Ji'nan 250353 P. R. China
| | - Mohammad Azam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University P. O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Tian-Duo Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Ji'nan 250353 P. R. China
| | - Ying-Zhou Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Ji'nan 250353 P. R. China
| | - Di Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University Ji'nan 250100 P. R. China
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12
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Zhang C, Ding M, Ren Y, Ma A, Yin Z, Ma X, Wang S. The smallest superatom Au 4(PPh 3) 4I 2 with two free electrons: synthesis, structure analysis, and electrocatalytic conversion of CO 2 to CO. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:3287-3292. [PMID: 37325530 PMCID: PMC10262971 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00191a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Atomically precise metal nanoclusters (NCs) have emerged as a new class of ultrasmall nanoparticles with both free valence electrons and precise structures (from the metal core to the organic ligand shell) and provide great opportunities to understand the relationship between their structures and properties, such as electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (eCO2RR) performance, at the atomic level. Herein, we report the synthesis and the overall structure of the phosphine and iodine co-protected Au4(PPh3)4I2 (Au4) NC, which is the smallest multinuclear Au superatom with two free e- reported so far. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction reveals a tetrahedral Au4 core stabilized by four phosphines and two iodides. Interestingly, the Au4 NC exhibits much higher catalytic selectivity for CO (FECO: > 60%) at more positive potentials (from -0.6 to -0.7 V vs. RHE) than Au11(PPh3)7I3 (FECO: < 60%), a larger 8 e- superatom, and Au(i)PPh3Cl complex; whereas the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) dominates the electrocatalysis when the potential becomes more negative (FEH2 of Au4 = 85.8% at -1.2 V vs. RHE). Structural and electronic analyses reveal that the Au4 tetrahedron becomes unstable at more negative reduction potentials, resulting in decomposition and aggregation, and consequently the decay in catalytic performance of Au based catalysts towards the eCO2RR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 Shandong P. R. China
| | - Mei Ding
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 Shandong P. R. China
| | - Yonggang Ren
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 Shandong P. R. China
| | - Along Ma
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 Shandong P. R. China
| | - Zhengmao Yin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 Shandong P. R. China
| | - Xiaoshuang Ma
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 Shandong P. R. China
| | - Shuxin Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 Shandong P. R. China
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13
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Horita Y, Ishimi M, Negishi Y. Anion-templated silver nanoclusters: precise synthesis and geometric structure. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2023; 24:2203832. [PMID: 37251258 PMCID: PMC10215029 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2023.2203832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanoclusters (NCs) are gaining much attention in nanoscale materials research because they exhibit size-specific physicochemical properties that are not observed in the corresponding bulk metals. Among them, silver (Ag) NCs can be precisely synthesized not only as pure Ag NCs but also as anion-templated Ag NCs. For anion-templated Ag NCs, we can expect the following capabilities: 1) size and shape control by regulating the central anion (anion template); 2) stabilization by adjusting the charge interaction between the central anion and surrounding Ag atoms; and 3) functionalization by selecting the type of central anion. In this review, we summarize the synthesis methods and influences of the central anion on the geometric structure of anion-templated Ag NCs, which include halide ions, chalcogenide ions, oxoanions, polyoxometalate, or hydride/deuteride as the central anion. This summary provides a reference for the current state of anion-templated Ag NCs, which may promote the development of anion-templated Ag NCs with novel geometric structures and physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Horita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
| | - Mai Ishimi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
- Research Institute for Science & Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
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14
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Singh KK, Bhattacharyya A, Havenridge S, Ghabin M, Ausmann H, Siegler MA, Aikens CM, Das A. A first glance into mixed phosphine-stibine moieties as protecting ligands for gold clusters. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:6934-6940. [PMID: 37009838 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05497c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Atomically precise gold clusters have attracted considerable research interest as their tunable structure-property relationships have resulted in widespread applications, from sensing and biomedicine to energetic materials and catalysis. In this article, the synthesis and optical properties of a novel [Au6(SbP3)2][PF6]2 cluster are reported. Despite the lack of spherical symmetry in the core, the cluster shows exceptional thermal and chemical stability. Detailed structural attributes and optical properties are evaluated experimentally and theoretically. This, to the best of our knowledge, is the first report of a gold cluster protected via synergistic multidentate coordination of stibine (Sb) and phosphine moieties (P). To further show that the latter moieties give a set of unique properties that differs from monodentate phosphine-protected [Au6(PPh3)6]2+, geometric structure, electronic structure, and optical properties are analyzed theoretically. In addition, this report also demonstrates the critical role of overall-ligand architecture in stabilizing mixed ligand-protected gold clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundan K Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, USA.
| | - Ayan Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, USA.
| | - Shana Havenridge
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.
| | - Mohamed Ghabin
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, USA.
| | - Hagan Ausmann
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, USA.
| | - Maxime A Siegler
- Department of Chemistry, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Christine M Aikens
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.
| | - Anindita Das
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, USA.
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15
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Wei J, MacLeod Carey D, Halet JF, Kahlal S, Saillard JY, Muñoz-Castro A. From 8- to 18-Cluster Electrons Superatoms: Evaluation via DFT Calculations of the Ligand-Protected W@Au 12(dppm) 6 Cluster Displaying Distinctive Electronic and Optical Properties. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:3047-3055. [PMID: 36734972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The iconic W@Au12 icosahedral bare cluster reaches the favorable closed-shell superatomic electron configuration 1S2 1P6 1D10, making it an 18-cluster electron (18-ce) superatom. Here, we pursue the evaluation of a ligand-protected counterpart based on the construction of a fully phosphine-protected [W@Au12(dppm)6] cluster strongly related to the characterized [Au13(dppm)6]5+ homometallic counterpart. The later cluster has the same total number of valence electrons as the former but is considered an 8-ce superatom with 1S2 1P6 configuration. The fundamental differences between 8- and 18-ce species are investigated. The character of the frontier orbitals varies from 1P/1D in the 8-ce case to a 1D/ligand for 18-ce species, enabling an efficient charge transfer toward the ligands upon irradiation, being interesting for electron injection in optoelectronic devices and black absorbers applications. Excited-state properties are also revisited, showing different geometrical and electronic structure variations between 8- and 18-ce species. Moreover, the continuum between the 8- and 18-ce limits has been explored by varying the nature of the encapsulated dopant between group 6 and group 11. The transition between the 8- and 18-ce counts can be formally situated between Pt (8-ce) and Ir (18-ce). Thus, 18-ce derivatives obtained as doped counterparts of homometallic gold clusters can introduce useful alternatives to achieve different properties in related structural motifs, which can be further explored owing to their extension of the well-established versatility of current gold nanoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Wei
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR) - UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, CNRS, F-35000Rennes, France
| | - Desmond MacLeod Carey
- Grupo de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux 2801, Santiago7500912, Chile
| | - Jean-François Halet
- CNRS-Saint-Gobain-NIMS, IRL 3629, Laboratory for Innovative Key Materials and Structures (LINK), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba305-0044, Japan
| | - Samia Kahlal
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR) - UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, CNRS, F-35000Rennes, France
| | - Jean-Yves Saillard
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR) - UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, CNRS, F-35000Rennes, France
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad San Sebastián, Bellavista 7, Santiago8420524, Chile
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16
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Truttmann V, Schrenk F, Marini C, Palma M, Sanchez-Sanchez M, Rameshan C, Agostini G, Barrabés N. Structural evolution after oxidative pretreatment and CO oxidation of Au nanoclusters with different ligand shell composition: a view on the Au core. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:3622-3628. [PMID: 36655719 PMCID: PMC9890638 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04498f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity of supported monolayer protected Au nanoclusters is directly affected by their structural dynamics under pretreatment and reaction conditions. The effect of different types of ligands of Au clusters supported on CeO2 on their core structure evolution, under oxidative pretreatment and CO oxidation reaction, was investigated. X-ray absorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies revealed that the clusters evolve to a similar core structure above 250 °C in all the cases, indicating the active role of the ligand-support interaction in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Truttmann
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU WienGetreidemarkt 9/165Vienna 1060Austria
| | - Florian Schrenk
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU WienGetreidemarkt 9/165Vienna 1060Austria,Chair of Physical Chemistry, Montanuniversität LeobenFranz-Josef-Straße 18Leoben 8700Austria
| | - Carlo Marini
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Facility, Carrer de la Llum 2-26Cerdanyola del VallesBarcelona 08290Spain
| | - Mireia Palma
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU WienGetreidemarkt 9/166Vienna 1060Austria
| | - Maricruz Sanchez-Sanchez
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU WienGetreidemarkt 9/166Vienna 1060Austria
| | - Christoph Rameshan
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU WienGetreidemarkt 9/165Vienna 1060Austria,Chair of Physical Chemistry, Montanuniversität LeobenFranz-Josef-Straße 18Leoben 8700Austria
| | - Giovanni Agostini
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Facility, Carrer de la Llum 2-26Cerdanyola del VallesBarcelona 08290Spain
| | - Noelia Barrabés
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU WienGetreidemarkt 9/165Vienna 1060Austria
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17
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Ajioka H, Komada M, Yao H. Mixed-ligand strategy for synthesizing water-soluble chiral gold clusters with phosphine ligands. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:29223-29231. [PMID: 36445264 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04021b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Water-soluble chiral metal clusters have drawn much attention by virtue of their fascinating physicochemical properties and potential biomedical applications, but currently, phosphine-protected Au clusters with both chirality and water-solubility are still very limited. In this article, we demonstrate a mixed-ligand strategy for the facile synthesis of atomically precise, water-soluble chiral Au clusters protected by phosphine alone. The clusters are obtained by the reduction of aurate ions in the presence of a phosphine mixture consisting of highly hydrophilic monophosphine (i.e., triphenylphosphine trisulfonate; TPPTS) and hydrophobic chiral diphosphine (i.e., S-Segphos or S-BINAP), both of which are commercially available. The clusters are size/composition-separated via gel electrophoresis, and notably, heptanuclear cluster Au7(S-Segphos)3(TPPTS)2 exhibits a large chiroptical activity with the maximum anisotropy factor (g-factor) of 4.7 × 10-3, one of the largest values in such Au clusters. Quantum chemical calculations for model Au7 cluster species suggest two important factors to obtain large chiroptical activity: (i) more than two axially-chiral diphosphine ligands, and (ii) the absence of configurational isomer averaging. Consequently, despite the experimental use of a mixture containing both chiral and achiral phosphines, a large chiroptical activity can be created in Au clusters with high water-solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiyori Ajioka
- Division of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Mayuko Komada
- Division of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Yao
- Division of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
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18
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Wang J, Xu F, Wang ZY, Zang SQ, Mak TCW. Ligand-Shell Engineering of a Au 28 Nanocluster Boosts Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207492. [PMID: 35672264 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Subtle tailoring of gold nanoclusters (NCs) could significantly change their physicochemical properties. However, direct comparison of the catalytic performance of gold NCs with identical metal cores but distinct ligand shells is rarely elucidated. In this work, a novel gold NC, Au28 (C2 B10 H11 S)12 (tht)4 Cl4 (Au28 -S), was isolated by a facile self-reducing synthesis. Au28 -S adopts an identical Au28 metal framework to that of the reported alkynyl-protected Au28 -C. The different protective layers lead to distinctions in their electronic structure and optical properties. Furthermore, Au28 -S shows better catalytic activity for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO. Theoretical calculations identified the active sites and shed light on the catalytic mechanism to elucidate the different catalytic performances. This work provides an ideal platform to study the protective layer-activity relationship of gold NCs, and may also provide guidance in the design of metal NC-based catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials, Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Fan Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials, Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zhao-Yang Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials, Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Shuang-Quan Zang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials, Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Thomas C W Mak
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials, Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.,Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
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19
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Dong J, Robinson JR, Gao ZH, Wang LS. Selective Semihydrogenation of Polarized Alkynes by a Gold Hydride Nanocluster. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12501-12509. [PMID: 35771170 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The hydridic hydrogen in nanogold catalysts has long been postulated as an important intermediate in hydrogenation reactions, but it has not been directly observed. Here, we report the synthesis of a new undecagold cluster with a bidentate phosphine ligand. The chelating effects of the bidentate ligand result in a more symmetric Au11 core with two labile Cl- ligands that can exchange with BH4-, leading to a novel undecagold hydride cluster. The new hydride cluster is discovered to readily undergo hydroauration reaction with alkynes containing electron-withdrawing groups, forming key gold-alkenyl semihydrogenation intermediates, which can be efficiently and selectively converted to Z-alkenes under acidic conditions. All key reaction intermediates are isolated and characterized, providing atomic-level insights into the active sites and mechanisms of semihydrogenation reactions catalyzed by gold-based nanomaterials. The hydridic hydrogen in the undecagold cluster is found to be the key to prevent over hydrogenation of alkenes to alkanes. The current study provides fundamental insights into hydrogenation chemistry enabled by gold-based nanomaterials and may lead to the development of efficient catalysts for selective semihydrogenation or functionalization of alkynes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Jerome R Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Ze-Hua Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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20
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Wang J, Xu F, Wang ZY, Zang SQ, Mak TCW. Ligand‐Shell Engineering of a Au28 Nanocluster Boosts Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Zhengzhou University College of Chemistry 450001 Zhengzhou CHINA
| | - Fan Xu
- Zhengzhou University College of Chemistry 450001 Zhengzhou CHINA
| | - Zhao-Yang Wang
- Zhengzhou University College of Chemisty 450001 Zhengzhou CHINA
| | - Shuang-Quan Zang
- Zhengzhou University No 100. Kexue Avenue 450001 Zhengzhou CHINA
| | - Thomas C. W. Mak
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong Department of Chemistry Hongkong CHINA
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21
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Ndugire W, Raviranga NGH, Lao J, Ramström O, Yan M. Gold Nanoclusters as Nanoantibiotic Auranofin Analogues. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101032. [PMID: 34350709 PMCID: PMC8816973 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Auranofin, a gold(I)-complex with tetraacetylated thioglucose (Ac4 GlcSH) and triethylphosphine ligands, is an FDA-approved drug used as an anti-inflammatory aid in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. In repurposing auranofin for other diseases, it was found that the drug showed significant activity against Gram-positive but was inactive against Gram-negative bacteria. Herein, the design and synthesis of gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) based on the structural motif of auranofin are reported. Phosphine-capped AuNCs are synthesized and glycosylated, yielding auranofin analogues with mixed triphenylphosphine monosulfonate (TPPMS)/Ac4 GlcSH ligand shells. These AuNCs are active against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, including multidrug-resistant pathogens. Notably, an auranofin analogue, a mixed-ligand 1.6 nm AuNC 4b, is more active than auranofin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, while exhibiting lower toxicity against human A549 cells. The enhanced antibacterial activity of these AuNCs is characterized by a greater uptake of Au by the bacteria compared to AuI complexes. Additional factors include increased oxidative stress, moderate inhibition of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), and DNA damage. Most intriguingly, the uptake of AuNCs are not affected by the bacterial outer membrane (OM) barrier or by binding with the extracellular proteins. This contrasts with AuI complexes like auranofin that are susceptible to protein binding and hindered by the OM barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Ndugire
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - N G Hasitha Raviranga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Jingzhe Lao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Olof Ramström
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, SE-39182, Sweden
| | - Mingdi Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
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22
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Adnan RH, Madridejos JML, Alotabi AS, Metha GF, Andersson GG. A Review of State of the Art in Phosphine Ligated Gold Clusters and Application in Catalysis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105692. [PMID: 35332703 PMCID: PMC9130904 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Atomically precise gold clusters are highly desirable due to their well-defined structure which allows the study of structure-property relationships. In addition, they have potential in technological applications such as nanoscale catalysis. The structural, chemical, electronic, and optical properties of ligated gold clusters are strongly defined by the metal-ligand interaction and type of ligands. This critical feature renders gold-phosphine clusters unique and distinct from other ligand-protected gold clusters. The use of multidentate phosphines enables preparation of varying core sizes and exotic structures beyond regular polyhedrons. Weak gold-phosphorous (Au-P) bonding is advantageous for ligand exchange and removal for specific applications, such as catalysis, without agglomeration. The aim of this review is to provide a unified view of gold-phosphine clusters and to present an in-depth discussion on recent advances and key developments for these clusters. This review features the unique chemistry, structural, electronic, and optical properties of gold-phosphine clusters. Advanced characterization techniques, including synchrotron-based spectroscopy, have unraveled substantial effects of Au-P interaction on the composition-, structure-, and size-dependent properties. State-of-the-art theoretical calculations that reveal insights into experimental findings are also discussed. Finally, a discussion of the application of gold-phosphine clusters in catalysis is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohul H. Adnan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceCenter for Hydrogen EnergyUniversiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)Johor Bahru81310Malaysia
| | | | - Abdulrahman S. Alotabi
- Flinders Institute for NanoScale Science and TechnologyFlinders UniversityAdelaideSouth Australia5042Australia
- Department of PhysicsFaculty of Science and Arts in BaljurashiAlbaha UniversityBaljurashi65655Saudi Arabia
| | - Gregory F. Metha
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth Australia5005Australia
| | - Gunther G. Andersson
- Flinders Institute for NanoScale Science and TechnologyFlinders UniversityAdelaideSouth Australia5042Australia
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23
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Truttmann V, Drexler H, Stöger-Pollach M, Kawawaki T, Negishi Y, Barrabes N, Rupprechter G. CeO2 Supported Gold Nanocluster Catalysts for CO oxidation: Surface Evolution Influenced by the Ligand Shell. ChemCatChem 2022; 14:e202200322. [PMID: 36035519 PMCID: PMC9400996 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Monolayer protected Au nanocluster catalysts are known to undergo structural changes during catalytic reactions, including dissociation and migration of ligands onto the support, which strongly affects their activity and stability. To better understand how the nature of ligands influences the catalytic activity of such catalysts, three types of ceria supported Au nanoclusters with different kinds of ligands (thiolates, phosphines and a mixture thereof) have been studied, employing CO oxidation as model reaction. The thiolate‐protected Au25/CeO2 showed significantly higher CO conversion after activation at 250 °C than the cluster catalysts possessing phosphine ligands. Temperature programmed oxidation and in situ infrared spectroscopy revealed that while the phosphine ligands seemed to decompose and free Au surface was exposed, temperatures higher than 250 °C are required to efficiently remove them from the whole catalyst system. Moreover, the presence of residues on the support seemed to have much greater influence on the reactivity than the gold particle size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Truttmann
- Technische Universität Wien Fakultät für Technische Chemie: Technische Universitat Wien Fakultat fur Technische Chemie Institute of Materials Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Hedda Drexler
- Technische Universität Wien Fakultät für Technische Chemie: Technische Universitat Wien Fakultat fur Technische Chemie Institute of Materials Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Michael Stöger-Pollach
- Technische Universität Wien: Technische Universitat Wien University Service Center for Transmission Electron Microscopy AUSTRIA
| | - Tokuhisa Kawawaki
- Tokyo University of Science Faculty of Science Division I Graduate School of Science: Tokyo Rika Daigaku Rigakubu Daiichibu Daigakuin Rigaku Kenkyuka Faculty of Science Division I, Department of Applied Chemistry JAPAN
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Tokyo University of Science Faculty of Science Division I Graduate School of Science: Tokyo Rika Daigaku Rigakubu Daiichibu Daigakuin Rigaku Kenkyuka Faculty of Science Division I, Department of Applied Chemistry JAPAN
| | - Noelia Barrabes
- Technische Universität Wien Fakultät für Technische Chemie: Technische Universitat Wien Fakultat fur Technische Chemie Institute of Materials Chemistry Getreidemarkt 9, BC 01 1060 Wien AUSTRIA
| | - Günther Rupprechter
- Technische Universität Wien Fakultät für Technische Chemie: Technische Universitat Wien Fakultat fur Technische Chemie Institute of Materials Chemistry AUSTRIA
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24
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Gao YL, Bi S, Wang Y, Li J, Su T, Gao X. Co-ligand triphenylphosphine/alkynyl-stabilized undecagold nanocluster with a capped crown structure. RSC Adv 2022; 12:11047-11051. [PMID: 35425070 PMCID: PMC8989085 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01080a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the synthesis and crystal structure of novel co-ligand phosphine/alkynyl protected Au nanoclusters, with composition [Au11(PPh3)8(C[triple bond, length as m-dash]CPh-CF3)2](SbF6) (1). The gold atoms in the cluster as a capped crown structure subtend C 3v symmetry with one deriving from a central icosahedron and 10 peripheral Au atoms, and all alkynides are exclusively σ coordination bonding. The mean core diameter is about 5.1 Å and the overall van der Waals diameter can be estimated to be 20.5 Å. The optical absorbance of 1 in solution reveals characteristic peaks at 384 and 426 nm and a shoulder between 450 and 550 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Li Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yulin University Yulin 719000 China
| | - Shiqing Bi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yulin University Yulin 719000 China
| | - Yufei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yulin University Yulin 719000 China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yulin University Yulin 719000 China
| | - Ting Su
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yulin University Yulin 719000 China
| | - Xuchun Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yulin University Yulin 719000 China
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25
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Muñoz-Castro A. N-Heterocyclic carbene derivatives to modify gold superatom characteristics. Tailorable electronic and optical properties of [Au 11(PPh 3) 7LCl 2] + as a cluster from relativistic DFT. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:5965-5973. [PMID: 35195620 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04310b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Atomically precise gold superatoms are useful building blocks whose properties can be tuned by the proper choice of ligands in the protecting ligand layer. Herein, different N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) derivatives of the prototypical [Au11(PPh3)8Cl2]+ cluster were evaluated by the replacement of a single ligand, which led to isoelectronic [Au11(PPh3)7(NHC)Cl2]+ species, enabling further understanding of the possible changes in the resulting cluster properties. Our results reveal the great variation in the HOMO-LUMO gap and optical features when going from strong to weak σ-donor NHC ligands. The Au11 core retains similar features throughout the series, and the lowest unoccupied orbital (LUMO) is further stabilized, indicating greater π*-NHC character for the weaker σ-donor ligands, which favors directional core-ligand optical charge transfer to a single ligand. The ligand-tailored behavior of the [Au11(PPh3)7LCl2]+ cluster underlies its tunable characteristics, indicating its potential use in novel devices as building blocks of nanostructured materials, which favors further versatility and applications of superatomic clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Laboratorio de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux 2801, Santiago, Chile.
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26
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Wang L, Omoda T, Koyasu K, Tsukuda T. Controlled Synthesis of Diphosphine-Protected Gold Cluster Cations Using Magnetron Sputtering Method. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041330. [PMID: 35209117 PMCID: PMC8879177 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrated, for the first time, atomically precise synthesis of gold cluster cations by magnetron sputtering of a gold target onto a polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution of 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (Ph2PCH2CH2CH2PPh2, dppp). UV-vis absorption spectroscopy and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry revealed the formation of cationic species, such as [Au(dppp)n]+ (n = 1, 2), [Au2(dppp)n]2+ (n = 3, 4), [Au6(dppp)n]2+ (n = 3, 4), and [Au11(dppp)5]3+. The formation of [Au(dppp)2]+ was ascribed to ionization of Au(dppp)2 by the reaction with PEG, based on its low ionization energy, theoretically predicted, mass spectrometric detection of deprotonated anions of PEG. We proposed that [Au(dppp)2]+ cations thus formed are involved as key components in the formation of the cluster cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (L.W.); (T.O.); (K.K.)
| | - Tsubasa Omoda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (L.W.); (T.O.); (K.K.)
| | - Kiichirou Koyasu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (L.W.); (T.O.); (K.K.)
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (L.W.); (T.O.); (K.K.)
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-5841-4363
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27
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Yang J, Li X, Zhang J, Zhou Y, Wang Y. Direct Formation of Colloidal All-Inorganic Metal Nanocrystals from Magic-Size Clusters. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:22838-22846. [PMID: 35080849 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
All-inorganic metal nanocrystals (NCs) offer an ideal platform for atomically precise surface design and show improved electrocatalytic activity compared to conventional NCs capped with organic ligands. Here, we show the possibility of obtaining colloidal all-inorganic Au NCs directly from magic-size clusters (MSCs) with the assistance of inorganic molecules, NOBF4 or Na2S2O8. The unique advantages of NOBF4 or Na2S2O8 as both oxidizing agents and stripping ligands are taken to tune the surface state of Au25(PET)18-TOA+ MSCs and assemble them to form either positively or negatively charged all-inorganic Au NCs. We show that positively charged all-inorganic Au NCs can be further modified with different functional groups, which provide the possibility to meet the target requirements. We found that the negatively charged NCs exhibit improved faradaic efficiency (FE = 92%) for the reduction of CO2 to CO at -0.369 V (vs RHE) and a 5-fold increase in current density compared to organic-capped Au NCs (FE = 67%). In addition, we extended this approach to other MSCs and formed all-inorganic metal NCs with different compositions and morphologies. The use of simple inorganic ligands to induce the conversion from MSCs to metal NCs enriches the current solution process of synthesizing all-inorganic NCs and can open up more opportunities for designing colloidal nanocrystal catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jianrong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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28
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Muñoz-Castro A. Ligand-Core Interaction in Ligand-Protected Ag25(XR)18 (X= S, Se, Te) Superatoms. Evaluation of Anchor Atom Role via Relativistic DFT Calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:17233-17241. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01058e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The isostructural and isoelectronic silver [Ag25(SR)18]- (R=Ligand) cluster to [Au25(SR)18]- gold clusters allows to further understand the fundamental similarities between Au and Ag, at the ultrasmall nanoscale (< 2 nm)...
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29
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Brindle J, Sufyan SA, Nigra MM. Support, composition, and ligand effects in partial oxidation of benzyl alcohol using gold–copper clusters. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00137c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The effect of metallic composition, support, and ligands on catalytic performance using AuCu clusters in benzyl alcohol oxidation is investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Brindle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Sayed Abu Sufyan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Michael M. Nigra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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30
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Luong LM, Carroll XB, Lowe CD, Olmstead MM, Balch AL. Crystallographic studies of the structures of Au11(PPh3)7(SCN)3. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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31
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Patty JB, Havenridge S, Tietje-Mckinney D, Siegler MA, Singh KK, Hajy Hosseini R, Ghabin M, Aikens CM, Das A. Crystal Structure and Optical Properties of a Chiral Mixed Thiolate/Stibine-Protected Au 18 Cluster. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 144:478-484. [PMID: 34957826 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the first example of a chiral mixed thiolate/stibine-protected gold cluster, formulated as Au18(S-Adm)8(SbPh3)4Br2 (where S-Adm = 1-adamantanethiolate). Single crystal X-ray crystallography reveals the origin of chirality in the cluster to be the introduction of the rotating arrangement of Au2(S-Adm)3 and Au(S-Adm)2 staple motifs on an achiral Au13 core and the subsequent capping of the remaining gold atoms by SbPh3 and Br- ligands. Interestingly, the structure and properties of this new Au18 cluster are found to be different from other reported achiral Au18 clusters and the only other stibine-protected [Au13(SbPh3)8Cl4]+ cluster. Detailed analyses on the geometric and electronic structures of the new cluster are carried out to gain insights into its optical properties as well as reactivity and stability of such mixed monolayer-protected clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B Patty
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, United States
| | - Shana Havenridge
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Dylan Tietje-Mckinney
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, United States
| | - Maxime A Siegler
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Kundan K Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, United States
| | - Roumina Hajy Hosseini
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, United States
| | - Mohamed Ghabin
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, United States
| | - Christine M Aikens
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Anindita Das
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, United States
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32
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Li Y, Zhai T, Chen J, Shi J, Wang L, Shen J, Liu X. Water-Dispersible Gold Nanoclusters: Synthesis Strategies, Optical Properties, and Biological Applications. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103736. [PMID: 34854510 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atomically precise gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) are an emerging class of quantum-sized nanomaterials. Intrinsic discrete electronic energy levels have endowed them with fascinating electronic and optical properties. They have been widely applied in the fields of optoelectronics, photovoltaics, catalysis, biochemical sensing, bio-imaging, and therapeutics. Nevertheless, most AuNCs are synthesized in organic solvents and do not disperse in aqueous solutions; this restricts their biological applications. In this review, we focus on the recent progress in the preparation of water-dispersible AuNCs and their biological applications. We first review different methods of synthesis, including direct synthesis from hydrophilic templates and indirect phase transfer of hydrophobic AuNCs. We then discuss their photophysical properties, such as emission enhancement and fluorescence lifetimes. Next, we summarize their latest applications in the fields of biosensing, biolabeling, and bioimaging. Finally, we outline the challenges and potential for the future development of these AuNCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Division of Physical Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Zhai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Division of Physical Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, P. R. China.,Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Jiye Shi
- Division of Physical Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, P. R. China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessesSchool of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
| | - Jianlei Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoguo Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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33
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Ma H, Wang J, Zhang XD. Near-infrared II emissive metal clusters: From atom physics to biomedicine. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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34
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Si WD, Li YZ, Zhang SS, Wang S, Feng L, Gao ZY, Tung CH, Sun D. Toward Controlled Syntheses of Diphosphine-Protected Homochiral Gold Nanoclusters through Precursor Engineering. ACS NANO 2021; 15:16019-16029. [PMID: 34592104 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c04421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Controllable syntheses of Au nanoclusters (NCs) with different nuclearities are of great significance due to the kernel-dependent physicochemical properties. Herein, two pairs of enantiomeric Au NCs [Au19(R/S-BINAP)4(PhC≡C)Cl4] (SD/Au19) and [Au11(R/S-BINAP)4(PhC≡C)2]·Cl (SD/Au11), both with atropos (rigid axial chirality) diphosphine BINAP (2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1'-binaphthalene) as the predominant organic ligands, were controllably synthesized through precursor engineering. The former was obtained by direct reduction of HAuCl4·4H2O, while the latter was obtained by reduction of [Au(SMe2)Cl] instead. Intriguingly, the kernel of SD/Au19 contains an Au7 pentagonal bipyramid capped by two boat-like Au6 rings, which represents another type of Au19 kernel, making SD/Au19 a good candidate for comparative study with other Au19 NCs to get more insight into the distinct structural evolution of phosphine-protected Au NCs. Despite the previous chiroptical studies on some other chiral undecagold NCs, the successful attainment of the X-ray crystal structures for SD/Au11 not only provides a step forward toward better correlating the chiroptical activities with their structural details but also reveals that even the auxiliary protecting ligands also play a nontrivial role in tuning the geometrical structures of the metal NCs. The chiroptical activities of both SD/Au19 and SD/Au11 were found to originate from the chiral ligands and core distortions; the extended π-electron systems in the BINAP ligands have proved to positively contribute to the electronic absorptions and thus disturb the corresponding circular dichroism (CD) responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Dan Si
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Zhou Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Ji'nan 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan-Shan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Suna Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Yong Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, People's Republic of China
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35
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Ndugire W, Yan M. Synthesis and solution isomerization of water-soluble Au 9 nanoclusters prepared by nuclearity conversion of [Au 11(PPh 3) 8Cl 2]Cl. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:16809-16817. [PMID: 34605842 PMCID: PMC8545225 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr04401j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) are popular in biomedical applications such as bioimaging, labelling, drug delivery, and biosensing. Despite their widespread applications, the synthesis of water-soluble phosphine-capped AuNCs is not as straightforward as their organic-soluble equivalents. Organic soluble phosphine-passivated [Au9(L)8]3+ are 6-electron closed-shell AuNCs that are generally prepared via the reduction of a phosphine-Au(I) complex by NaBH4. A similar approach attempted for the water-soluble ligand triphenylphosphine monosulfonate (TPPMS) using [AuTPPMS]Cl resulted in a mixture of cluster sizes that required gel electrophoresis or fractional precipitation to isolate the Au9 product. In this work, we report the synthesis of water-soluble [Au9(L)8]3+ nanoclusters in high yield through the biphasic ligand exchange of [Au11(PPh3)8Cl2]Cl with water-soluble phosphines such as TPPMS and 4-(diphenylphosphino)benzoic acid (DPPBA). The small molecule byproducts can be completely removed by size-based separation methods, like size exclusion chromatography or dialysis, as confirmed by 31P and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as well as diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY). Furthermore, [Au9(DPPBA)8]Cl3 underwent a visible pH- and temperature-induced isomerization in ethanol between the 'crown' and 'butterfly' isomers of [Au9(L)8]3+ which has not been previously reported. Cytotoxicity evaluation of these water-soluble nanoclusters gave CC50 values of 36 μg mL-1 and 70 μg mL-1 against A549 human alveolar epithelial cells, and 30 μg mL-1 and 40 μg mL-1 against NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblast cells for [Au9(TPPMS)8]Cl3 and [Au9(DPPBA)8]Cl3, respectively. For comparison, auranofin, an FDA-approved gold drug, is more than an order of magnitude more toxic with a CC50 value of 7.7 μg mL-1 against A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Ndugire
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Ave., Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
| | - Mingdi Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Ave., Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
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36
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Zhou M, Qi C, Yan X, Li X, Jin S, Zhu M. Rapid Conversion of a Au 9 Ag 12 into a Au x Ag 16-x Nanocluster via Bisphosphine Ligand Engineering. Chemistry 2021; 27:17554-17558. [PMID: 34643967 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The [Aux Ag16-x (SAdm)8 (Dppe)2 ] nanocluster with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) was synthesized from a non-fluorescent [Au9 Ag12 (SAdm)4 (Dppm)6 Cl6 ](SbF6 )3 nanocluster via a ligand-exchange engineering (Dppe=1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, Dppm=Bis(diphenylphosphino)methane, HSAdm=1-Adamantanethiol). The nanocluster has a Au-doped icosahedral Aux Ag13-x core, capped by two Ag(SR)3 , one Ag(SR)2 and two Dppe ligands. By changing the achiral Dppe ligand into a chiral dbpb ligand ((2S,3S)-(-)-Bis(diphenylphosphino)butane or (2R,3R)-(+)-2,3-Bis(diphenylphosphino)butane), chiral nanoclusters are obtained. ESI-MS and UV-vis spectroscopy were performed to track the reaction. This work provides guidance for the construction of new clusters by etching clusters with multidentate phosphine ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for, Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for, Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Chunxia Qi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Hefei Lianhua Rd 1688, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxun Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for, Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for, Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowu Li
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for, Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for, Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Shan Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for, Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for, Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for, Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for, Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, P. R. China
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37
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Emori S, Takano S, Koyasu K, Tsukuda T. Chemical transformations of [MAu 8(PPh 3) 8] 2+ (M = Pt, Pd) and [Au 9(PPh 3) 8] 3+ in methanol induced by irradiation of atmospheric pressure plasma. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:124312. [PMID: 34598581 DOI: 10.1063/5.0061208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The reaction processes of ligand-protected metal clusters induced by irradiating atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) were investigated using optical spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The target clusters were phosphine-protected gold-based clusters [MAu8(PPh3)8]2+ (M = Pt, Pd) and [Au9(PPh3)8]3+, which have a crown-shaped M@Au8 (M = Pt, Pd, Au) core with an unligated M site at the central position. The APP irradiation of [MAu8(PPh3)8]2+ (M = Pt, Pd) in methanol resulted in the selective formation of [PtAu8(PPh3)8CO]2+ and [PdAu9(PPh3)8CN]2+ via the addition of a CO molecule and AuCN unit, respectively, generated in situ by the APP irradiation. In contrast, the APP irradiation of [Au9(PPh3)8]3+ in methanol yielded [Au9(PPh3)7(CN)1]2+ and [Au10(PPh3)7(CN)2]2+ as the main products, which were produced by sequential addition of AuCN to reactive [Au8(PPh3)7]2+ formed by dissociation equilibrium of [Au9(PPh3)8]3+. DFT calculations predicted that a unique chain-like {-(CNAu)n-PPh3} (n = 1, 2) ligand was formed via the sequential insertion of -CNAu- units into the Au-PPh3 bond of [PdAu8(PPh3)8]2+ and [Au8(PPh3)7]2+. These findings open up a new avenue for developing novel metal clusters via the chemical transformation of atomically defined metal clusters by APP irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sojiro Emori
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Takano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kiichirou Koyasu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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38
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Li Q, Huang B, Yang S, Zhang H, Chai J, Pei Y, Zhu M. Unraveling the Nucleation Process from a Au(I)-SR Complex to Transition-Size Nanoclusters. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15224-15232. [PMID: 34498861 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Atomically precise noble metal nanoclusters provide a critical benchmark for the fundamental research of the origin of condensed matter because they retain the original state of the metal bonds. Also, knowledge about the transition from organometallic complexes to a nanoclusters is important for understanding the structural evolution of the nanoclusters, particularly their nucleation mechanism. Herein, three transition-size gold nanoclusters are prepared via a controlled diphosphine-mediated top-down routine. Starting from small-size nanoclusters, three new nanoclusters including Au13(SAdm)8(L4)2(BPh4) (Au13), Au14(S-c-C6H11)10L4 (Au14), and Au16(S-c-C6H11)11LPh* (Au16) are obtained by controlled clipping on the surface and kernel of initial nanoclusters. Combining their atomically precise structures with DFT theoretical calculations, the overall atom-by-atom structural evolution process from Au12(SR)12 (0 e-) to Au18(SR)14 (4 e-) is mapped out. In addition, studies on their electronic structures show that the evolution from an organometallic complex to nanoclusters is accompanied by a dramatic decrease in the HOMO-LUMO gaps. Most importantly, the formation of the first Au-Au bond is captured in the "Au4S4 to Au5" nucleation process from Au12(SR)12 complex to the Au13 nanocluster. This work provides a deep insight into the origin of inner core in Au NCs and their structural transition relationship with metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinzhen Li
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials and Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.,School of Physics and Materials Science, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Baoyu Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of MOE, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Sha Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials and Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Physics and Materials Science, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Jinsong Chai
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials and Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Yong Pei
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of MOE, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials and Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
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39
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Shinjo N, Takano S, Tsukuda T. Effects of
π‐Electron
Systems on Optical Activity of Au
11
Clusters Protected by Chiral Diphosphines. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoaki Shinjo
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7‐3‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku Tokyo 113‐0033 Japan
| | - Shinjiro Takano
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7‐3‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku Tokyo 113‐0033 Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7‐3‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku Tokyo 113‐0033 Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB) Kyoto University, Katsura Kyoto 615‐8520 Japan
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40
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Gold Clusters: From the Dispute on a Gold Chair to the Golden Future of Nanostructures. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26165014. [PMID: 34443602 PMCID: PMC8399228 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work opens with an acknowledgement to the research activity performed by Luciana Naldini while affiliated at the Università degli Studi di Sassari (Italy), in particular towards gold complexes and clusters, as a tribute to her outstanding figure in a time and a society where being a woman in science was rather difficult, hoping her achievements could be of inspiration to young female chemists in pursuing their careers against the many hurdles they may encounter. Naldini’s findings will be a key to introduce the most recent results in this field, showing how the chemistry of gold compounds has changed throughout the years, to reach levels of complexity and elegance that were once unimagined. The study of gold complexes and clusters with various phosphine ligands was Naldini’s main field of research because of the potential application of these species in diverse research areas including electronics, catalysis, and medicine. As the conclusion of a vital period of study, here we report Naldini’s last results on a hexanuclear cationic gold cluster, [(PPh3)6Au6(OH)2]2+, having a chair conformation, and on the assumption, supported by experimental data, that it comprises two hydroxyl groups. This contribution, within the fascinating field of inorganic chemistry, provides the intuition of how a simple electron counting may lead to predictable species of yet unknown molecular architectures and formulation, nowadays suggesting interesting opportunities to tune the electronic structures of similar and higher nuclearity species thanks to new spectroscopic and analytical approaches and software facilities. After several decades since Naldini’s exceptional work, the chemistry of the gold cluster has reached a considerable degree of complexity, dealing with new, single-atom precise, materials possessing interesting physico-chemical properties, such as luminescence, chirality, or paramagnetic behavior. Here we will describe some of the most significant contributions.
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41
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Rodríguez-Kessler PL, Rojas-Poblete M, Muñoz-Castro A. Evaluation of ultrasmall coinage metal M 13(dppe) 6 M = Cu, Ag, and Au clusters. Bonding, structural and optical properties from relativistic DFT calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:18035-18043. [PMID: 34386809 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02451e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasmall ligand-protected clusters are prototypical species for evaluating the variation at the bottom of the nanoscale range. Here we explored the ultrasmall gold-phosphine M13(dppe)6 cluster, as a prototypical framework to gain insights into the fundamental similarities and differences between Au, Ag, and Cu, in the 1-3 nm size range, via relativistic DFT calculations. Different charge states involving 8- and 10-cluster electron (ce) species with a 1S21P6 and 1S21P61D2 configuration, leading to structural modification in the Au species between Au13(dppm)65+ and Au13(dppm)63+, respectively. Furthermore, this structural distortion of the M13 core is found to occur to a lower degree for the calculated Ag and Cu counterparts. Interestingly, optical properties exhibit similar main patterns along with the series, inducing a blue-shift for silver and copper, in comparison to the gold parent cluster. For 10-ce species, the main features of 8-ce are retained with the appearance of several weak transitions in the range. The ligand-core interaction is enhanced for gold counterparts and decreased for lighter counterparts resulting in the Au > Cu > Ag trend for the interaction stabilization. Hence, the Ag and Cu counterparts of the Au13(dppm)6 cluster appear as useful alternatives, which can be further explored towards different cluster alternatives for building blocks for nanostructured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Rodríguez-Kessler
- Laboratorio de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux 2801, Santiago, Chile.
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42
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Dong J, Gao ZH, Wang LS. The synthesis and characterization of a new diphosphine-protected gold hydride nanocluster. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:034307. [PMID: 34293870 DOI: 10.1063/5.0056958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gold is the most inert metal and does not form a bulk hydride. However, gold becomes chemically active in the nanometer scale and gold nanoparticles have been found to exhibit important catalytic properties. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of a highly stable ligand-protected gold hydride nanocluster, [Au22H3(dppee)7]3+ [dppee = bis(2-diphenylphosphino) ethyl ether]. A synthetic method is developed to obtain high purity samples of the gold trihydride nanocluster with good yields. The properties of the new hydride cluster are characterized with different experimental techniques, as well as theoretical calculations. Solid samples of [Au22H3(dppee)7]3+ are found to be stable under ambient conditions. Both experimental evidence and theoretical evidence suggest that the Au22H3 core of the [Au22H3(dppee)7]3+ hydride nanocluster consists of two Au11 units bonded via two triangular faces, creating six uncoordinated Au sites at the interface. The three H atoms bridge the six uncoordinated Au atoms at the interface. The Au11 unit behaves as an eight-electron trivalent superatom, forming a superatom triple bond (Au11 ≡ Au11) in the [Au22H3(dppee)7]3+ trihydride nanocluster assisted by the three bridging H atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Ze-Hua Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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43
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The beauty of binary phases: A facile strategy for synthesis, processing, functionalization, and application of ultrasmall metal nanoclusters. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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44
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Omoda T, Takano S, Tsukuda T. Toward Controlling the Electronic Structures of Chemically Modified Superatoms of Gold and Silver. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2001439. [PMID: 32696588 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202001439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atomically precise gold/silver clusters protected by organic ligands L, [(Au/Ag)x Ly ]z , have gained increasing interest as building units of functional materials because of their novel photophysical and physicochemical properties. The properties of [(Au/Ag)x Ly ]z are intimately associated with the quantized electronic structures of the metallic cores, which can be viewed as superatoms from the analogy of naked Au/Ag clusters. Thus, establishment of the correlation between the geometric and electronic structures of the superatomic cores is crucial for rational design and improvement of the properties of [(Au/Ag)x Ly ]z . This review article aims to provide a qualitative understanding on how the electronic structures of [(Au/Ag)x Ly ]z are affected by geometric structures of the superatomic cores with a focus on three factors: size, shape, and composition, on the basis of single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. The knowledge accumulated here will constitute a basis for the development of ligand-protected Au/Ag clusters as new artificial elements on a nanometer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Omoda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Takano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto, 615-8520, Japan
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45
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Wang Y, Liu XH, Wang R, Cula B, Chen ZN, Chen Q, Koch N, Pinna N. Secondary Phosphine Oxide Functionalized Gold Clusters and Their Application in Photoelectrocatalytic Hydrogenation Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9595-9600. [PMID: 34128669 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ligands in ligand-protected metal clusters play a crucial role, not only because of their interaction with the metal core, but also because of the functionality they provide to the cluster. Here, we report the utilization of secondary phosphine oxide (SPO), as a new family of functional ligands, for the preparation of an undecagold cluster Au11-SPO. Different from the commonly used phosphine ligand (i.e., triphenylphosphine, TPP), the SPOs in Au11-SPO work as electron-withdrawing anionic ligands. While coordinating to gold via the phosphorus atom, the SPO ligand keeps its O atom available to act as a nucleophile. Upon photoexcitation, the clusters are found to inject holes into p-type semiconductors (here, bismuth oxide is used as a model), sensitizing the p-type semiconductor in a different way compared to the photosensitization of a n-type semiconductor. Furthermore, the Au11-SPO/Bi2O3 photocathode exhibits a much higher activity toward the hydrogenation of benzaldehyde than a TPP-protected Au11-sensitized Bi2O3 photocathode. Control experiments and density functional theory studies point to the crucial role of the cooperation between gold and the SPO ligands on the selectivity toward the hydrogenation of the C═O group in benzaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Institut für Chemie and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Xiao-He Liu
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy (IRCRE), State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.,College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, P. R. China
| | - Rongbin Wang
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Beatrice Cula
- Institut für Chemie and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Zhe-Ning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Qingyun Chen
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy (IRCRE), State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Norbert Koch
- Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 12489, Germany.,Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Nicola Pinna
- Institut für Chemie and IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 12489, Germany
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46
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Kawawaki T, Kataoka Y, Hirata M, Iwamatsu Y, Hossain S, Negishi Y. Toward the creation of high-performance heterogeneous catalysts by controlled ligand desorption from atomically precise metal nanoclusters. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2021; 6:409-448. [PMID: 33903861 DOI: 10.1039/d1nh00046b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ligand-protected metal nanoclusters controlled by atomic accuracy (i. e. atomically precise metal NCs) have recently attracted considerable attention as active sites in heterogeneous catalysts. Using these atomically precise metal NCs, it becomes possible to create novel heterogeneous catalysts based on a size-specific electronic/geometrical structure of metal NCs and understand the mechanism of the catalytic reaction easily. However, to create high-performance heterogeneous catalysts using atomically precise metal NCs, it is often necessary to remove the ligands from the metal NCs. This review summarizes previous studies on the creation of heterogeneous catalysts using atomically precise metal NCs while focusing on the calcination as a ligand-elimination method. Through this summary, we intend to share state-of-art techniques and knowledge on (1) experimental conditions suitable for creating high-performance heterogeneous catalysts (e.g., support type, metal NC type, ligand type, and calcination temperature), (2) the mechanism of calcination, and (3) the mechanism of catalytic reaction over the created heterogeneous catalyst. We also discuss (4) issues that should be addressed in the future toward the creation of high-performance heterogeneous catalysts using atomically precise metal NCs. The knowledge and issues described in this review are expected to lead to clear design guidelines for the creation of novel heterogeneous catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokuhisa Kawawaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan. and Photocatalysis International Research Center, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan and Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Yuki Kataoka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
| | - Momoko Hirata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
| | - Yuki Iwamatsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
| | - Sakiat Hossain
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan. and Photocatalysis International Research Center, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan and Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
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47
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Hasegawa S, Takano S, Harano K, Tsukuda T. New Magic Au 24 Cluster Stabilized by PVP: Selective Formation, Atomic Structure, and Oxidation Catalysis. JACS AU 2021; 1:660-668. [PMID: 34467325 PMCID: PMC8395683 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented magic number cluster, Au24Cl x (x = 0-3), was selectively synthesized by the kinetically controlled reduction of the Au precursor ions in a microfluidic mixer in the presence of a large excess of poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP). The atomic structure of the PVP-stabilized Au24Cl x was investigated by means of aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy (ACTEM) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. ACTEM video imaging revealed that the Au24Cl x clusters were stable against dissociation but fluctuated during the observation period. Some of the high-resolution ACTEM snapshots were explained by DFT-optimized isomeric structures in which all the constituent atoms were located on the surface. This observation suggests that the featureless optical spectrum of Au24Cl x is associated with the coexistence of distinctive isomers. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy of CO adsorbates revealed the electron-rich nature of Au24Cl x clusters due to the interaction with PVP. The Au24Cl x :PVP clusters catalyzed the aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol derivatives without degradation. Hammett analysis and the kinetic isotope effect indicated that the hydride elimination by Au24Cl x was the rate-limiting step with an apparent activation energy of 56 ± 3 kJ/mol, whereas the oxygen pressure dependence of the reaction kinetics suggested the involvement of hydrogen abstraction by coadsorbed O2 as a faster process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Hasegawa
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Takano
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Koji Harano
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Elements
Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
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48
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Gharib M, Galchenko M, Klinke C, Parak WJ, Chakraborty I. Mechanistic insights and selected synthetic routes of atomically precise metal nanoclusters. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202000210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Gharib
- Fachbereich Physik Center for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN) Universität Hamburg Hamburg Germany
- Radiation Biology Department Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA) Cairo Egypt
| | | | - Christian Klinke
- Institute of Physics University of Rostock Albert‐Einstein‐Strasse 23 Rostock Germany
- Department of Chemistry Swansea University – Singleton Park Swansea UK
| | - Wolfgang J. Parak
- Fachbereich Physik Center for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN) Universität Hamburg Hamburg Germany
- CIC Biomagune San Sebastian Spain
| | - Indranath Chakraborty
- Fachbereich Physik Center for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN) Universität Hamburg Hamburg Germany
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49
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Fetzer F, Schrenk C, Pollard N, Adeagbo A, Clayborne AZ, Schnepf A. A new reductant in gold cluster chemistry gives a superatomic gold gallium cluster. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:3551-3554. [PMID: 33704275 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07006h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The low valent gallium(i) compound GaCp was primarily used in gold cluster chemistry to synthesize the superatomic cluster [(PPh3)8Au9GaCl2]2+, complementing the borane-dominated set of reducing agents in gold chemistry, opening a whole new field for further research. Using density functional theory calculations, the cluster can be described by the jellium model as an 8-electron superatom cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Fetzer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen D-72076, Germany.
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50
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Wang Y, Bürgi T. Ligand exchange reactions on thiolate-protected gold nanoclusters. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:2710-2727. [PMID: 34046556 PMCID: PMC8130898 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00178g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
As a versatile post-synthesis modification method, ligand exchange reaction exhibits great potential to extend the space of accessible nanoclusters. In this review, we summarized this process for thiolate-protected gold nanoclusters. In order to better understand this reaction we will first provide the necessary background on the synthesis and structure of various gold clusters, such as Au25(SR)18, Au38(SR)24, and Au102(SR)44. The previous investigations illustrated that ligand exchange is enabled by the chemical properties and flexible gold-sulfur interface of nanoclusters. It is generally believed that ligand exchange follows a SN2-like mechanism, which is supported both by experiments and calculations. More interesting, several studies show that ligand exchange takes place at preferred sites, i.e. thiolate groups -SR, on the ligand shell of nanoclusters. With the help of ligand exchange reactions many functionalities could be imparted to gold nanoclusters including the introduced of chirality to achiral nanoclusters, size transformation and phase transfer of nanoclusters, and the addition of fluorescence or biological labels. Ligand exchange was also used to amplify the enantiomeric excess of an intrinsically chiral cluster. Ligand exchange reaction accelerates the prosperity of the nanocluster field, and also extends the diversity of precise nanoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bürgi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
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