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Mei Y, Chen X, Wei R, Chang XY, Tao L, Liu LL. An Isolable Radical Anion Featuring a 2-Center-3-Electron π-Bond without a Clearly Defined σ-Bond. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202315555. [PMID: 37942957 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Featuring an extra electron in the π* antibonding orbital, species with a 2-center-3-electron (2c3e) π bond without an underlying σ bond are scarcely known. Herein, we report the synthesis, isolation and characterization of a radical anion salt [K(18-C-6)]+ {[(HCNDipp)2 Si]2 P2 }⋅- (i.e. [K(18-C-6)]+ 3⋅- ) (18-C-6=18-crown-6, Dipp=2,6-diisopropylphenyl), in which 3⋅- features a perfectly planar Si2 P2 four-membered ring. This species represents the first example of a Si- and P-containing analog of a bicyclo[1.1.0]butane radical anion. The unusual bonding motif of 3⋅- was thoroughly investigated via X-ray diffraction crystallography, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR), and calculations by density functional theory (DFT), which collectively unveiled the existence of a 2c3e π bond between the bridgehead P atoms and no clearly defined supporting P-P σ bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Mei
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Chemistry and Dongguan Key Laboratory for Data Science and Intelligent Medicine, Great Bay University, Dongguan, 523000, China
| | - Xiaodan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Rui Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lizhi Tao
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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2
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Abstract
ConspectusHypervalent iodine reagents find application as selective chemical oxidants in a diverse array of oxidative transformations. The utility of these reagents is often ascribed to (1) the proclivity to engage being selective two-electron redox transformations; (2) facile ligand exchange at the three-centered, four-electron (3c-4e) hypervalent iodine-ligand (I-X) bonds; and (3) the hypernucleofugacity of aryl iodides. One-electron redox and iodine radical chemistry is well-precedented in the context of inorganic hypervalent iodine chemistry─for example, in the iodide-triiodide couple that drives dye-sensitized solar cells. In contrast, organic hypervalent iodine chemistry has historically been dominated by the two-electron I(I)/I(III) and I(III)/I(V) redox couples, which results from intrinsic instability of the intervening odd-electron species. Transient iodanyl radicals (i.e., formally I(II) species), generated by reductive activation of hypervalent I-X bonds, have recently gained attention as potential intermediates in hypervalent iodine chemistry. Importantly, these open-shell intermediates are typically generated by activation of stoichiometric hypervalent iodine reagents, and the role of the iodanyl radical in substrate functionalization and catalysis is largely unknown.Our group has been interested in advancing the chemistry of iodanyl radicals as intermediates in the sustainable synthesis of hypervalent I(III) and I(V) compounds and as novel platforms for substrate activation at open-shell main-group intermediates. In 2018, we disclosed the first example of aerobic hypervalent iodine catalysis by intercepting reactive intermediates in aldehyde autoxidation chemistry. While we initially hypothesized that the observed oxidation was accomplished by aerobically generated peracids via a two-electron I(I)-to-I(III) oxidation reaction, detailed mechanistic studies revealed the critical role of acetate-stabilized iodanyl radical intermediates. We subsequently leveraged these mechanistic insights to develop hypervalent iodine electrocatalysis. Our studies resulted in the identification of new catalyst design principles that give rise to highly efficient organoiodide electrocatalysts that operate at modest applied potentials. These advances addressed classical challenges in hypervalent iodine electrocatalysis related to the need for high applied potentials and high catalyst loadings. In some cases, we were able to isolate the anodically generated iodanyl radical intermediates, which allowed direct interrogation of the elementary chemical reactions characteristic of iodanyl radicals. Both substrate activation via bidirectional proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions at I(II) intermediates and disproportionation reactions of I(II) species to generate I(III) compounds have been experimentally validated.This Account discusses the emerging synthetic and catalytic chemistry of iodanyl radicals. Results from our group have demonstrated that these open-shell species can play a critical role in sustainable synthesis of hypervalent iodine reagents and play a heretofore unappreciated role in catalysis. Realization of I(I)/I(II) catalytic cycles as a mechanistic alternative to canonical two-electron iodine redox chemistry promises to open new avenues to application of organoiodides in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Maity
- Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Brandon L. Frey
- Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - David C. Powers
- Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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3
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Li X, Zou H. A molecular dynamics and quantum mechanical investigation of intermolecular interaction and electron-transfer mechanism between copper-containing nitrite reductase and redox partner pseudoazurin. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:7783-7793. [PMID: 36857651 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05534a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Much of biological electron transfer occurs between proteins. These molecular processes usually involve molecular recognition and intermolecular electron transfer (inter-ET). The inter-ET reaction between copper-containing nitrite reductase (CuNiR) and partner protein pseudoazurin (PAz) is the first step in denitrification, which is affected by intermolecular association. However, the transient interaction between CuNiR and PAz and the indistinct inter-ET pathway pose challenges for people to understand the biological functions of the CuNiR-PAz complex. Thus, molecular dynamics simulation and quantum mechanical calculation were used to investigate the question in this study. The interaction of the interface residues was determined through hydrogen bonds, root-mean-square deviation, root-mean-square fluctuation, the dynamics cross-correlation matrix, and molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area of molecular dynamics simulations. The interactions among the residues Glu89, Gly200, Asp205, Asn91, Glu204, Thr92, and Met141 on CuNiR and the residues Lys109, Ala15, Lys10, Asn9, Ile110, Met84, and Met16 on PAz are responsible for the stabilization of the complex. The binding free energy is up to -25.33 kcal mol-1. We compared the wild-type and mutant (M84A) interfacial optimized complex models at the CAM-B3LYP level with Grimme dispersion corrections (GD3) to confirm Met84 as a relay station for promoting the inter-ET. Additionally, to test whether Met84 may combine with the adjacent Met141 to form a special two-center, three-electron (S∴S)+ structure to promote the inter-ET, QM/MM was further performed to discuss the possibility of generating an electron stepping stone. Our study will promote a deep understanding of the stable protein-protein interaction, and the identified inter-residue interaction will be theoretical guidance for enhancing the catalytic activity of CuNiR in denitrification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Hang Zou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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4
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Duvinage D, Mostaghimi F, Damrath M, Spils J, Komorr P, Odintsov DS, Fedin M, Shundrin LA, Mebs S, Beckmann J. Synthesis and Single-Electron Oxidation of Bulky Bis(m-terphenyl)chalcogenides: The Quest for Kinetically Stabilized Radical Cations. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203498. [PMID: 36416222 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sterically encumbered bis(m-terphenyl)chalcogenides, (2,6-Mes2 C6 H3 )2 E (E=S, Se, Te) were obtained by the reaction of the chalcogen tetrafluorides, EF4 , with three equivalents of m-terphenyl lithium, 2,6-Mes2 C6 H3 Li. The single-electron oxidation of (2,6-Mes2 C6 H3 )2 Te using XeF2 /K[B(C6 F5 )4 ] afforded the radical cation [(2,6-Mes2 C6 H3 )2 Te][B(C6 F5 )4 ] that was isolated and fully characterized. The electrochemical oxidation of the lighter homologs (2,6-Mes2 C6 H3 )2 E (E=S, Se) was irreversible and impaired by rapid decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Duvinage
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Strasse 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Farzin Mostaghimi
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Strasse 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Mattis Damrath
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Strasse 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Julian Spils
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Strasse 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Pascal Komorr
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Strasse 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Danila S Odintsov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Lavrentiev Avenue 9, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Matvey Fedin
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, International Tomography Center Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3a, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Leonid A Shundrin
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Lavrentiev Avenue 9, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Strasse 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
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5
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Rizzato S, Manca G, Lemée MH, Marchiò L, Cesare Marincola F, Guerri A, Ienco A, Serpe A, Deplano P. Halogen-Bonding-Mediated Radical Reactions: The Unexpected Behavior of Piperazine-Based Dithiooxamide Ligands in the Presence of Diiodine. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:694-705. [PMID: 36602377 PMCID: PMC9846695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
N,N'-Dialkylpiperazine-2,3-dithiones (R2pipdt) were recognized as a class of hexa-atomic cyclic dithiooxamide ligands with peculiar charge-transfer donor properties toward soft electron-acceptors such as noble metal cations and diiodine. The latter interaction is nowadays better described as halogen bonding. In the reaction with diiodine, R2pipdt unexpectedly provides the corresponding triiodide salts, differently from the other dithiooxamides, which instead typically achieve ligand·nI2 halogen-bonded adducts. In this paper, we report a combined experimental and theoretical study that allows elucidation of the nature of the cited products and the reasons behind the unpredictable behavior of these ligands. Specifically, low-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurements on a series of synthetically obtained R2pipdt (R = Me, iPr, Bz)/I3 salts, complemented by neutron diffraction experiments, were able to experimentally highlight the formation of [R2pipdtH]+ cations with a -S-H bond on the dithionic moiety. Differently, with R = Ph, a benzothiazolylium cation, resulting from an intramolecular condensation reaction of the ligand, is obtained. Based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations, a reasonable reaction mechanism where diiodine plays the fundamental role of promoting a halogen-bonding-mediated radical reaction has been proposed. In addition, the comparison of combined experimental and computational results with the corresponding reactions of N,N'-dialkylperhydrodiazepine-2,3-dithione (R2dazdt, a hepta-atomic cyclic dithiooxamide), which provide neutral halogen-bonded adducts, pointed out that the difference in the torsion angle of the free ligands represents the structural key factor in determining the different reactivities of the two systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rizzato
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Milano, Via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Gabriele Manca
- Istituto
di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici ICCOM-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Marie-Hélène Lemée
- Institut
Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Luciano Marchiò
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Scienze della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Flaminia Cesare Marincola
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università
di Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Guerri
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”, Università
di Firenze, Via della
Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Andrea Ienco
- Istituto
di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici ICCOM-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy,
| | - Angela Serpe
- Dipartimento
di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale e Architettura (DICAAR) and Research
Unit of INSTM, Università di Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy,Istituto
di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingegneria del Consiglio Nazionale delle
Ricerche (IGAG-CNR), Piazza d’Armi, 09123 Cagliari, Italy,
| | - Paola Deplano
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università
di Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy,Dipartimento
di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale e Architettura (DICAAR) and Research
Unit of INSTM, Università di Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
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6
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Liu TT, Chen J, Chen XL, Ma L, Guan BT, Lin Z, Shi ZJ. Neutral Boryl Radicals in Mixed-Valent B (III) Br-B (II) Adducts. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202634. [PMID: 36217568 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The general strategies to stabilize a boryl radical involve single electron delocalization by π-system and the steric hinderance from bulky groups. Herein, a new class of boryl radicals is reported, with intramolecular mixed-valent B(III) Br-B(II) adducts ligated by a cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC). The radicals feature a large spin density on the boron center, which is ascertained by EPR spectroscopy and DFT calculations. Structural and computational analyses revealed that the stability of radical species was assisted by the CAAC ligand and a weak but significant B(III)Br-B(II) interaction, suggesting a cooperative avenue for stabilization of boryl radicals. Two-electron reduction of these new boryl radicals provides C-H insertion products via a borylene intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Tong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Lei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Bing-Tao Guan
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Zhang-Jie Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
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7
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Frey BL, Figgins MT, Van Trieste GP, Carmieli R, Powers DC. Iodine-Iodine Cooperation Enables Metal-Free C-N Bond-Forming Electrocatalysis via Isolable Iodanyl Radicals. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13913-13919. [PMID: 35856717 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Small molecule redox mediators convey interfacial electron transfer events into bulk solution and can enable diverse substrate activation mechanisms in synthetic electrocatalysis. Here, we report that 1,2-diiodo-4,5-dimethoxybenzene is an efficient electrocatalyst for C-H/E-H coupling that operates at as low as 0.5 mol % catalyst loading. Spectroscopic, crystallographic, and computational results indicate a critical role for a three-electron I-I bonding interaction in stabilizing an iodanyl radical intermediate (i.e., formally I(II) species). As a result, the optimized catalyst operates at more than 100 mV lower potential than the related monoiodide catalyst 4-iodoanisole, which results in improved product yield, higher Faradaic efficiency, and expanded substrate scope. The isolated iodanyl radical is chemically competent in C-N bond formation. These results represent the first examples of substrate functionalization at a well-defined I(II) derivative and bona fide iodanyl radical catalysis and demonstrate one-electron pathways as a mechanistic alternative to canonical two-electron hypervalent iodine mechanisms. The observation establishes I-I redox cooperation as a new design concept for the development of metal-free redox mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Frey
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Matthew T Figgins
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Gerard P Van Trieste
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Raanan Carmieli
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - David C Powers
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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8
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Feng Z, Tang S, Su Y, Wang X. Recent advances in stable main group element radicals: preparation and characterization. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:5930-5973. [PMID: 35770612 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00288d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Radical species are significant in modern chemistry. Their unique chemical bonding and novel physicochemical properties play significant roles not only in fundamental chemistry, but also in materials science. Main group element radicals are usually transient due to their high reactivity. Highly stable radicals are often stabilized by π-delocalization, sterically demanding ligands, carbenes and weakly coordinating anions in recent years. This review presents the recent advances in the synthesis, characterization, reactivity and physical properties of isolable main group element radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongtao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Shuxuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yuanting Su
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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9
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Sun X, Xie M, Qiu W, Wei C, Chen X, Hu Y. Spectroscopic evidence of S∴N and S∴O hemibonds in heterodimer cations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:19354-19361. [PMID: 35686608 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00904h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Computational and condensed phase experimental evidence for the existence of S∴N and S∴O hemibonded structures has been reported previously, but no gas phase experimental evidence has been reported. To experimentally explore the existence of the S∴N and S∴O hemibonds in the gas phase, we recorded the infrared photodissociation action spectra of four cationic clusters: [CH3SH-NH3]+, [CH3SCH3-NH3]+, [CH3SCH3-H2O]+, and [CH3OCH3-H2O]+. Combined with the calculation results, it is found that the S∴N hemibonded structure is competitive with the S⋯HN H-bonded structure, though only the latter structure is actually observed in [CH3SH-NH3]+. The spectral and theoretical results show that hemibonds can form between the second- (oxygen or nitrogen) and the third-period elements (sulfur) in the heterodimer clusters of [CH3SCH3-NH3]+ and [CH3SCH3-H2O]+. However, the S∴N and S∴O hemibonded structures are found competitive with the C⋯HN and CH⋯O H-bonded structures, respectively, and both the structures coexist. On the other hand, the O∴O hemibonded structure is much less stable than other hydrogen bonded (H-bonded) structures in [CH3OCH3-H2O]+, and it shows no clear contribution to the observed spectrum. This study provides direct spectroscopic evidence for the existence of S∴N and S∴O hemibonds in the gas phase and their competition with the H-bonds, which may be also fundamentally important in biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| | - Min Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| | - Wei Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| | - Chengcheng Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| | - Xujian Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| | - Yongjun Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
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10
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Koike T, Osawa R, Ishida S, Iwamoto T. Synthesis, Structure and Electronic Properties of a Stable π‐Type 3‐Electron‐2‐Center‐Bonded Species: A Silicon Analogue of a Bicyclo[1.1.0]butane Radical Anion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117584. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Koike
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Tohoku University Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Raiki Osawa
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Tohoku University Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Shintaro Ishida
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Tohoku University Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Takeaki Iwamoto
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Tohoku University Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578 Japan
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11
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Koike T, Osawa R, Ishida S, Iwamoto T. Synthesis, Structure and Electronic Properties of a Stable π‐Type 3‐Electron‐2‐Center‐Bonded Species: A Silicon Analogue of a Bicyclo[1.1.0]butane Radical Anion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Koike
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Tohoku University Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Raiki Osawa
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Tohoku University Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Shintaro Ishida
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Tohoku University Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Takeaki Iwamoto
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Tohoku University Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578 Japan
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12
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Hadizadeh MH, Pan Z, Azamat J. Investigation of OH radical in the water nanodroplet during vapor freezing process: An ab initio molecular dynamics study. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Yu M, Ge X, Zhou S. On the origins of the mechanistic variants in the thermal reactions of S x+ (x = 1-3) with benzene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:17512-17520. [PMID: 34364310 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01959g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The S-π interaction between sulfur atom(s) and aromatic ring prevails in chemical and biochemical processes. The thermal gas-phase reactions of the Sn+ (n = 1-3) ions with benzene have been explored by using Quadrupole-Ion Trap (Q-IT) mass spectrometry complemented by quantum chemical calculations. Charge transfer was found to be the only reaction channel for S2+/C6H6, while both charge transfer and bond activation are available for the S+/C6H6 and S3+/C6H6 couples. Upon interrogating the associated electronic origins, multiple factors were found to matter for these processes. In contrast to the σ-type two-center three-electron (2c-3e) S-π hemibond as reported previously, unusual S-π hemibonds were addressed for the Sn+/C6H6 couples, i.e. the 2c-3e π(S061Eπ) and the three-center three-electron (3c-3e) σ(S2061Eπ) hemibonds. Such S-π interaction was found to be responsible for the charge transfer processes in S+/C6H6 and S2+/C6H6, but uninvolved in any transformation for S3+/C6H6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mincheng Yu
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, P. R. China.
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14
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Luo M, Cai Y, Lin X, Long L, Zhang H, Xia H. Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity of Metalla‐Chalcogenirenium Compounds
†. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Luo
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Yapeng Cai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Xinlei Lin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Lipeng Long
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Hong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Haiping Xia
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
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15
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Yang W, Wang W, Zhang L, Zhang L, Ruan H, Feng Z, Fang Y, Wang X. Persistent 2 c-3 e σ-bonded heteronuclear radical cations centered on S/Se and P/As atoms. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5067-5070. [PMID: 33884392 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01117k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The two-center three-electron (2c-3e) bonded species are important in chemical and biological science. Reported isolable 2c-3e σ-bonded species are usually constructed in homoatomic radicals. The one-electron oxidation of main-group heteronuclear species Nap(SPh)(P(Mes)2) (1), Nap(SePh)(P(Mes)2) (2), Nap(SPh)(As(Mes)2) (3) and Nap(SePh)(As(Mes)2) (4) produced persistent radical cations 1˙+-4˙+ in solution. Large couplings of heteroatoms in EPR spectra of 1˙+-4˙+, shorter bond distances and bigger Wiberg bond orders of Ch-Pn in 1˙+-4˙+ than those in 1-4 in DFT calculations indicate large amounts of spin densities over heteroatoms and the formation of 2c-3e σ-bonds between chalcogen and pnicogen atoms. This work provides evidence of 2c-3e σ-bonds constructed between main-group heteronuclears and rare examples of radical cations involving three-electron σ-bonds between S/Se and P/As atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Wenqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China. and College of Chemistry and Material Science, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China.
| | - Leran Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Center of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545006, China
| | - Huapeng Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zhongtao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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16
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Yang W, Zhang L, Xiao D, Feng R, Wang W, Pan S, Zhao Y, Zhao L, Frenking G, Wang X. A diradical based on odd-electron σ-bonds. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3441. [PMID: 32651366 PMCID: PMC7351710 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17303-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of odd-electron σ–bond was first proposed by Linus Pauling. Species containing such a bond have been recognized as important intermediates encountered in many fields. A number of radicals with a one-electron or three-electron σ-bond have been isolated, however, no example of a diradical based odd-electron σ-bonds has been reported. So far all stable diradicals are based on two s/p-localized or π-delocalized unpaired electrons (radicals). Here, we report a dication diradical that is based on two Se∴Se three-electron σ–bonds. In contrast, the dication of sulfur analogue does not display diradical character but exhibits a closed-shell singlet. Stable diradicals are generally based on two s/p-localized or π-delocalized unpaired electrons (radicals). Here, the authors report a dication diradical that is based on two Se∴Se three-electron σ-bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.,Center of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545006, China
| | - Dengmengfei Xiao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Rui Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wenqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Sudip Pan
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China. .,Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, D-35032, Germany.
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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17
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Jie J, Xia Y, Huang CH, Zhao H, Yang C, Liu K, Song D, Zhu BZ, Su H. Sulfur-centered hemi-bond radicals as active intermediates in S-DNA phosphorothioate oxidation. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 47:11514-11526. [PMID: 31724721 PMCID: PMC7145531 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorothioate (PS) modifications naturally appear in bacteria and archaea genome and are widely used as antisense strategy in gene therapy. But the chemical effects of PS introduction as a redox active site into DNA (S-DNA) is still poorly understood. Herein, we perform time-resolved spectroscopy to examine the underlying mechanisms and dynamics of the PS oxidation by potent radicals in free model, in dinucleotide, and in S-oligomer. The crucial sulphur-centered hemi-bonded intermediates -P–S∴S–P- were observed and found to play critical roles leading to the stable adducts of -P–S–S–P-, which are backbone DNA lesion products. Moreover, the oxidation of the PS moiety in dinucleotides d[GPSG], d[APSA], d[GPSA], d[APSG] and in S-oligomers was monitored in real-time, showing that PS oxidation can compete with adenine but not with guanine. Significantly, hole transfer process from A+• to PS and concomitant -P–S∴S–P- formation was observed, demonstrating the base-to-backbone hole transfer unique to S-DNA, which is different from the normally adopted backbone-to-base hole transfer in native DNA. These findings reveal the distinct backbone lesion pathway brought by the PS modification and also imply an alternative -P–S∴S–P-/-P–S–S–P- pathway accounting for the interesting protective role of PS as an oxidation sacrifice in bacterial genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialong Jie
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ye Xia
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chun-Hua Huang
- State Key Lab of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Hongmei Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chunfan Yang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Kunhui Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Di Song
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ben-Zhan Zhu
- State Key Lab of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Hongmei Su
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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18
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Breder A, Depken C. Lichtgetriebene Ein‐Elektronen‐Transferprozesse als Funktionsprinzip in der Schwefel‐ und Selen‐Multikatalyse. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201812486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Breder
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität Regensburg Universitätsstrasse 31 93053 Regenburg Deutschland
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieUniversität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Christian Depken
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieUniversität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
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19
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Breder A, Depken C. Light‐Driven Single‐Electron Transfer Processes as an Enabling Principle in Sulfur and Selenium Multicatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:17130-17147. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201812486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Breder
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität Regensburg Universitätsstrasse 31 93053 Regenburg Deutschland
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieUniversität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Christian Depken
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieUniversität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
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20
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Xie M, Tsai HR, Fujii A, Lee YP. Effects of solvent molecules on hemi-bonded (CH 3SH) 2+: infrared absorption of [(CH 3SH) 2-X] + with X = H 2O, (CH 3) 2CO, or NH 3 and (CH 3SH) n+ (n = 3-6). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:16055-16063. [PMID: 31290887 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03158h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three-electron two-center (3e-2c) hemi-bonds play important roles in the oxidation and electron transport of proteins and are implicated to be involved in some neurodegenerative diseases. Our previous investigations on infrared (IR) spectra of (CH3SH)2+ using vacuum-ultraviolet photoionization, infrared dissociation, and time-of-flight detection have shown that (CH3SH)2+ is (3e-2c)-bonded. To investigate the influence of the solvent molecules on the (3e-2c)-bonded (CH3SH)2+ in a supersonic jet, we added H2O or (CH3)2CO or NH3 or (CH3SH)n (n = 1-4) to (CH3SH)2+ and investigated their IR action spectra. The (3e-2c)-bonded (CH3SH)2+ ion core was maintained when a molecule of H2O or (CH3)2CO or CH3SH binds, indicating that the ion core is more stable than the hydrogen bond, whereas the (3e-2c)-bond became broken by a NH3 molecule because the proton transfer led to a more stable hydrogen-bonded structure. The spectral features of the SH-stretching modes of (CH3SH)n+ (n = 3-6) indicate that the (3e-2c)-bonded (CH3SH)2+ ion core is maintained and the first two additional CH3SH are H-bonded to the free SH groups of the ion core. For larger clusters with n = 5 and 6, the additional solvent molecules likely bind to the first solvation shell. These results show also that the (3e-2c)-bonded S∴S structure is more stable than the S∴O and S∴N structures in [(CH3SH)2-X]+ with X = H2O or (CH3)2CO or CH3SH or NH3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xie
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, 1001, Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan and MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
| | - Huei-Ru Tsai
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, 1001, Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Asuka Fujii
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yuan-Pern Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, 1001, Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan and Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan. and Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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21
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Nance PJ, Thompson NB, Oyala PH, Peters JC. Zerovalent Rhodium and Iridium Silatranes Featuring Two-Center, Three-Electron Polar σ Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:6220-6224. [PMID: 30759317 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201814206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Species with 2-center, 3-electron (2c/3e- ) σ bonds are of interest owing to their fascinating electronic structures and potential for interesting reactivity patterns. Report here is the synthesis and characterization of a pair of zerovalent (d9 ) trigonal pyramidal Rh and Ir complexes that feature 2c/3e- σ bonds to the Si atom of a tripodal tris(phosphine)silatrane ligand. X-ray diffraction, continuous wave and pulse electron paramagnetic resonance, density-functional theory calculations, and reactivity studies have been used to characterize these electronically distinctive compounds. The data available highlight a 2c/3e- bonding framework with a σ*-SOMO of metal 4- or 5dz 2 parentage that is partially stabilized by significant mixing with Si (3pz ) and metal (5- or 6pz ) orbitals. Metal-ligand covalency thus buffers the expected destabilization of transition-metal (TM)-silyl σ*-orbitals by d-p mixing, affording well-characterized examples of TM-main group, and hence polar, 2c/3e- σ "half-bonds".
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia J Nance
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Niklas B Thompson
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Paul H Oyala
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Jonas C Peters
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
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22
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Nance PJ, Thompson NB, Oyala PH, Peters JC. Zerovalent Rhodium and Iridium Silatranes Featuring Two‐Center, Three‐Electron Polar σ Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201814206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia J. Nance
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCalifornia Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Niklas B. Thompson
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCalifornia Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Paul H. Oyala
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCalifornia Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Jonas C. Peters
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCalifornia Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
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23
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Hattori K, Wang D, Fujii A. Influence of the microsolvation on hemibonded and protonated hydrogen sulfide: infrared spectroscopy of [(H 2S) n(X) 1] + and H +(H 2S) n(X) 1 (n = 1 and 2, X = water, methanol, and ethanol). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:16064-16074. [PMID: 31259331 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03159f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Changes of the excess charge accommodation motif in hemibonded and protonated hydrogen sulfide by microsolvation are studied by infrared spectroscopy of [(H2S)n(X)1]+ and H+(H2S)n(X)1 (n = 1 and 2, X = water, methanol, and ethanol) clusters. While the hemibond in the (H2S)2+ ion core is stable to the microhydration by a single water molecule, the hemibond is broken by the proton transfer with the microsolvation by a single methanol or ethanol molecule. Hetero hemibond formation between hydrogen sulfide and these solvent molecules is not observed. On the other hand, the excess proton in H+(H2S)n can be easily transferred to the solvent molecule, even though the proton affinity of the solvent molecule is lower than that of hydrogen sulfide. Implications of these results to the charge accommodation by sulfur under the biological conditions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Hattori
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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24
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Wilken M, Ortgies S, Breder A, Siewert I. Mechanistic Studies on the Anodic Functionalization of Alkenes Catalyzed by Diselenides. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b01236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Wilken
- Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Ortgies
- Universität Göttingen, Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Breder
- Universität Göttingen, Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Inke Siewert
- Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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25
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Xie M, Shen Z, Wang D, Fujii A, Lee YP. Spectral Characterization of Three-Electron Two-Center (3e-2c) Bonds of Gaseous CH 3S∴S(H)CH 3 and (CH 3SH) 2+ and Enhancement of the 3e-2c Bond upon Protonation. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:3725-3730. [PMID: 29920092 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The three-electron two-center (3e-2c) bond plays an important role in structures and electron communication in biological systems involving cationic sulfur compounds. Although the nature of 3e-2c bonds and their theoretical formalism have attracted great interest, direct spectral identifications of 3e-2c-bound molecules are scarce. We observed the infrared spectra of the weakly 3e-2c-bound CH3S∴S(H)CH3 and the strongly 3e-2c-bound (CH3SH)2+ in a supersonic jet using infrared (IR) dissociation with vacuum-ultraviolet photoionization and time-of-flight detection. Protonation of CH3S∴S(H)CH3 to form [CH3(H)S∴S(H)CH3]+ significantly enhances the 3e-2c bond, characterized by a large red shift of the SH-stretching band with enhanced IR intensity, shortening of the calculated S-S distance from 3.00 to 2.86 Å, and a dissociation energy increased from ∼23 to 162 kJ mol-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xie
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science , National Chiao Tung University , 1001 Ta-Hsueh Road , Hsinchu 30010 , Taiwan
| | - Zhitao Shen
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science , National Chiao Tung University , 1001 Ta-Hsueh Road , Hsinchu 30010 , Taiwan
| | - Dandan Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University , Sendai 980-8578 , Japan
| | - Asuka Fujii
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University , Sendai 980-8578 , Japan
| | - Yuan-Pern Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science , National Chiao Tung University , 1001 Ta-Hsueh Road , Hsinchu 30010 , Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science , National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu 30010 , Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences , Academia Sinica , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
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26
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Tan G, Wang X. Isolable Radical Ions of Main-Group Elements: Structures, Bonding and Properties. CHINESE J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201700802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gengwen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures; Nanjing University; Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 China
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures; Nanjing University; Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 China
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27
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Sulfur Radicals and Their Application. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2018; 376:22. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-018-0197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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28
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Danovich D, Foroutan-Nejad C, Hiberty PC, Shaik S. Nature of the Three-Electron Bond. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:1873-1885. [PMID: 29338261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b11919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We analyze the properties of 15 3-electron bonds, which include σ-3-electron-bonds, such as dihalide radical anions and di-noble gas radical cations, π-3-electron-bonds as in hydrazine radical cations, and doubly-π-(3e)-bonded species such as O2, FeO+, S2, etc. The primary analytical tool is the breathing-orbital valence-bond (BOVB) method, which enables us to quantify the charge shift resonance energy (RECS) of the three electrons, and the bond dissociation energies (De). BOVB is tested reliable against MRCI calculations. Our findings show that in all 3-electron bonds, none of the VB structures have by themselves any bonding. In fact, in each VB structure, the three electrons maintain Pauli repulsion, while the entire bonding energy arises from resonance due to the charge shift between the two or more constituent VB structures. Hence, 3e-bonds are charge shift bonds (CSBs). The CSB character is probed by calculating the Laplacian (L) of the 3e-bond. Thus, much like the CSBs in electron-pair bonds, such as F2 or the central bond in [1.1.1]propellane, here too L is positive, thus showing the excess kinetic energy of the shared density due to the Pauli repulsion in the 3-electron VB structures. The RECS values for 3-electron bonds are invariably larger than the corresponding bond energies. For the doubly-π-(3e)-bonded species, RECS is very large, exceeding 100 kcal mol-1. As such, it is fitting to conclude that σ- and π-3-electron-bonds find their natural place in the CSB family along with two-electron CSBs, with which they share identical energetic and topological characteristics. Experimental manifestations/tests of 3e-CSBs are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Danovich
- Institute of Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem , 9190401 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Cina Foroutan-Nejad
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University , Kamenice 5/A4, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Philippe C Hiberty
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, UMR CNRS 8000, Groupe Théosim, Université de Paris-Sud , 91405 Orsay Cédex, France
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem , 9190401 Jerusalem, Israel
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29
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Regnier V, Molton F, Philouze C, Martin D. An air-persistent oxyallyl radical cation with simple di(methyl)amino substituents. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:11422-11425. [PMID: 27722255 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc06260a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report an experimental and theoretical study of the 1,1,3,3-tetrakis-di(methylamino)oxyallyl radical cation. Despite simple substituents with minimal steric hindrance, this radical was found to be stable under an inert atmosphere and persistent for several hours in well-aerated solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vianney Regnier
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 5250, Université Grenoble-Alpes B. P. 53, 38041 Cedex 9 Grenoble, France.
| | - Florian Molton
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 5250, Université Grenoble-Alpes B. P. 53, 38041 Cedex 9 Grenoble, France.
| | - Christian Philouze
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 5250, Université Grenoble-Alpes B. P. 53, 38041 Cedex 9 Grenoble, France.
| | - David Martin
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 5250, Université Grenoble-Alpes B. P. 53, 38041 Cedex 9 Grenoble, France.
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30
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Taylor LJ, Bühl M, Chalmers BA, Ray MJ, Wawrzyniak P, Walton JC, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Woollins JD, Kilian P. Dealkanative Main Group Couplings across the peri-Gap. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:18545-18551. [PMID: 29191021 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Here, we highlight the ability of peri-substitution chemistry to promote a series of unique P-P/P-As coupling reactions, which proceed with concomitant C-H bond formation. This dealkanative reactivity represents an interesting and unexpected expansion to the established family of main-group dehydrocoupling reactions. These transformations are exceptionally clean, proceeding essentially quantitatively at relatively low temperatures (70-140 °C), with 100% diastereoselectivity in the products. The reaction appears to be radical in nature, with the addition of small quantities of a radical initiator (azobis(isobutyronitrile)) increasing the rate dramatically, as well as altering the apparent order of reaction. DFT calculations suggest that the reaction involves dissociation of a phosphorus centered radical (stabilized by the peri-backbone) to the P-P coupled product and a free propyl radical, which carries the chain. This unusual reaction demonstrates the powerful effect that geometric constraints, in this case a rigid scaffold, can have on the reactivity of main group species, an area of research that is gaining increasing prominence in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence J Taylor
- University of St Andrews , School of Chemistry, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Michael Bühl
- University of St Andrews , School of Chemistry, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Brian A Chalmers
- University of St Andrews , School of Chemistry, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Matthew J Ray
- University of St Andrews , School of Chemistry, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Piotr Wawrzyniak
- University of St Andrews , School of Chemistry, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - John C Walton
- University of St Andrews , School of Chemistry, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - David B Cordes
- University of St Andrews , School of Chemistry, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- University of St Andrews , School of Chemistry, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - J Derek Woollins
- University of St Andrews , School of Chemistry, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Petr Kilian
- University of St Andrews , School of Chemistry, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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31
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Ortgies S, Rieger R, Rode K, Koszinowski K, Kind J, Thiele CM, Rehbein J, Breder A. Mechanistic and Synthetic Investigations on the Dual Selenium-π-Acid/Photoredox Catalysis in the Context of the Aerobic Dehydrogenative Lactonization of Alkenoic Acids. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b02729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Ortgies
- Institut für
Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rene Rieger
- Institut für
Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Rode
- Institut für
Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Konrad Koszinowski
- Institut für
Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jonas Kind
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische
Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse
16, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christina M. Thiele
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische
Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse
16, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Julia Rehbein
- Organische Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Breder
- Institut für
Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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32
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Zhang S, Wang W, Liu S, Sui Y, Zhang Z, Tan G, Sun Q, Wang X. Putting aniline radical cations in a bottle. Sci China Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-017-9096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Tan G, Wang X. Isolable Bis(triarylamine) Dications: Analogues of Thiele's, Chichibabin's, and Müller's Hydrocarbons. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:1997-2006. [PMID: 28731693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Since the pioneering work by Thiele and Chichibabin, who synthesized the first diradicals bridged by phenylene and biphenylene groups in 1904 and 1907, respectively, numerous efforts have been devoted to synthesizing stable diradicals during the last few decades, and several strategies have been developed to stabilize these highly reactive diradicals. In this Account, we describe the synthesis and characterization of isolable bis(triarylamine) dications, nitrogen analogues of Thiele's, Chichibabin's, and Müller's hydrocarbons, which represent facilely accessible, stable diradicals by replacing carbinyl centers with isoelectronic aminium centers. Along with discussing the molecular structures and electronic structures of the isolated bis(triarylamine) dications, their spectroscopic and magnetic properties are also introduced. Since 2011, we have reported the stabilization of a variety of radical cations bearing the weakly coordinating anion Al(ORF)4- (RF = polyfluorinated alkyl group), which we have recently successfully applied for the stabilization and crystallization of bis(triarylamine) dications, analogues of Thiele's, Chichibabin's, and Müller's hydrocarbons. Prior to our and Kamada's work, there have been only three stable bis(triarylamine) dications isolated in the solid state. The facile access of bis(triarylamine) dications in their crystalline forms allowed us to pursue a deep investigation of their solid-state structures, electronic structures, and physical properties. Similar to their hydrocarbon analogues, bis(triarylamine) dications possess characteristic resonance structures between open-shell singlet (OS) diradicals and closed-shell (CS) quinoidal forms. The combination of single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculations has proved to be a robust strategy to gain a better understanding of the electronic structures of the obtained diradicals. The structural parameters obtained from XRD analysis reflect the overall contribution of each resonance structure to the crystal structure. The comparison of the parameters from the crystal structures with those from DFT calculations for the pure electronic configurations (CS, OS, and triplet states) affords an overview of the ground-state structures of the diradicals. To justify the "degree" of singlet diradical character, the diradical parameter y is applied, which is estimated by the occupancy of the lowest unoccupied natural orbital (LUNO) having antibonding nature (y = 0 for the closed-shell and y = 1 for the pure singlet diradical). In addition, magnetic susceptibility measurements serve as a practical experimental method to determine the singlet-triplet energy gaps of the isolable diradical dications. Through detailed studies on isolable bis(triarylamine) dications, magnetic bistability caused by intramolecular electron-exchange interactions was observed. Moreover, we also found that the singlet-triplet energy gaps of the diradicals could be thermally controlled. These investigations highlight the potential of bis(triarylamine) dications as building blocks for functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengwen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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34
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Gleiter R, Haberhauer G. Electron-rich two-, three- and four-center bonds between chalcogens – New prospects for old molecules. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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35
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Wang D, Fujii A. Spectroscopic observation of two-center three-electron bonded (hemi-bonded) structures of (H 2S) n+ clusters in the gas phase. Chem Sci 2017; 8:2667-2670. [PMID: 28553502 PMCID: PMC5433515 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc05361k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A two-center three-electron 2c-3e bond (hemi-bond) is a non-classical chemical bond, and its existence has been supposed in radical cation clusters with lone pairs. Though the nature of the hemi-bond and its role in the reactivity of radical cations have attracted great interest, spectroscopic observations of hemi-bonded structures have been very scarce. In the present study, the presence of a stable hemi-bonded core (H2S∴SH2)+ in (H2S) n+ (n = 3-6) in the gas phase is demonstrated by infrared spectroscopy combined with quantum chemical calculations. The spectral features of the free SH stretch of the ion core show that the hemi-bond motif of the ion core is maintained up to the completion of the first H-bonded solvation shell. All of the observed spectra are well reproduced by the minimum energy hemi-bonded isomers, and no sign of the proton-transferred ion core type H3S+-SH, which is estimated to have a much higher energy, is found. Spin density calculations show that the excess charge is almost equally delocalized over the two H2S molecules in the cluster for n = 3 to 6. This also indicates the hemi-bond nature of the (H2S∴SH2)+ ion core and the small impact of the formation of a solvation shell on the ion core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science , Tohoku University , Sendai 980-8578 , Japan .
| | - Asuka Fujii
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science , Tohoku University , Sendai 980-8578 , Japan .
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36
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Engesser TA, Friedmann C, Martens A, Kratzert D, Malinowski PJ, Krossing I. Homoleptic Gold Acetonitrile Complexes with Medium to Very Weakly Coordinating Counterions: Effect on Aurophilicity? Chemistry 2016; 22:15085-15094. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias A. Engesser
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Christian Friedmann
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Arthur Martens
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Daniel Kratzert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Przemysław J. Malinowski
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF); Universität Freiburg; Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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37
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Engesser TA, Lichtenthaler MR, Schleep M, Krossing I. Reactive p-block cations stabilized by weakly coordinating anions. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:789-899. [PMID: 26612538 PMCID: PMC4758321 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00672d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of the p-block elements is a huge playground for fundamental and applied work. With their bonding from electron deficient to hypercoordinate and formally hypervalent, the p-block elements represent an area to find terra incognita. Often, the formation of cations that contain p-block elements as central ingredient is desired, for example to make a compound more Lewis acidic for an application or simply to prove an idea. This review has collected the reactive p-block cations (rPBC) with a comprehensive focus on those that have been published since the year 2000, but including the milestones and key citations of earlier work. We include an overview on the weakly coordinating anions (WCAs) used to stabilize the rPBC and give an overview to WCA selection, ionization strategies for rPBC-formation and finally list the rPBC ordered in their respective group from 13 to 18. However, typical, often more organic ion classes that constitute for example ionic liquids (imidazolium, ammonium, etc.) were omitted, as were those that do not fulfill the - naturally subjective -"reactive"-criterion of the rPBC. As a rule, we only included rPBC with crystal structure and only rarely refer to important cations published without crystal structure. This collection is intended for those who are simply interested what has been done or what is possible, as well as those who seek advice on preparative issues, up to people having a certain application in mind, where the knowledge on the existence of a rPBC that might play a role as an intermediate or active center may be useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias A. Engesser
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Martin R. Lichtenthaler
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Mario Schleep
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
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38
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Zheng X, Zhang Z, Tan G, Wang X. An Aliphatic Solvent-Soluble Lithium Salt of the Perhalogenated Weakly Coordinating Anion [Al(OC(CCl3)(CF3)2)4]−. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:1008-10. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory
of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,
Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Zaichao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an 223300, P. R. China
| | - Gengwen Tan
- State Key Laboratory
of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,
Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory
of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,
Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
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39
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Berry JF. Two-Center/Three-Electron Sigma Half-Bonds in Main Group and Transition Metal Chemistry. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:27-34. [PMID: 26741459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
First proposed in a classic Linus Pauling paper, the two-center/three-electron (2c/3e) σ half-bond challenges the extremes of what may or may not be considered a chemical bond. Two electrons occupying a σ bonding orbital and one electron occupying the antibonding σ* orbital results in bond orders of ∼0.5 that are characteristic of metastable and exotic species, epitomized in the fleetingly stable He2(+) ion. In this Account, I describe the use of coordination chemistry to stabilize such fugacious three-electron bonded species at disparate ends of the periodic table. A recent emphasis in the chemistry of metal-metal bonds has been to prepare compounds with extremely short metal-metal distances and high metal-metal bond orders. But similar chemistry can be used to explore metal-metal bond orders less than one, including 2c/3e half-bonds. Bimetallic compounds in the Ni2(II,III) and Pd2(II,III) oxidation states were originally examined in the 1980s, but the evidence collected at that time suggested that they did not contain 2c/3e σ bonds. Both classes of compounds have been re-examined using EPR spectroscopy and modern computational methods that show the unpaired electron of each compound to occupy a M-M σ* orbital, consistent with 2c/3e Ni-Ni and Pd-Pd σ half-bonds. Elsewhere on the periodic table, a seemingly unrelated compound containing a trigonal bipyramidal Cu3S2 core caused a stir, leaving prominent theorists at odds with one another as to whether the compound contains a S-S bond. Due to my previous experience with 2c/3e metal-metal bonds, I suggested that the Cu3S2 compound could contain a 2c/3e S-S σ half-bond in the previously unknown oxidation state of S2(3-). By use of the Cambridge Database, a number of other known compounds were identified as potentially containing S2(3-) ligands, including a noteworthy set of cyclopentadienyl-supported compounds possessing diamond-shaped Ni2E2 units with E = S, Se, and Te. These compounds were subjected to extensive studies using X-ray absorption spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, density functional theory, and wave function-based computational methods, as well as chemical oxidation and reduction. The compounds contain E-E 2c/3e σ half-bonds and unprecedented E2(3-) "subchalcogenide" ligands, ushering in a new oxidation state paradigm for transition metal-chalcogen chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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40
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Monney NPA, Bally T, Yamamoto T, Glass RS. Spectroscopic Evidence for Through-Space Arene–Sulfur–Arene Bonding Interaction in m-Terphenyl Thioether Radical Cations. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:12990-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b09665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Bally
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Takuhei Yamamoto
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Richard S. Glass
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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41
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Yuan N, Zhang Z, Wang X, Wang X. Isolation and crystal structure of a dithiophene dication: controlling covalent connection and disconnection with temperature and phase. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:16714-7. [PMID: 26434390 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc06755c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A dithienylethene (1o) undergoes a two-electron chemical oxidation to a singlet diradical as an open-isomer (1o(2+)) in solution, which cyclizes to a closed-form (1c(2+)) upon cooling. The latter crystallizes out and its structure is analyzed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Equilibrium between 1o(2+) and 1c(2+) in solution is observed by NMR and UV spectroscopy at various temperatures and is further supported by reduction reactions with Zn powder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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42
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Marín-Luna M, Alkorta I, Elguero J. A computational study on [(PH2X)2]·+ homodimers involving intermolecular two-center three-electron bonds. Struct Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-015-0617-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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43
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Zheng X, Wang X, Zhang Z, Sui Y, Wang X, Power PP. Access to Stable Metalloradical Cations with Unsupported and Isomeric Metal-Metal Hemi-Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:9084-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201503392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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44
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Zheng X, Wang X, Zhang Z, Sui Y, Wang X, Power PP. Access to Stable Metalloradical Cations with Unsupported and Isomeric Metal-Metal Hemi-Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201503392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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45
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Harcourt RD. Three-Electron Bond Valence-Bond Structures for the Ditetracyanoethylene Dianion. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 11:1979-82. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard D. Harcourt
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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46
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Sanz Camacho P, Athukorala Arachchige KS, Slawin AMZ, Green TFG, Yates JR, Dawson DM, Woollins JD, Ashbrook SE. Unusual Intermolecular “Through-Space” J Couplings in P–Se Heterocycles. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:6172-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b03353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Sanz Camacho
- School
of Chemistry, EaStCHEM and Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, U.K
| | | | - Alexandra M. Z. Slawin
- School
of Chemistry, EaStCHEM and Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, U.K
| | | | | | - Daniel M. Dawson
- School
of Chemistry, EaStCHEM and Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - J. Derek Woollins
- School
of Chemistry, EaStCHEM and Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Sharon E. Ashbrook
- School
of Chemistry, EaStCHEM and Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, U.K
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47
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Yao SA, Martin-Diaconescu V, Infante I, Lancaster KM, Götz AW, DeBeer S, Berry JF. Electronic Structure of Ni2E2 Complexes (E = S, Se, Te) and a Global Analysis of M2E2 Compounds: A Case for Quantized E2n– Oxidation Levels with n = 2, 3, or 4. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:4993-5011. [DOI: 10.1021/ja511607j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shu A. Yao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Vlad Martin-Diaconescu
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, D-45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Ivan Infante
- Kimika Fakultatea,
Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, and Donostia International Physics
Center (DIPC), P. K. 1072, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Kyle M. Lancaster
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Andreas W. Götz
- San
Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California—San Diego, La
Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, D-45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - John F. Berry
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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48
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Wang W, Wang X, Zhang Z, Yuan N, Wang X. The long-sought seventeen-electron radical [(C6Me6)Cr(CO)3]+: isolation, crystal structure and substitution reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:8410-3. [PMID: 25820609 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01941a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A highly air-sensitive seventeen-electron half-sandwich radical, [(C6Me6)Cr(CO)3]+, which has been long sought over 40 years, was isolated and structurally characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
| | - Xingyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
| | - Zaichao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huaiyin Normal University
- Huai'an 223300
- China
| | - Ningning Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
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Mallow O, Khanfar MA, Malischewski M, Finke P, Hesse M, Lork E, Augenstein T, Breher F, Harmer JR, Vasilieva NV, Zibarev A, Bogomyakov AS, Seppelt K, Beckmann J. Diaryldichalcogenide radical cations. Chem Sci 2015; 6:497-504. [PMID: 28936305 PMCID: PMC5588450 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc02964j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
One-electron oxidation of two series of diaryldichalcogenides (C6F5E)2 (13a-c) and (2,6-Mes2C6H3E)2 (16a-c) was studied (E = S, Se, Te). The reaction of 13a and 13b with AsF5 and SbF5 gave rise to the formation of thermally unstable radical cations [(C6F5S)2]˙+ (14a) and [(C6F5Se)2]˙+ (14b) that were isolated as [Sb2F11]- and [As2F11]- salts, respectively. The reaction of 13c with AsF5 afforded only the product of a Te-C bond cleavage, namely the previously known dication [Te4]2+ that was isolated as [AsF6]- salt. The reaction of (2,6-Mes2C6H3E)2 (16a-c) with [NO][SbF6] provided the corresponding radical cations [(2,6-Mes2C6H3E)2]˙+ (17a-c; E = S, Se, Te) in the form of thermally stable [SbF6]- salts in nearly quantitative yields. The electronic and structural properties of these radical cations were probed by X-ray diffraction analysis, EPR spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations and other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Mallow
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Bremen , Leobener Straße , 28359 Bremen , Germany .
| | - Monther A Khanfar
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Fabeckstraße 34/36 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Jordan , Amman 11942 , Jordan
| | - Moritz Malischewski
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Fabeckstraße 34/36 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Pamela Finke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Bremen , Leobener Straße , 28359 Bremen , Germany .
| | - Malte Hesse
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Bremen , Leobener Straße , 28359 Bremen , Germany .
| | - Enno Lork
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Bremen , Leobener Straße , 28359 Bremen , Germany .
| | - Timo Augenstein
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Engesserstr. 15 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Frank Breher
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Engesserstr. 15 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Jeffrey R Harmer
- Centre for Advanced Imaging , University of Queensland , St Lucia , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Nadezhda V Vasilieva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Andrey Zibarev
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia
- Department of Physics , National Research University - Novosibirsk State University , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Artem S Bogomyakov
- International Tomography Centre , Russian Academy of Sciences , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Konrad Seppelt
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Fabeckstraße 34/36 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Bremen , Leobener Straße , 28359 Bremen , Germany .
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