1
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Chen W, Yi X, Liu Z, Tang X, Zheng A. Carbocation chemistry confined in zeolites: spectroscopic and theoretical characterizations. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:4337-4385. [PMID: 35536126 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00966d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acid-catalyzed reactions inside zeolites are one type of broadly applied industrial reactions, where carbocations are the most common intermediates of these reaction processes, including methanol to olefins, alkene/aromatic alkylation, and hydrocarbon cracking/isomerization. The fundamental research on these acid-catalyzed reactions is focused on the stability, evolution, and lifetime of carbocations under the zeolite confinement effect, which greatly affects the efficiency, selectivity and deactivation of zeolite catalysts. Therefore, a profound understanding of the carbocations confined in zeolites is not only beneficial to explain the reaction mechanism but also drive the design of new zeolite catalysts with ideal acidity and cages/channels. In this review, we provide both an in-depth understanding of the stabilization of carbocations by the pore confinement effect and summary of the advanced characterization methods to capture carbocations in zeolites, including UV-vis spectroscopy, solid-state NMR, fluorescence microscopy, IR spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Also, we clarify the relationship between the activity and stability of carbocations in zeolite-catalyzed reactions, and further highlight the role of carbocations in various hydrocarbon conversion reactions inside zeolites with diverse frameworks and varying acidic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China.
| | - Xianfeng Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China.
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaomin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China.
| | - Anmin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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2
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Fuchs A, Mannhardt P, Hirschle P, Wang H, Zaytseva I, Ji Z, Yaghi O, Wuttke S, Ploetz E. Single Crystals Heterogeneity Impacts the Intrinsic and Extrinsic Properties of Metal-Organic Frameworks. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2104530. [PMID: 34806239 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
At present, an enormous characterization gap exists between the study of the crystal structure of a material and its bulk properties. Individual particles falling within this gap cannot be fully characterized in a correlative manner by current methods. The authors address this problem by exploiting the noninvasive nature of optical microscopy and spectroscopy for the correlative analysis of metal-organic framework particles in situ. They probe the intrinsic as well as extrinsic properties in a correlated manner. The authors show that the crystal shape of MIL-88A strongly impacts its optical absorption. Furthermore, the question of how homogeneously water is distributed and adsorbed within one of the most promising materials for harvesting water from humid air, MOF-801, is addressed. The results demonstrate the considerable importance of the particle level and how it can affect the property of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Fuchs
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Mannhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Patrick Hirschle
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Haoze Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at Berkeley, and Berkeley Global Science Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Irina Zaytseva
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Zhe Ji
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at Berkeley, and Berkeley Global Science Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Omar Yaghi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at Berkeley, and Berkeley Global Science Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- UC Berkeley-KACST Joint Center of Excellence for Nanomaterials for Clean Energy Applications, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stefan Wuttke
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, 48940, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain
| | - Evelyn Ploetz
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
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3
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Abstract
AbstractNanoporous solids, including microporous, mesoporous and hierarchically structured porous materials, are of scientific and technological interest because of their high surface-to-volume ratio and ability to impose shape- and size-selectivity on molecules diffusing through them. Enormous efforts have been put in the mechanistic understanding of diffusion–reaction relationships of nanoporous solids, with the ultimate goal of developing materials with improved catalytic performance. Single-molecule localization microscopy can be used to explore the pore space via the trajectories of individual molecules. This ensemble-free perspective directly reveals heterogeneities in diffusion and diffusion-related reactivity of individual molecules, which would have been obscured in bulk measurements. In this article, we review developments in the spatial and temporal characterization of nanoporous solids using single-molecule localization microscopy. We illustrate various aspects of this approach, and showcase how it can be used to follow molecular diffusion and reaction behaviors in nanoporous solids.
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4
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Yang D, Liu J, Wang ZM, Kumagai A, Endo T, Yin HQ, Wei FS. Cellulose-Nanofiber-Mediated Sorption-Benefitting Holed Silicalite-1 Crystals. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:12995-13004. [PMID: 31460426 PMCID: PMC6705092 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Silicalite-1-type zeolites with unique intracrystal holes or cracks were successfully prepared using a cellulose nanofiber (CNF) as an additional mediating material, and their vapor phase adsorption properties toward methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and n-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) were examined. It was found that the mixing protocol of CNF and structure-directing agents (SDAs), the addition amount of CNF, and the CNF/SDAs amount ratio play important roles in forming the holed silicalite-1. The synthesis route that preliminarily mixes CNF with SDAs in a series of controlled conditions is particularly beneficial for the formation of the holed silicalite-1 with mesoporosity and larger pores because the CNF-SDAs composite structure benefits the zeolite growth closely encompassing CNF inside the crystal structure. It also promotes the preferential formation of the orthorhombic phase vicinal to the CNF surface, namely, the surface of the formed internal holes or cracks, with the twin-type crystal size reduced as compared to the non-CNF-templated sample. On the contrary, the synthesis route that mixes CNF with SDAs-silicate composite ions tends to modify the twin-type crystal shape at the same time to form small but uniform well-crystallized particles with less holes or cracks and a dominative monoclinic phase. It was considered that both the inter-subunit structural defect and silanol defect whose content is increased with CNF addition influence the adsorptivity of MTBE and NDMA. Owing to the small twin-type crystal size, the smaller crystal subunits, and the favored short path from the surface of internal holes or cracks, the holed silicalite-1 derived from the CNF and SDA premixture assures the easiest access of adsorbate molecules to the most energetically favored sites and is most appropriate for the adsorption of both MTBE and NDMA among the examined zeolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Yang
- Environmental
Management Research Institute, National
Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
- College
of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan
University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Environmental
Management Research Institute, National
Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
- College
of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University
of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Zheng-Ming Wang
- Environmental
Management Research Institute, National
Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Akio Kumagai
- Cellulose
Materials Research Group, Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science
and Technology, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Takashi Endo
- Cellulose
Materials Research Group, Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science
and Technology, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Hua-Qiang Yin
- College
of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan
University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Wei
- China
National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100029, China
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5
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Uslamin EA, Luna-Murillo B, Kosinov N, Bruijnincx PC, Pidko EA, Weckhuysen BM, Hensen EJ. Gallium-promoted HZSM-5 zeolites as efficient catalysts for the aromatization of biomass-derived furans. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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6
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Ristanović Z, Chowdhury AD, Brogaard RY, Houben K, Baldus M, Hofkens J, Roeffaers MBJ, Weckhuysen BM. Reversible and Site-Dependent Proton-Transfer in Zeolites Uncovered at the Single-Molecule Level. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:14195-14205. [PMID: 30280894 PMCID: PMC6213027 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Zeolite
activity and selectivity is often determined by the underlying
proton and hydrogen-transfer reaction pathways. For the first time,
we use single-molecule fluorescence microscopy to directly follow
the real-time behavior of individual styrene-derived carbocationic
species formed within zeolite ZSM-5. We find that intermittent fluorescence
and remarkable photostability of carbocationic intermediates strongly
depend on the local chemical environment imposed by zeolite framework
and guest solvent molecules. The carbocationic stability can be additionally
altered by changing para-substituent on the styrene
moiety, as suggested by DFT calculations. Thermodynamically unstable
carbocations are more likely to switch between fluorescent (carbocationic)
and dark (neutral) states. However, the rate constants of this reversible
change can significantly differ among individual carbocations, depending
on their exact location in the zeolite framework. The lifetimes of
fluorescent states and reversibility of the process can be additionally
altered by changing the interaction between dimeric carbocations and
solvated Brønsted acid sites in the MFI framework. Advanced multidimensional
magic angle spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy has been employed
for the accurate structural elucidation of the reaction products during
the zeolite-catalyzed dimerization of styrene in order to corroborate
the single-molecule fluorescence microscopy data. This complementary
approach of single-molecule fluorescence microscopy, NMR, and DFT
collectively indicates that the relative stability of the carbocationic
and the neutral states largely depends on the substituent and the
local position of the Brønsted acid site within the zeolite framework.
As a consequence, new insights into the host–guest chemistry
between the zeolite and aromatics, in terms of their surface mobility
and reactivity, have been obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Ristanović
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science , Utrecht University , Universiteitsweg 99 , 3584 CG Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Abhishek Dutta Chowdhury
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science , Utrecht University , Universiteitsweg 99 , 3584 CG Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Rasmus Y Brogaard
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , Postboks 1126 Blindern, 0318 Oslo , Norway
| | - Klaartje Houben
- NMR Research Group, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research , Utrecht University , Universiteitsweg 99 , 3584 CG Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Marc Baldus
- NMR Research Group, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research , Utrecht University , Universiteitsweg 99 , 3584 CG Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Department of Chemistry , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200 F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Maarten B J Roeffaers
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis , KU Leuven , Kasteelpark Arenberg 23 , 3001 Heverlee , Belgium
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science , Utrecht University , Universiteitsweg 99 , 3584 CG Utrecht , The Netherlands
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7
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Fu D, Schmidt JE, Ristanović Z, Chowdhury AD, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. Highly Oriented Growth of Catalytically Active Zeolite ZSM-5 Films with a Broad Range of Si/Al Ratios. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:11217-11221. [PMID: 28675590 PMCID: PMC5599938 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Highly b-oriented zeolite ZSM-5 films are critical for applications in catalysis and separations and may serve as models to study diffusion and catalytic properties in single zeolite channels. However, the introduction of catalytically active Al3+ usually disrupts the orientation of zeolite films. Herein, using structure-directing agents with hydroxy groups, we demonstrate a new method to prepare highly b-oriented zeolite ZSM-5 films with a broad range of Si/Al ratios (Si/Al=45 to ∞). Fluorescence micro-(spectro)scopy was used to monitor misoriented microstructures, which are invisible to X-ray diffraction, and show Al3+ framework incorporation and illustrate the differences between misoriented and b-oriented films. The methanol-to-hydrocarbons process was studied by operando UV/Vis diffuse reflectance micro-spectroscopy with on-line mass spectrometry, showing that the b-oriented zeolite ZSM-5 films are active and stable under realistic process conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglong Fu
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis groupDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Joel E. Schmidt
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis groupDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Zoran Ristanović
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis groupDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Abhishek Dutta Chowdhury
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis groupDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis groupDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis groupDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
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8
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Kubarev A, Breynaert E, Van Loon J, Layek A, Fleury G, Radhakrishnan S, Martens J, Roeffaers MBJ. Solvent Polarity-Induced Pore Selectivity in H-ZSM-5 Catalysis. ACS Catal 2017; 7:4248-4252. [PMID: 28713643 PMCID: PMC5504957 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Molecular-sized micropores of ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts provide spatial restrictions around catalytic sites that allow for shape-selective catalysis. However, the fact that ZSM-5 has two main pore systems with different geometries is relatively unexploited as a potential source of additional shape selectivity. Here, we use confocal laser-scanning microscopy to show that by changing the polarity of the solvent, the acid-catalyzed furfuryl alcohol oligomerization can be directed to selectively occur within either of two locations in the microporous network. This finding is confirmed for H-ZSM-5 particles with different Si/Al ratios and indicates a general trend for shape-selective catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey
V. Kubarev
- Center for Surface Chemistry
and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eric Breynaert
- Center for Surface Chemistry
and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jordi Van Loon
- Center for Surface Chemistry
and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arunasish Layek
- Center for Surface Chemistry
and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Fleury
- Center for Surface Chemistry
and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sambhu Radhakrishnan
- Center for Surface Chemistry
and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Martens
- Center for Surface Chemistry
and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten B. J. Roeffaers
- Center for Surface Chemistry
and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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9
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Fu D, Schmidt JE, Ristanović Z, Chowdhury AD, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. Highly Oriented Growth of Catalytically Active Zeolite ZSM-5 Films with a Broad Range of Si/Al Ratios. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donglong Fu
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group; Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Faculty of Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Joel E. Schmidt
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group; Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Faculty of Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Zoran Ristanović
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group; Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Faculty of Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Abhishek Dutta Chowdhury
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group; Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Faculty of Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group; Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Faculty of Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group; Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Faculty of Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
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10
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Hendriks FC, Schmidt JE, Rombouts JA, Lammertsma K, Bruijnincx PCA, Weckhuysen BM. Probing Zeolite Crystal Architecture and Structural Imperfections using Differently Sized Fluorescent Organic Probe Molecules. Chemistry 2017; 23:6305-6314. [PMID: 28217845 PMCID: PMC5434937 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A micro‐spectroscopic method has been developed to probe the accessibility of zeolite crystals using a series of fluorescent 4‐(4‐diethylaminostyryl)‐1‐methylpyridinium iodide (DAMPI) probes of increasing molecular size. Staining large zeolite crystals with MFI (ZSM‐5) topology and subsequent mapping of the resulting fluorescence using confocal fluorescence microscopy reveal differences in structural integrity: the 90° intergrowth sections of MFI crystals are prone to develop structural imperfections, which act as entrance routes for the probes into the zeolite crystal. Polarization‐dependent measurements provide evidence for the probe molecule's alignment within the MFI zeolite pore system. The developed method was extended to BEA (Beta) crystals, showing that the previously observed hourglass pattern is a general feature of BEA crystals with this morphology. Furthermore, the probes can accurately identify at which crystal faces of BEA straight or sinusoidal pores open to the surface. The results show this method can spatially resolve the architecture‐dependent internal pore structure of microporous materials, which is difficult to assess using other characterization techniques such as X‐ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank C Hendriks
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joel E Schmidt
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen A Rombouts
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV A, msterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Koop Lammertsma
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV A, msterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter C A Bruijnincx
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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11
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Chen T, Dong B, Chen K, Zhao F, Cheng X, Ma C, Lee S, Zhang P, Kang SH, Ha JW, Xu W, Fang N. Optical Super-Resolution Imaging of Surface Reactions. Chem Rev 2017; 117:7510-7537. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Jilin Province Key
Laboratory of Low Carbon Chemical Power, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bin Dong
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Kuangcai Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Fei Zhao
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Changbei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics & School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Seungah Lee
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Natural Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Natural Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ho Kang
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Natural Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Ha
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, 93 Dahak-Ro, Nam-Gu, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Weilin Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Jilin Province Key
Laboratory of Low Carbon Chemical Power, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P.R. China
| | - Ning Fang
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
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12
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Arletti R, Fois E, Gigli L, Vezzalini G, Quartieri S, Tabacchi G. Irreversible Conversion of a Water-Ethanol Solution into an Organized Two-Dimensional Network of Alternating Supramolecular Units in a Hydrophobic Zeolite under Pressure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201610949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Arletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra; Università di Torino; Via Valperga Caluso 35 Torino Italy
| | - Ettore Fois
- Dipartimento di Scienza ed Alta Tecnologia; Università dell'Insubria and INSTM; Via Valleggio 9 22100 Como Italy
| | - Lara Gigli
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste; Strada Statale 14 34149 Basovizza, Trieste Italy
| | - Giovanna Vezzalini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche; Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia; Via Campi 103 41125 Modena Italy
| | - Simona Quartieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche; Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra; Università di Messina; Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31 98166 Messina S. Agata Italy
| | - Gloria Tabacchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza ed Alta Tecnologia; Università dell'Insubria and INSTM; Via Valleggio 9 22100 Como Italy
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13
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Arletti R, Fois E, Gigli L, Vezzalini G, Quartieri S, Tabacchi G. Irreversible Conversion of a Water-Ethanol Solution into an Organized Two-Dimensional Network of Alternating Supramolecular Units in a Hydrophobic Zeolite under Pressure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:2105-2109. [PMID: 28067444 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201610949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Turning disorder into organization is a key issue in science. By making use of X-ray powder diffraction and modeling studies, we show herein that high pressures in combination with the shape and space constraints of the hydrophobic all-silica zeolite ferrierite separate an ethanol-water liquid mixture into ethanol dimer wires and water tetramer squares. The confined supramolecular blocks alternate in a binary two-dimensional (2D) architecture that remains stable upon complete pressure release. These results support the combined use of high pressures and porous networks as a viable strategy for driving the organization of molecules or nano-objects towards complex, pre-defined patterns relevant for the realization of novel functional nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Arletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Torino, Via Valperga Caluso 35, Torino, Italy
| | - Ettore Fois
- Dipartimento di Scienza ed Alta Tecnologia, Università dell'Insubria and INSTM, Via Valleggio 9, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Lara Gigli
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14, 34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giovanna Vezzalini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Simona Quartieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina S. Agata, Italy
| | - Gloria Tabacchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza ed Alta Tecnologia, Università dell'Insubria and INSTM, Via Valleggio 9, 22100, Como, Italy
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14
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Yang XY, Chen LH, Li Y, Rooke JC, Sanchez C, Su BL. Hierarchically porous materials: synthesis strategies and structure design. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:481-558. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00829a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 839] [Impact Index Per Article: 119.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses recent advances in synthesis strategies of hierarchically porous materials and their structural design from micro-, meso- to macro-length scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Li-Hua Chen
- State Key Laboratory Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Joanna Claire Rooke
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials Chemistry (CMI)
- University of Namur
- B-5000 Namur
- Belgium
| | - Clément Sanchez
- Chimie de la Matiere Condensee de Paris
- UniversitePierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI)
- Collège de France
- France
| | - Bao-Lian Su
- State Key Laboratory Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan
- China
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15
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Ristanović Z, Kubarev AV, Hofkens J, Roeffaers MBJ, Weckhuysen BM. Single Molecule Nanospectroscopy Visualizes Proton-Transfer Processes within a Zeolite Crystal. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13586-13596. [PMID: 27709925 PMCID: PMC5089756 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b06083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Visualizing proton-transfer processes at the nanoscale is essential for understanding the reactivity of zeolite-based catalyst materials. In this work, the Brønsted-acid-catalyzed oligomerization of styrene derivatives was used for the first time as a single molecule probe reaction to study the reactivity of individual zeolite H-ZSM-5 crystals in different zeolite framework, reactant and solvent environments. This was accomplished via the formation of distinct dimeric and trimeric fluorescent carbocations, characterized by their different photostability, as detected by single molecule fluorescence microscopy. The oligomerization kinetics turned out to be very sensitive to the reaction conditions and the presence of the local structural defects in zeolite H-ZSM-5 crystals. The remarkably photostable trimeric carbocations were found to be formed predominantly near defect-rich crystalline regions. This spectroscopic marker offers clear prospects for nanoscale quality control of zeolite-based materials. Interestingly, replacing n-heptane with 1-butanol as a solvent led to a reactivity decrease of several orders and shorter survival times of fluorescent products due to the strong chemisorption of 1-butanol onto the Brønsted acid sites. A similar effect was achieved by changing the electrophilic character of the para-substituent of the styrene moiety. Based on the measured turnover rates we have established a quantitative, single turnover approach to evaluate substituent and solvent effects on the reactivity of individual zeolite H-ZSM-5 crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Ristanović
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexey V. Kubarev
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and
Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and
Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Maarten B. J. Roeffaers
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and
Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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16
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Ristanović Z, Hofmann JP, Richard MI, Jiang T, Chahine GA, Schülli TU, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. X-ray Excited Optical Fluorescence and Diffraction Imaging of Reactivity and Crystallinity in a Zeolite Crystal: Crystallography and Molecular Spectroscopy in One. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 128:7622-7626. [PMID: 27478278 PMCID: PMC4950131 DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationships in heterogeneous catalysis are challenging to be measured on a single-particle level. For the first time, one X-ray beam is used to determine the crystallographic structure and reactivity of a single zeolite crystal. The method generates μm-resolved X-ray diffraction (μ-XRD) and X-ray excited optical fluorescence (μ-XEOF) maps of the crystallinity and Brønsted reactivity of a zeolite crystal previously reacted with a styrene probe molecule. The local gradients in chemical reactivity (derived from μ-XEOF) were correlated with local crystallinity and framework Al content, determined by μ-XRD. Two distinctly different types of fluorescent species formed selectively, depending on the local zeolite crystallinity. The results illustrate the potential of this approach to resolve the crystallographic structure of a porous material and its reactivity in one experiment via X-ray induced fluorescence of organic molecules formed at the reactive centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Ristanović
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Jan P Hofmann
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 993584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands; Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Ingrid Richard
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility 6 rue Jules Horowitz 38043 Grenoble Cedex France; Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM 2NP UMR 7334, 13397 Marseille France
| | - Tao Jiang
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Gilbert A Chahine
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility 6 rue Jules Horowitz 38043 Grenoble Cedex France
| | - Tobias U Schülli
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility 6 rue Jules Horowitz 38043 Grenoble Cedex France
| | - Florian Meirer
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
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17
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Ristanović Z, Hofmann JP, Richard MI, Jiang T, Chahine GA, Schülli TU, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. X-ray Excited Optical Fluorescence and Diffraction Imaging of Reactivity and Crystallinity in a Zeolite Crystal: Crystallography and Molecular Spectroscopy in One. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:7496-500. [PMID: 27145171 PMCID: PMC4950320 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationships in heterogeneous catalysis are challenging to be measured on a single-particle level. For the first time, one X-ray beam is used to determine the crystallographic structure and reactivity of a single zeolite crystal. The method generates μm-resolved X-ray diffraction (μ-XRD) and X-ray excited optical fluorescence (μ-XEOF) maps of the crystallinity and Brønsted reactivity of a zeolite crystal previously reacted with a styrene probe molecule. The local gradients in chemical reactivity (derived from μ-XEOF) were correlated with local crystallinity and framework Al content, determined by μ-XRD. Two distinctly different types of fluorescent species formed selectively, depending on the local zeolite crystallinity. The results illustrate the potential of this approach to resolve the crystallographic structure of a porous material and its reactivity in one experiment via X-ray induced fluorescence of organic molecules formed at the reactive centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Ristanović
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan P Hofmann
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Ingrid Richard
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38043, Grenoble Cedex, France.,Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP UMR 7334, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Tao Jiang
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gilbert A Chahine
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38043, Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Tobias U Schülli
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38043, Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Florian Meirer
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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18
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Cao P, Khorev O, Devaux A, Sägesser L, Kunzmann A, Ecker A, Häner R, Brühwiler D, Calzaferri G, Belser P. Supramolecular Organization of Dye Molecules in Zeolite L Channels: Synthesis, Properties, and Composite Materials. Chemistry 2016; 22:4046-60. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Cao
- Department of Chemistry; University of Fribourg; Ch. du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Oleg Khorev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Bern; Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - André Devaux
- Department of Chemistry; University of Fribourg; Ch. du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Lucie Sägesser
- Institute of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW); 8820 Wädenswil Switzerland
| | | | - Achim Ecker
- Institute of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW); 8820 Wädenswil Switzerland
| | - Robert Häner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Bern; Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Dominik Brühwiler
- Institute of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW); 8820 Wädenswil Switzerland
| | - Gion Calzaferri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Bern; Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Peter Belser
- Department of Chemistry; University of Fribourg; Ch. du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
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19
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Wiedemann SCC, Ristanović Z, Whiting GT, Reddy Marthala VR, Kärger J, Weitkamp J, Wels B, Bruijnincx PCA, Weckhuysen BM. Large Ferrierite Crystals as Models for Catalyst Deactivation during Skeletal Isomerisation of Oleic Acid: Evidence for Pore Mouth Catalysis. Chemistry 2015; 22:199-210. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Bordiga S, Lamberti C, Bonino F, Travert A, Thibault-Starzyk F. Probing zeolites by vibrational spectroscopies. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:7262-341. [PMID: 26435467 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00396b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses the most relevant aspects of vibrational spectroscopies (IR, Raman and INS) applied to zeolites and zeotype materials. Surface Brønsted and Lewis acidity and surface basicity are treated in detail. The role of probe molecules and the relevance of tuning both the proton affinity and the steric hindrance of the probe to fully understand and map the complex site population present inside microporous materials are critically discussed. A detailed description of the methods needed to precisely determine the IR absorption coefficients is given, making IR a quantitative technique. The thermodynamic parameters of the adsorption process that can be extracted from a variable-temperature IR study are described. Finally, cutting-edge space- and time-resolved experiments are reviewed. All aspects are discussed by reporting relevant examples. When available, the theoretical literature related to the reviewed experimental results is reported to support the interpretation of the vibrational spectra on an atomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bordiga
- Department of Chemistry, NIS and INSTM Reference Centers, University of Torino, Via Quarello 15, I-10135 Torino, Italy
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21
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Zhang ST, Yang J, Wu H, Liu YY, Ma JF. Systematic Investigation of High-Sensitivity Luminescent Sensing for Polyoxometalates and Iron(III) by MOFs Assembled with a New Resorcin[4]arene-Functionalized Tetracarboxylate. Chemistry 2015; 21:15806-19. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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22
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Tabacchi G, Fois E, Calzaferri G. Structure of Nanochannel Entrances in Stopcock-Functionalized Zeolite L Composites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:11112-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201504745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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23
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Tabacchi G, Fois E, Calzaferri G. Structure of Nanochannel Entrances in Stopcock-Functionalized Zeolite L Composites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201504745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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24
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Ristanović Z, Hofmann JP, De Cremer G, Kubarev AV, Rohnke M, Meirer F, Hofkens J, Roeffaers MBJ, Weckhuysen BM. Quantitative 3D Fluorescence Imaging of Single Catalytic Turnovers Reveals Spatiotemporal Gradients in Reactivity of Zeolite H-ZSM-5 Crystals upon Steaming. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:6559-68. [PMID: 25867455 PMCID: PMC4448181 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b01698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Optimizing the number, distribution,
and accessibility of Brønsted
acid sites in zeolite-based catalysts is of a paramount importance
to further improve their catalytic performance. However, it remains
challenging to measure real-time changes in reactivity of single zeolite
catalyst particles by ensemble-averaging characterization methods.
In this work, a detailed 3D single molecule, single turnover sensitive
fluorescence microscopy study is presented to quantify the reactivity
of Brønsted acid sites in zeolite H-ZSM-5 crystals upon steaming.
This approach, in combination with the oligomerization of furfuryl
alcohol as a probe reaction, allowed the stochastic behavior of single
catalytic turnovers and temporally resolved turnover frequencies of
zeolite domains smaller than the diffraction limited resolution to
be investigated with great precision. It was found that the single
turnover kinetics of the parent zeolite crystal proceeds with significant
spatial differences in turnover frequencies on the nanoscale and noncorrelated
temporal fluctuations. Mild steaming of zeolite H-ZSM-5 crystals at
500 °C led to an enhanced surface reactivity, with up to 4 times
higher local turnover rates than those of the parent H-ZSM-5 crystals,
and revealed remarkable heterogeneities in surface reactivity. In
strong contrast, severe steaming at 700 °C significantly dealuminated
the zeolite H-ZSM-5 material, leading to a 460 times lower turnover
rate. The differences in measured turnover activities are explained
by changes in the 3D aluminum distribution due to migration of extraframework
Al-species and their subsequent effect on pore accessibility, as corroborated
by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) sputter
depth profiling data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Ristanović
- †Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan P Hofmann
- †Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert De Cremer
- ‡Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexey V Kubarev
- §Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Marcus Rohnke
- ∥Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Florian Meirer
- †Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Hofkens
- ‡Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten B J Roeffaers
- §Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- †Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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