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Xia N, Gao F, Zhang J, Wang J, Huang Y. Overview on the Development of Electrochemical Immunosensors by the Signal Amplification of Enzyme- or Nanozyme-Based Catalysis Plus Redox Cycling. Molecules 2024; 29:2796. [PMID: 38930860 PMCID: PMC11206384 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Enzyme-linked electrochemical immunosensors have attracted considerable attention for the sensitive and selective detection of various targets in clinical diagnosis, food quality control, and environmental analysis. In order to improve the performances of conventional immunoassays, significant efforts have been made to couple enzyme-linked or nanozyme-based catalysis and redox cycling for signal amplification. The current review summarizes the recent advances in the development of enzyme- or nanozyme-based electrochemical immunosensors with redox cycling for signal amplification. The special features of redox cycling reactions and their synergistic functions in signal amplification are discussed. Additionally, the current challenges and future directions of enzyme- or nanozyme-based electrochemical immunosensors with redox cycling are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Fengli Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Jiwen Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Jiaqiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Yaliang Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
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2
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Park S, Seo S, Lee NS, Yoon YH, Yang H. Sensitive electrochemical immunosensor using a bienzymatic system consisting of β-galactosidase and glucose dehydrogenase. Analyst 2021; 146:3880-3887. [PMID: 33983348 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00562f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bienzymatic systems are often used with electrochemical affinity biosensors to achieve high signal levels and/or low background levels. It is important to select two enzymes whose reactions do not exhibit mutual interference but have similar optimal conditions. Here, we report a sensitive electrochemical immunosensor based on a bienzymatic system consisting of β-galactosidase (Gal, a hydrolase enzyme) and flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (FAD-GDH, a redox enzyme). Both enzymes showed high activities at neutral pH, the reactions catalyzed by them did not exhibit mutual interference, and the electrochemical-enzymatic redox cycling based on FAD-GDH coupled with enzymatic amplification by Gal enabled high signal amplification. Among the three amino-hydroxy-naphthalenes and 4-aminophenol (potential Gal products), 4-amino-1-naphthol showed the highest signal amplification. Glucose, as an electro-inactive, stable reducing agent for redox cycling, helped in achieving low background levels. Our bienzymatic system could detect parathyroid hormone at a detection limit of ∼0.2 pg mL-1, implying that it can be used for highly sensitive electrochemical detection of parathyroid hormone and other biomarkers in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonhwa Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Seungah Seo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | | | | | - Haesik Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
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3
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Paleček E, Tkáč J, Bartošík M, Bertók T, Ostatná V, Paleček J. Electrochemistry of nonconjugated proteins and glycoproteins. Toward sensors for biomedicine and glycomics. Chem Rev 2015; 115:2045-108. [PMID: 25659975 PMCID: PMC4360380 DOI: 10.1021/cr500279h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emil Paleček
- Institute
of Biophysics Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Královopolská
135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Tkáč
- Institute
of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Bartošík
- Regional
Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk
Memorial Cancer Institute, Žlutý kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Bertók
- Institute
of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Ostatná
- Institute
of Biophysics Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Královopolská
135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Paleček
- Central
European Institute of Technology, Masaryk
University, Kamenice
5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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4
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Jiaul Haque AM, Kim J, Dutta G, Kim S, Yang H. Redox cycling-amplified enzymatic Ag deposition and its application in the highly sensitive detection of creatine kinase-MB. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:14493-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc06117b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This communication reports a novel enzymatic Ag-deposition scheme combined with chemical–chemical redox cycling by reduced β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al-Monsur Jiaul Haque
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials
- Pusan National University
- Busan 609-735
- Korea
| | - Jihye Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials
- Pusan National University
- Busan 609-735
- Korea
| | - Gorachand Dutta
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials
- Pusan National University
- Busan 609-735
- Korea
| | - Sinyoung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine
- Yonsei University College of Medicine
- Seoul 135-720
- Korea
| | - Haesik Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials
- Pusan National University
- Busan 609-735
- Korea
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5
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Qian Y, Wang C, Gao F. Ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of DNA based on Zn 2+ assistant DNA recycling followed with hybridization chain reaction dual amplification. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 63:425-431. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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6
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Park S, Yang H. Sensitive and selective trypsin detection using redox cycling in the presence ofl-ascorbic acid. Analyst 2014; 139:4051-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an00465e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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7
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Park S, Singh A, Kim S, Yang H. Electroreduction-Based Electrochemical-Enzymatic Redox Cycling for the Detection of Cancer Antigen 15-3 Using Graphene Oxide-Modified Indium–Tin Oxide Electrodes. Anal Chem 2014; 86:1560-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403912d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seonhwa Park
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Amardeep Singh
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Sinyoung Kim
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 135-720, Korea
| | - Haesik Yang
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
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8
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Chen Y, Wang Q, Xu J, Xiang Y, Yuan R, Chai Y. A new hybrid signal amplification strategy for ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of DNA based on enzyme-assisted target recycling and DNA supersandwich assemblies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:2052-4. [PMID: 23386242 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc00034f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A highly sensitive electrochemical sequence-specific DNA detection strategy is demonstrated by coupling N.BstNB I (a nicking endonuclease)-assisted target recycling amplification with DNA supersandwich assembly signal enhancement. The proposed method avoids any extra chemical labeling steps and offers high selectivity against single-base mismatch sequences and a low detection limit down to 0.36 fM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
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9
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A magnetic bead-based bienzymatic electrochemical immunosensor for determination of H9N2 avian influenza virus. Electrochem commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2013.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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10
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Zhang J, Ting BP, Ying JY. Theoretical Assessment of Binding and Mass-Transport Effects in Electrochemical Affinity Biosensors That Utilize Nanoparticle Labels for Signal Amplification. Chemistry 2012; 18:15167-77. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Amperometric vitamin C biosensor based on the immobilization of ascorbate oxidase into the biocompatible sandwich-type composite film. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 167:2023-38. [PMID: 22644641 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9711-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Ascorbate oxidase (AO), a biologically active macromolecule, was successfully immobilized into a biocompatible sandwich-type composite film for developing the vitamin C (VC) biosensor, and the content of VC in commercial juices was amperometrically determined. The biocompatible and conducting poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) composite film and highly stable and selective multiwalled carbon nanotubes -Nafion composite film were prepared as inner and outer films of biosensor. AO molecules were immobilized between these two composite films. The as-fabricated biosensor displayed an excellent bioelectrocatalytic performance towards the oxidation of VC, a fast current response, a low working potential, a high sensitivity, a wide linear range, and a low detection limit. Moreover, the working mechanism of the biosensor was proposed, and its kinetics was also discussed. In addition, the specificity, reproducibility, and feasibility of the as-fabricated biosensor were also evaluated. Good results of the VC determination in commercial juices indicated that the as-fabricated biosensor was a potential candidate for the electrochemical determination of VC in agricultural crops. Inner and outer films provided a promising platform for the immobilization of biologically active species.
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12
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Yang H. Enzyme-based ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensors. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2012; 16:422-8. [PMID: 22503680 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Signal amplification in conventional enzyme-based biosensors is not high enough to achieve the ultrasensitive detection of biomolecules. In recent years, signal amplification has been improved by combining enzymatic reactions with redox cycling or employing multienzyme labels per detection probe. Electrochemical-chemical redox cycling and electrochemical-chemical-chemical redox cycling allow ultrasensitive detection simply by including one or two more chemicals in a solution without the use of an additional enzyme and/or electrode. Multiple horseradish peroxidase labels on magnetic bead carriers provide high signal enhancement along with a multiplex detection possibility. In both cases, the detection procedures are the same as those in conventional enzyme-based electrochemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haesik Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Rusling JF. Nanomaterials-based electrochemical immunosensors for proteins. CHEM REC 2012; 12:164-76. [PMID: 22287094 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201100034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For this special issue on 90 years of polarography, the following personal account describes how my early research in electrochemistry and polarography in the laboratory of Prof. Petr Zuman led to a major research effort in the determination of proteins for cancer detection and monitoring. It reviews the very recent history of nanoparticle labels and multiplexed detection in protein immunosensors. It then describes our journey of discovery that has led to ultrasensitive protein immunosensors achieved by combining nanostructured electrodes with particles labeled with up to ½ million enzymes that can detect down to as little as 1 fg mL(-1) protein in diluted serum. Our most mature multiple protein detection system is a microfluidic device with eight sensors coated with 5-nm gold nanoparticles that uses off-line protein detection with heavily labeled magnetic particles. This approach has led to reliable sub pg mL(-1) detection limits for multiple proteins, provides excellent correlation with referee ELISA methods, and is currently being used for validation of panels of biomarkers for oral and prostate cancer. The article ends with a section on future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Rusling
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
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14
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Boateng A, Brajter-Toth A. Nanomolar detection of p-nitrophenol via in situ generation of p-aminophenol at nanostructured microelectrodes. Analyst 2012; 137:4531-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35811e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Akanda MR, Choe YL, Yang H. “Outer-Sphere to Inner-Sphere” Redox Cycling for Ultrasensitive Immunosensors. Anal Chem 2011; 84:1049-55. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202638y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Rajibul Akanda
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for
Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Yu-Lim Choe
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for
Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Haesik Yang
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for
Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
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16
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A versatile strategy for electrochemical detection of hydrogen peroxide as well as related enzymes and substrates based on selective hydrogen peroxide-mediated boronate deprotection. Electrochem commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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17
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Durand F, Limoges B, Mano N, Mavré F, Miranda-Castro R, Savéant JM. Effect of substrate inhibition and cooperativity on the electrochemical responses of glucose dehydrogenase. Kinetic characterization of wild and mutant types. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:12801-9. [PMID: 21780841 DOI: 10.1021/ja204637d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thanks to its insensitivity to dioxygen and to its good catalytic reactivity, and in spite of its poor substrate selectivity, quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase (PQQ-GDH) plays a prominent role among the redox enzymes that can be used for analytical purposes, such as glucose detection, enzyme-based bioaffinity assays, and the design of biofuel cells. A detailed kinetic analysis of the electrochemical catalytic responses, leading to an unambiguous characterization of each individual steps, seems a priori intractable in view of the interference, on top of the usual ping-pong mechanism, of substrate inhibition and of cooperativity effects between the two identical subunits of the enzyme. Based on simplifications suggested by extended knowledge previously acquired by standard homogeneous kinetics, it is shown that analysis of the catalytic responses obtained by means of electrochemical nondestructive techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry, with ferrocene methanol as a mediator, does allow a full characterization of all individual steps of the catalytic reaction, including substrate inhibition and cooperativity and, thus, allows to decipher the reason that makes the enzyme more efficient when the neighboring subunit is filled with a glucose molecule. As a first practical illustration of this electrochemical approach, comparison of the native enzyme responses with those of a mutant (in which the asparagine amino acid in position 428 has been replaced by a cysteine residue) allowed identification of the elementary steps that makes the mutant type more efficient than the wild type when cooperativity between the two subunits takes place, which is observed at large mediator and substrate concentrations. A route is thus opened to structure-reactivity relationships and therefore to mutagenesis strategies aiming at better performances in terms of catalytic responses and/or substrate selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Durand
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, Universit de Bordeaux, UPR 8641, Avenue Albert Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France
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18
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Walter A, Wu J, Flechsig GU, Haake DA, Wang J. Redox cycling amplified electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization: application to pathogen E. coli bacterial RNA. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 689:29-33. [PMID: 21338752 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical genosensor in which signal amplification is achieved using p-aminophenol (p-AP) redox cycling by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) is presented. An immobilized thiolated capture probe is combined with a sandwich-type hybridization assay, using biotin as a tracer in the detection probe, and streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase as reporter enzyme. The phosphatase liberates the electrochemical mediator p-AP from its electrically inactive phosphate derivative. This generated p-AP is electrooxidized at an Au electrode modified self-assembled monolayer to p-quinone imine (p-QI). In the presence of NADH, p-QI is reduced back to p-AP, which can be re-oxidized on the electrode and produce amplified signal. A detection limit of 1 pM DNA target is offered by this simple one-electrode, one-enzyme format redox cycling strategy. The redox cycling design is applied successfully to the monitoring of the 16S rRNA of E. coli pathogenic bacteria, and provides a detection limit of 250 CFU μL(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Walter
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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19
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An electrochemical enzyme bioaffinity electrode based on biotin–streptavidin conjunction and bienzyme substrate recycling for amplification. Anal Biochem 2010; 405:121-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Xiang Y, Zhang Y, Qian X, Chai Y, Wang J, Yuan R. Ultrasensitive aptamer-based protein detection via a dual amplified biocatalytic strategy. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 25:2539-42. [PMID: 20452761 PMCID: PMC2878878 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We present an ultrasensitive aptasensor for the electronic monitoring of proteins through a dual amplified strategy in this paper. The target protein thrombin is sandwiched between an electrode surface confined aptamer and an aptamer-enzyme-carbon nanotube bioconjugate. The analytical signal amplification is achieved by coupling the signal amplification nature of multiple enzymes with the biocatalytic signal enhancement of redox-recycling. Our novel dramatic signal amplification strategy, with a detection limit of 8.3fM, shows about 4 orders of magnitude improvement in the sensitivity for thrombin detection compared to other universal single enzyme-based assay. This makes our approach an attractive alternative to other common PCR-based signal amplification in ultralow level of protein detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yuyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Qian
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yaqin Chai
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Ruo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
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21
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Rusling JF, Kumar CV, Gutkind JS, Patel V. Measurement of biomarker proteins for point-of-care early detection and monitoring of cancer. Analyst 2010; 135:2496-511. [PMID: 20614087 DOI: 10.1039/c0an00204f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This critical review evaluates progress toward viable point-of-care protein biomarker measurements for cancer detection and diagnostics. The ability to measure panels of specific, selective cancer biomarker proteins in physicians' surgeries and clinics has the potential to revolutionize cancer detection, monitoring, and therapy. The dream envisions reliable, cheap, automated, technically undemanding devices that can analyze a patient's serum or saliva in a clinical setting, allowing on-the-spot diagnosis. Existing commercial products for protein assays are reliable in laboratory settings, but have limitations for point-of-care applications. A number of ultrasensitive immunosensors and some arrays have been developed, many based on nanotechnology. Multilabel detection coupled with high capture molecule density in immunosensors and arrays seems to be capable of detecting a wide range of protein concentrations with sensitivity ranging into the sub pg mL(-1) level. Multilabel arrays can be designed to detect both high and ultralow abundance proteins in the same sample. However, only a few of the newer ultrasensitive methods have been evaluated with real patient samples, which is key to establishing clinical sensitivity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
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22
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Xu Y, Bakker E. Ion channel mimetic chronopotentiometric polymeric membrane ion sensor for surface-confined protein detection. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:568-573. [PMID: 19067579 PMCID: PMC2664528 DOI: 10.1021/la802728p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The operation of ion channel sensors is mimicked with functionalized polymeric membrane electrodes, using a surface confined affinity reaction to impede the electrochemically imposed ion transfer kinetics of a marker ion. A membrane surface biotinylated by covalent attachment to the polymeric backbone is used here to bind to the protein avidin as a model system. The results indicate that the protein accumulates on the ion-selective membrane surface, partially blocking the current-induced ion transfer across the membrane/aqueous sample interface, and subsequently decreases the potential jump in the so-called super-Nernstian step that is characteristic of a surface depletion of the marker ion. The findings suggest that such a potential drop could be utilized to measure the concentration of protein in the sample. Because the sensitivity of protein sensing is dependent on the effective blocking of the active surface area, it can be improved with a hydrophilic nanopore membrane applied on top of the biotinylated ion-selective membrane surface. On the basis of cyclic voltammetry characterization, the nanoporous membrane electrodes can indeed be understood as a recessed nanoelectrode array. The results show that the measuring range for protein sensing on nanopore electrodes is shifted to lower concentrations by more than 1 order of magnitude, which is explained with the reduction of surface area by the nanopore membrane and the related more effective hemispherical diffusion pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yida Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, Indiana 47907, USA
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23
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Rochelet-Dequaire M, Djellouli N, Limoges B, Brossier P. Bienzymatic-based electrochemical DNA biosensors: a way to lower the detection limit of hybridization assays. Analyst 2009; 134:349-53. [DOI: 10.1039/b816220d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Pescador P, Katakis I, Toca-Herrera JL, Donath E. Efficiency of a bienzyme sequential reaction system immobilized on polyelectrolyte multilayer-coated colloids. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:14108-14114. [PMID: 19360959 DOI: 10.1021/la8027435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We assembled multilayer films of glucose oxidase (GOx) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) coimmobilized together with polyelectrolyte layers on the surface of silica microparticles. The influence of different polyelectrolyte combinations on the immobilization and functionality of the enzymes was examined for several multilayer configurations. Precomplexation of the enzymes with a polyvinylpyridine-based polyamine allowed the stable adsorption of enzyme layers without affecting their catalytic activity. The efficiency of the sequential reaction between GOx and HRP on the surface of the colloids was quantitatively analyzed and rationalized in terms of the kinetic parameters of both enzymes and the reaction-diffusion kinetics of the system. In the optimized configuration, with GOx and HRP coimmobilized in the same layer, the overall rate of hydrogen peroxide conversion was around 2.5 times higher than for GOx and HRP in separate layers or for equivalent amounts of both enzymes free in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Pescador
- Bioengineering and Bioelectrochemistry Group, Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain.
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