1
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McPartlan MS, Harper CC, Hanozin E, Williams ER. Ion emission from 1-10 MDa salt clusters: individual charge state resolution with charge detection mass spectrometry. Analyst 2024; 149:735-744. [PMID: 38189568 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01913f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Salt cluster ions produced by electrospray ionization are used for mass calibration and fundamental investigations into cluster stability and charge separation processes. However, previous studies have been limited to relatively small clusters owing to the heterogeneity associated with large, multiply-charged clusters that leads to unresolved signals in conventional m/z spectra. Here, charge detection mass spectrometry is used to measure both the mass and charge distributions of positively charged clusters of KCl, CaCl2, and LaCl3 with masses between ∼1 and 10 MDa by dynamically measuring the energy per charge, m/z, charge, and mass of simultaneously trapped individual ions throughout a 1 s trapping time. The extent of remaining hydration on the clusters, determined from the change in the frequency of ion motion with time as a result of residual water loss, follows the order KCl < CaCl2 < LaCl3, and is significantly lower than that of a pure water nanodrop, consistent with tighter water binding to the more highly charged cations in these clusters. The number of ion emission events from these clusters also follows this same trend, indicating that water at the cluster surface facilitates charge loss. A new frequency-based method to determine the magnitude of the charge loss resulting from individual ion emission events clearly resolves losses of +1 and +2 ions. Achieving this individual charge state resolution for ion emission events is an important advance in obtaining information about the late stages of bare gaseous ions formation. Future experiments on more hydrated clusters are expected to lead to a better understanding of ion formation in electrospray ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S McPartlan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-1460, USA.
| | - Conner C Harper
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-1460, USA.
| | - Emeline Hanozin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-1460, USA.
| | - Evan R Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-1460, USA.
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2
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Stadler J, Vogel M, Steudtner R, Drobot B, Kogiomtzidis AL, Weiss M, Walther C. The chemical journey of Europium(III) through winter rye (Secale cereale L.) - Understanding through mass spectrometry and chemical microscopy. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137252. [PMID: 36403807 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A combination of biochemical preparation methods with microscopic, spectroscopic, and mass spectrometric analysis techniques as contemplating state of the art application, was used for direct visualization, localization, and chemical identification of europium in plants. This works illustrates the chemical journey of europium (Eu(III)) through winter rye (Secale cereale L.), providing insight into the possibilities of speciation for Rare Earth Elements (REE) and trivalent f-elements. Kinetic experiments of contaminated plants show a maximum europium concentration in Secale cereale L. after four days. Transport of the element through the vascular bundle was confirmed with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS). For chemical speciation, plants were grown in a liquid nutrition medium, whereby Eu(III) species distribution could be measured by mass spectrometry and luminescence measurements. Both techniques confirm the occurrence of Eu malate species in the nutrition medium, and further analysis of the plant was performed. Luminescence results indicate a change in Eu(III) species distribution from root tip to plant leaves. Microscopic analysis show at least three different Eu(III) species with potential binding to organic and inorganic phosphate groups and a Eu(III) protein complex. With plant root extraction, further europium species could be identified by using Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI MS). Complexation with malate, citrate, a combined malate-citrate ligand, and aspartate was confirmed mostly in a 1:1 stoichiometry (Eu:ligand). The combination of the used analytical techniques opens new possibilities in direct species analysis, especially regarding to the understanding of rare earth elements (REE) uptake in plants. This work provides a contribution in better understanding of plant mechanisms of the f-elements and their species uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Stadler
- Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, Leibniz University Hannover, 30419, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Manja Vogel
- VKTA - Strahlenschutz, Analytik & Entsorgung Rossendorf e.V., Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany; HZDR Innovation GmbH, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Robin Steudtner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Resource Ecology, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Björn Drobot
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Resource Ecology, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna L Kogiomtzidis
- Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, Leibniz University Hannover, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Weiss
- Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, Leibniz University Hannover, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Clemens Walther
- Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, Leibniz University Hannover, 30419, Hannover, Germany
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3
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Salzburger M, Ončák M, van der Linde C, Beyer MK. Simplified Multiple-Well Approach for the Master Equation Modeling of Blackbody Infrared Radiative Dissociation of Hydrated Carbonate Radical Anions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21485-21493. [PMID: 36383735 PMCID: PMC9716553 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Blackbody infrared radiative dissociation (BIRD) in a collision-free environment is a powerful method for the experimental determination of bond dissociation energies. In this work, we investigate temperature-dependent BIRD of CO3·-(H2O)1,2 at 250-330 K to determine water binding energies and assess the influence of multiple isomers on the dissociation kinetics. The ions are trapped in a Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer, mass selected, and their BIRD kinetics are recorded at varying temperatures. Experimental BIRD rates as a function of temperature are fitted with rates obtained from master equation modeling (MEM), using the water binding energy as a fit parameter. MEM accounts for the absorption and emission of photons from black-body radiation, described with harmonic frequencies and infrared intensities from quantum chemical calculations. The dissociation rates as a function of internal energy are calculated by Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus theory. Both single-well and multiple-well MEM approaches are used. Dissociation energies derived in this way from the experimental data are 56 ± 6 and 45 ± 3 kJ/mol for the first and second water molecules, respectively. They agree within error limits with the ones predicted by ab initio calculations done at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVQZ//CCSD/aug-cc-pVDZ level of theory. We show that the multiple-well MEM approach described here yields superior results in systems with several low-lying minima, which is the typical situation for hydrated ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Salzburger
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin K. Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020Innsbruck, Austria
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4
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Heller J, Cunningham EM, Hartmann JC, van der Linde C, Ončák M, Beyer MK. Size-dependent H and H 2 formation by infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy of hydrated vanadium cations, V +(H 2O) n, n = 3-51. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:14699-14708. [PMID: 35438100 PMCID: PMC9215701 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00833e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Infrared spectra of the hydrated vanadium cation (V+(H2O)n; n = 3–51) were measured in the O–H stretching region employing infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy. Spectral fingerprints, along with size-dependent fragmentation channels, were observed and rationalized by comparing to spectra simulated using density functional theory. Photodissociation leading to water loss was found for cluster sizes n = 3–7, consistent with isomers featuring intact water ligands. Loss of molecular hydrogen was observed as a weak channel starting at n = 8, indicating the advent of inserted isomers, HVOH+(H2O)n−1. The majority of ions for n = 8, however, are composed of two-dimensional intact isomers, concordant with previous infrared studies on hydrated vanadium. A third channel, loss of atomic hydrogen, is observed weakly for n = 9–11, coinciding with the point at which the H and H2O calculated binding energies become energetically competitive for intact isomers. A clear and sudden spectral pattern and fragmentation channel intensity at n = 12 suggest a structural change to inserted isomers. The H2 channel intensity decreases sharply and is not observed for n = 20 and 25–51. IRMPD spectra for clusters sizes n = 15–51 are qualitatively similar indicating no significant structural changes, and are thought to be composed of inserted isomers, consistent with recent electronic spectroscopy experiments. Infrared multiple photon dissociation spectra of V+(H2O)n depend on experiment conditions, with strong kinetic shift effects for large clusters.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Heller
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Ethan M Cunningham
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Jessica C Hartmann
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Martin K Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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5
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Jordan JS, Williams ER. Dissociation of large gaseous serine clusters produces abundant protonated serine octamer. Analyst 2021; 146:2617-2625. [PMID: 33688888 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00273b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Protonated serine octamer is especially abundant in spray ionization mass spectra of serine solutions under a wide range of conditions. Although serine octamer exists in low abundance in solution, abundant clusters, including octamer, can be formed by aggregation inside evaporating electrospray droplets. A minimum cluster size of 8 and 21 serine molecules was observed for doubly protonated and triply protonated clusters, respectively, formed by electrospray ionization of a 10 mM serine solution. Dissociation of these clusters results in charge separation to produce predominantly protonated serine dimer and some trimer and the complimentary charged ion. Dissociation of clusters significantly larger than the minimum cluster size occurs by sequential loss of serine molecules. Dissociation of all large clusters investigated leads to protonated octamer as the second most abundant cluster (protonated dimer is most abundant) at optimized collision energies. All larger clusters dissociate through a combination of charge separation and neutral serine loss to form small doubly protonated clusters, and the vast majority of protonated octamer is produced by dissociation of the doubly protonated decamer by charge separation. Protonated octamer abundance is optimized at a uniform energy per degrees of freedom for all clusters indicating that simultaneous dissociation of all large clusters will lead to abundant protonated octamer at an optimum ion temperature. These results provide evidence for another route to formation of abundant protonated octamer in spray ionization or other methods that promote formation and subsequent dissociation of large clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Jordan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Evan R Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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6
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Harper CC, Brauer DD, Francis MB, Williams ER. Direct observation of ion emission from charged aqueous nanodrops: effects on gaseous macromolecular charging. Chem Sci 2021; 12:5185-5195. [PMID: 34168773 PMCID: PMC8179642 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05707j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic information about how gaseous ions are formed from charged droplets has been difficult to establish because direct observation of nanodrops in a size range relevant to gaseous macromolecular ion formation by optical or traditional mass spectrometry methods is challenging owing to their small size and heterogeneity. Here, the mass and charge of individual aqueous nanodrops between 1-10 MDa (15-32 nm diameter) with ∼50-300 charges are dynamically monitored for 1 s using charge detection mass spectrometry. Discrete losses of minimally solvated singly charged ions occur, marking the first direct observation of ion emission from aqueous nanodrops in late stages of droplet evaporation relevant to macromolecular ion formation in native mass spectrometry. Nanodrop charge depends on the identity of constituent ions, with pure water nanodrops charged slightly above the Rayleigh limit and aqueous solutions containing alkali metal ions charged progressively below the Rayleigh limit with increasing cation size. MS2 capsid ions (∼3.5 MDa; ∼27 nm diameter) are more highly charged from aqueous ammonium acetate than from its biochemically preferred, 100 mM NaCl/10 mM Na phosphate solution, consistent with ion emission reducing the nanodrop and resulting capsid charge. The extent of charging indicates that the capsid partially collapses inside the nanodrops prior to the charging and formation of the dehydrated gaseous ions. These results demonstrate that ion emission can affect macromolecular charging and that conformational changes to macromolecular structure can occur in nanodrops prior to the formation of naked gaseous ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conner C Harper
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley California 94720-1460 USA
| | - Daniel D Brauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley California 94720-1460 USA
| | - Matthew B Francis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley California 94720-1460 USA
| | - Evan R Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley California 94720-1460 USA
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7
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Marks JH, Miliordos E, Duncan MA. Infrared spectroscopy of RG-Co +(H 2O) complexes (RG = Ar, Ne, He): The role of rare gas "tag" atoms. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:064306. [PMID: 33588546 DOI: 10.1063/5.0041069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RGn-Co+(H2O) cation complexes (RG = Ar, Ne, He) are generated in a supersonic expansion by pulsed laser vaporization. Complexes are mass-selected using a time-of-flight spectrometer and studied with infrared laser photodissociation spectroscopy, measuring the respective mass channels corresponding to the elimination of the rare gas "tag" atom. Spectral patterns and theory indicate that the structures of the ions with a single rare gas atom have this bound to the cobalt cation opposite the water moiety in a near-C2v arrangement. The O-H stretch vibrations of the complex are shifted compared to those of water because of the metal cation charge-transfer interaction; these frequencies also vary systematically with the rare gas atom attached. The efficiencies of photodissociation also vary with the rare gas atoms because of their widely different binding energies to the cobalt cation. The spectrum of the argon complex could only be measured when at least three argon atoms were attached. In the case of the helium complex, the low binding energy allows the spectra to be measured for the low-frequency H-O-H scissors bending mode and for the O-D stretches of the deuterated analog. The partially resolved rotational structure for the antisymmetric O-H and O-D stretches reveals the temperature of these complexes (6 K) and establishes the electronic ground state. The helium complex has the same 3B1 ground state as the tag-free complex studied previously by Metz and co-workers ["Dissociation energy and electronic and vibrational spectroscopy of Co+(H2O) and its isotopomers," J. Phys. Chem. A 117, 1254 (2013)], but the A rotational constant is contaminated by vibrational averaging from the bending motion of the helium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua H Marks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Evangelos Miliordos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - Michael A Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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8
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Cunningham EM, Taxer T, Heller J, Ončák M, van der Linde C, Beyer MK. Microsolvation of Zn cations: infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy of Zn +(H 2O) n (n = 2-35). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:3627-3636. [PMID: 33524092 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06112c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The structures, along with solvation evolution, of size-selected Zn+(H2O)n (n = 2-35) complexes have been determined by combining infrared multiple photon photodissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy and density functional theory. The infrared spectra were recorded in the O-H stretching region, revealing varying shifts in band position due to different water binding motifs. Concordant with previous studies, a coordination number of 3 is observed, determined by the sudden appearance of a broad, red-shifted band in the hydrogen bonding region for clusters n > 3. The coordination number of 3 seems to be retained even for the larger clusters, due to incoming ligands experiencing significant repulsion from the Zn+ valence 4s electron. Evidence of spectrally distinct single- and double-acceptor sites are presented for medium-sized clusters, 4 ≤n≤ 7, however for larger clusters, n≥ 8, the hydrogen bonding region is dominated by a broad, unresolved band, indicative of the increased number of second and third coordination sphere ligands. No evidence of a solvated, six-fold coordinated Zn2+ ion/solvated electron pair is present in the spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan M Cunningham
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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9
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Xin K, Chen Y, Zhang L, Xu B, Wang X, Wang G. Infrared photodissociation spectroscopic investigation on VO+ and NbO+ hydrolysis catalyzed by water molecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:528-535. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04448b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the hydrolysis of vanadium/niobium monoxide cation (VO+/NbO+) with water molecules in the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xin
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yinjuan Chen
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Luning Zhang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Bing Xu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Guanjun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
- China
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10
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Carnegie PD, Marks JH, Brathwaite AD, Ward TB, Duncan MA. Microsolvation in V +(H 2O) n Clusters Studied with Selected-Ion Infrared Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:1093-1103. [PMID: 31961153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b11275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gas-phase ion-molecule clusters of the form V+(H2O)n (n = 1-30) are produced by laser vaporization in a supersonic expansion. These ions are analyzed and mass-selected with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer and investigated with infrared laser photodissociation spectroscopy. The small clusters (n ≤ 7) are studied with argon tagging, while the larger clusters are studied via the elimination of water molecules. The vibrational spectra for the small clusters include only free O-H stretching vibrations, while larger clusters exhibit redshifted hydrogen bonding vibrations. The spectral patterns reveal that the coordination around V+ ions is completed with four water molecules. A symmetric square-planar structure forms for the n = 4 ion, and this becomes the core ion in larger structures. Clusters up to n = 8 have mostly two-dimensional structures, but hydrogen bonding networks evolve to three-dimensional structures in larger clusters. The free O-H vibration of acceptor-acceptor-donor (AAD)-coordinated surface molecules converges to a frequency near that of bulk water by the cluster size of n = 30. However, the splitting of this vibration for AAD- versus AD-coordinated molecules is still different compared to other singly charged or doubly charged cation-water clusters. This indicates that cation identity and charge-site location in the cluster can produce discernable spectral differences for clusters in this size range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prosser D Carnegie
- Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Joshua H Marks
- Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Antonio D Brathwaite
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Timothy B Ward
- Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Michael A Duncan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
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11
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Ogawa S, Tanaka M. Study of chemical states of lanthanoid nitrate in solution by electrospray ionization and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Wang P, Shi R, Su Y, Tang L, Huang X, Zhao J. Hydrated Sodium Ion Clusters [Na +(H 2O) n ( n = 1-6)]: An ab initio Study on Structures and Non-covalent Interaction. Front Chem 2019; 7:624. [PMID: 31572714 PMCID: PMC6751288 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural, thermodynamic, and vibrational characteristics of water clusters up to six water molecules incorporating a single sodium ion [Na+(H2O)n (n = 1–6)] are calculated using a comprehensive genetic algorithm combined with density functional theory on global search, followed by high-level ab initio calculation. For n ≥ 4, the coordinated water molecules number for the global minimum of clusters is 4 and the outer water molecules connecting with coordinated water molecules by hydrogen bonds. The charge analysis reveals the electron transfer between sodium ions and water molecules, providing an insight into the variations of properties of O–H bonds in clusters. Moreover, the simulated infrared (IR) spectra with anharmonic correction are in good agreement with the experimental results. The O–H stretching vibration frequencies show redshifts comparing with a free water molecule, which is attributed to the non-covalent interactions, including the ion–water interaction, and hydrogen bonds. Our results exhibit the comprehensive geometries, energies, charge, and anharmonic vibrational properties of Na+(H2O)n (n = 1–6), and reveal a deeper insight of non-covalent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengju Wang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| | - Ruili Shi
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian, China.,School of Mathematics and Physics, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Yan Su
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| | - Lingli Tang
- College of Science, Dalian Nationalities University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoming Huang
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Jijun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
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13
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Zavitsas AA. Quest To Demystify Water: Ideal Solution Behaviors Are Obtained by Adhering to the Equilibrium Mass Action Law. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:869-883. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b07166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas A. Zavitsas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Long Island University, 1 University Plaza, Brooklyn, New York 11201, United States
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14
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Metwally H, Duez Q, Konermann L. Chain Ejection Model for Electrospray Ionization of Unfolded Proteins: Evidence from Atomistic Simulations and Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10069-10077. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haidy Metwally
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Quentin Duez
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Mons, Place du Parc, 23, Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - Lars Konermann
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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15
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Chen X, Li Q, Gong Y. Formation and Fragmentation Chemistry of Tripositive Ln(TMGA) 33+ Complexes in the Gas Phase. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1696-1701. [PMID: 28466431 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1681-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization (ESI) of LnCl3 (Ln = La-Lu except Pm) and TMGA (tetramethyl glutaramide) mixtures resulted in the formation of gas-phase Ln(TMGA)33+ complexes, where tripositive lanthanide cation was coordinated by three neutral TMGA ligands. Collision induced dissociation (CID) was employed to investigate the fragmentation chemistry of these tripositive complexes. Ln(TMGA)2(TMGA- 45)3+ resulting from Ccarbonyl-N bond cleavage of TMGA and hydrogen transfer is the major CID product for all Ln(TMGA)33+ except Eu(TMGA)33+ which predominantly forms divalent EuII(TMGA)22+ complex via loss of TMGA+. Analogous YbII(TMGA)22+ and SmII(TMGA)22+ complexes arising from charge reduction were also observed, in competition with the formation of charge conserving YbIII(TMGA)(TMGA-H)2+ and SmIII(TMGA)(TMGA-H)2+ products. The yield of these charge reducing products follows their reduction potentials in condensed phase. In addition to Ln(TMGA)33+, tripositive ions such as Ln(TMGA)43+ and Ln(TMGA)23+ were experimentally identified as well. While the former was observed along with Ln(TMGA)33+ during ESI, the latter was observed upon CID of Ln(TMGA)33+, suggesting two TMGA molecules can stabilize Ln3+ in the gas phase. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuting Chen
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qingnuan Li
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Yu Gong
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China.
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16
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Ward TB, Miliordos E, Carnegie PD, Xantheas SS, Duncan MA. Ortho-para interconversion in cation-water complexes: The case of V+(H2O) and Nb+(H2O) clusters. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:224305. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4984826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T. B. Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, USA
| | - E. Miliordos
- Advanced Computing, Mathematics and Data Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MS K1-83, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - P. D. Carnegie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, USA
| | - S. S. Xantheas
- Advanced Computing, Mathematics and Data Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, P.O. Box 999, MS K1-83, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - M. A. Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, USA
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17
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Cooper RJ, O'Brien JT, Chang TM, Williams ER. Structural and electrostatic effects at the surfaces of size- and charge-selected aqueous nanodrops. Chem Sci 2017; 8:5201-5213. [PMID: 28970907 PMCID: PMC5618692 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00481h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of ion charge, polarity and size on the surface morphology of size-selected aqueous nanodrops containing a single ion and up to 550 water molecules are investigated with infrared photodissociation (IRPD) spectroscopy and theory.
The effects of ion charge, polarity and size on the surface morphology of size-selected aqueous nanodrops containing a single ion and up to 550 water molecules are investigated with infrared photodissociation (IRPD) spectroscopy and theory. IRPD spectra of M(H2O)n where M = La3+, Ca2+, Na+, Li+, I–, SO42– and supporting molecular dynamics simulations indicate that strong interactions between multiply charged ions and water molecules can disrupt optimal hydrogen bonding (H-bonding) at the nanodrop surface. The IRPD spectra also reveal that “free” OH stretching frequencies of surface-bound water molecules are highly sensitive to the ion's identity and the OH bond's local H-bond environment. The measured frequency shifts are qualitatively reproduced by a computationally inexpensive point-charge model that shows the frequency shifts are consistent with a Stark shift from the ion's electric field. For multiply charged cations, pronounced Stark shifting is observed for clusters containing ∼100 or fewer water molecules. This is attributed to ion-induced solvent patterning that extends to the nanodrop surface, and serves as a spectroscopic signature for a cation's ability to influence the H-bond network of water located remotely from the ion. The Stark shifts measured for the larger nanodrops are extrapolated to infinite dilution to obtain the free OH stretching frequency of a surface-bound water molecule at the bulk air–water interface (3696.5–3701.0 cm–1), well within the relatively wide range of values obtained from SFG measurements. These cluster measurements also indicate that surface curvature effects can influence the free OH stretching frequency, and that even nanodrops without an ion have a surface potential that depends on cluster size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Cooper
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720-1460 , USA . ; Tel: +1 510 643 7161
| | - Jeremy T O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720-1460 , USA . ; Tel: +1 510 643 7161
| | - Terrence M Chang
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720-1460 , USA . ; Tel: +1 510 643 7161
| | - Evan R Williams
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720-1460 , USA . ; Tel: +1 510 643 7161
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18
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Wheeler OW, Carl DR, Hofstetter TE, Armentrout PB. Hydration Enthalpies of Ba2+(H2O)x, x = 1–8: A Threshold Collision-Induced Dissociation and Computational Investigation. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:3800-15. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b01087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar W. Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400
East, Room 2020, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Damon R. Carl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400
East, Room 2020, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Theresa E. Hofstetter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400
East, Room 2020, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - P. B. Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400
East, Room 2020, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84112, United States
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19
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Sun R, Wang T, Zheng M, Deng W, Pang J, Wang A, Wang X, Zhang T. Versatile Nickel–Lanthanum(III) Catalyst for Direct Conversion of Cellulose to Glycols. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/cs501372m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyan Sun
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China,
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian National Laboratory
for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Mingyuan Zheng
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China,
| | - Weiqiao Deng
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian National Laboratory
for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jifeng Pang
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China,
| | - Aiqin Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China,
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China,
| | - Tao Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China,
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20
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Mortensen DN, Williams ER. Investigating protein folding and unfolding in electrospray nanodrops upon rapid mixing using theta-glass emitters. Anal Chem 2014; 87:1281-7. [PMID: 25525976 PMCID: PMC4303338 DOI: 10.1021/ac503981c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Theta-glass emitters are used to
rapidly mix two solutions to induce
either protein folding or unfolding during nanoelectrospray (nanoESI).
Mixing acid-denatured myoglobin with an aqueous ammonium acetate solution
to increase solution pH results in protein folding during nanoESI.
A reaction time and upper limit to the droplet lifetime of 9 ±
2 μs is obtained from the relative abundance of the folded conformer
in these rapid mixing experiments compared to that obtained from solutions
at equilibrium and a folding time constant of 7 μs. Heme reincorporation
does not occur, consistent with the short droplet lifetime and the
much longer time constant for this process. Similar mixing experiments
with acid-denatured cytochrome c and the resulting
folding during nanoESI indicate a reaction time of between 7 and 25
μs depending on the solution composition. The extent of unfolding
of holo-myoglobin upon rapid mixing with theta-glass emitters is less
than that reported previously (Fisher
et al. 2014, 86, 4581−458824702054), a result
that is attributed to the much smaller, ∼1.5 μm, average
o.d. tips used here. These results indicate that the time frame during
which protein folding or unfolding can occur during nanoESI depends
both on the initial droplet size, which can be varied by changing
the emitter tip diameter, and on the solution composition. This study
demonstrates that protein folding or unfolding processes that occur
on the ∼10 μs time scale can be readily investigated
using rapid mixing with theta-glass emitters combined with mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Mortensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
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21
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Parry IS, Kartouzian A, Hamilton SM, Balaj OP, Beyer MK, Mackenzie SR. Chemical Reactivity on Gas-Phase Metal Clusters Driven by Blackbody Infrared Radiation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:1357-60. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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22
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Parry IS, Kartouzian A, Hamilton SM, Balaj OP, Beyer MK, Mackenzie SR. Durch Schwarzkörperstrahlung angetriebene chemische Reaktivität auf Metallclustern in der Gasphase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Gas-Phase Ion Chemistry of Rare Earths and Actinides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63256-2.00263-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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24
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Donald W, Williams E. Measuring Absolute Single Half-Cell Reduction Potentials with Mass Spectrometry. ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: A SERIES OF ADVANCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1201/b15576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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25
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Bandyopadhyay B, Reishus KN, Duncan MA. Infrared spectroscopy of solvation in small Zn+ (H2O)n complexes. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:7794-803. [PMID: 23875934 DOI: 10.1021/jp4046676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Singly charged zinc-water cations are produced in a pulsed supersonic expansion source using laser vaporization. Zn(+)(H2O)n (n = 1-4) complexes are mass selected and studied with infrared laser photodissociation spectroscopy, employing the method of argon tagging. Density functional theory (DFT) computations are used to obtain the structures and vibrational frequencies of these complexes and their isomers. Spectra in the O-H stretching region show sharp bands corresponding to the symmetric and asymmetric stretches, whose frequencies are lower than those in the isolated water molecule. Zn(+)(H2O)nAr complexes with n = 1-3 have O-H stretches only in the higher frequency region, indicating direct coordination to the metal. The Zn(+)(H2O)2-4Ar complexes have multiple bands here, indicating the presence of multiple low energy isomers differing in the attachment position of argon. The Zn(+)(H2O)4Ar cluster uniquely exhibits a broad band in the hydrogen bonded stretch region, indicating the presence of a second sphere water molecule. The coordination of the Zn(+)(H2O)n complexes is therefore completed with three water molecules.
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26
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Gong Y, Hu HS, Tian G, Rao L, Li J, Gibson JK. A Tetrapositive Metal Ion in the Gas Phase: Thorium(IV) Coordinated by Neutral Tridentate Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201302212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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27
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Gong Y, Hu HS, Tian G, Rao L, Li J, Gibson JK. A Tetrapositive Metal Ion in the Gas Phase: Thorium(IV) Coordinated by Neutral Tridentate Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:6885-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Rutkowski PX, Michelini MDC, Gibson JK. Proton Transfer in Th(IV) Hydrate Clusters: A Link to Hydrolysis of Th(OH)22+ to Th(OH)3+ in Aqueous Solution. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:451-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp309658x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip X. Rutkowski
- Chemical Sciences
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - John K. Gibson
- Chemical Sciences
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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29
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O’Brien JT, Williams ER. Effects of Ions on Hydrogen-Bonding Water Networks in Large Aqueous Nanodrops. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:10228-36. [DOI: 10.1021/ja303191r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy T. O’Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460,
United States
| | - Evan R. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460,
United States
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30
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31
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Chen X, Stace AJ. A gas phase perspective on the Lewis acidity of metal ions in aqueous solution. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:10292-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc35859j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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32
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O'Brien JT, Williams ER. Coordination numbers of hydrated divalent transition metal ions investigated with IRPD spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:14612-9. [PMID: 22098330 DOI: 10.1021/jp210878s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hydration of the divalent transition metal ions, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn, with 5-8 water molecules attached was investigated using infrared photodissociation spectroscopy and photodissociation kinetics. At 215 K, spectral intensities in both the bonded-OH and free-OH stretch regions indicate that the average coordination number (CN) of Mn(2+), Fe(2+), Co(2+), and Ni(2+) is ~6, and these CN values are greater than those of Cu(2+) and Zn(2+). Ni has the highest CN, with no evidence for any population of structures with a water molecule in a second solvation shell for the hexa-hydrate at temperatures up to 331 K. Mn(2+), Fe(2+), and Co(2+) have similar CN at low temperature, but spectra of Mn(2+)(H(2)O)(6) indicate a second population of structures with a water molecule in a second solvent shell, i.e., a CN < 6, that increases in abundance at higher temperature (305 K). The propensity for these ions to undergo charge separation reactions at small cluster size roughly correlates with the ordering of the hydrolysis constants of these ions in aqueous solution and is consistent with the ordering of average CN values established from the infrared spectra of these ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy T O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, USA
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33
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Donald WA, Leib RD, Demireva M, Williams ER. Ions in size-selected aqueous nanodrops: sequential water molecule binding energies and effects of water on ion fluorescence. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:18940-9. [PMID: 21999364 DOI: 10.1021/ja208072z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effects of water on ion fluorescence were investigated, and average sequential water molecule binding energies to hydrated ions, M(z)(H(2)O)(n), at large cluster size were measured using ion nanocalorimetry. Upon 248-nm excitation, nanodrops with ~25 or more water molecules that contain either rhodamine 590(+), rhodamine 640(+), or Ce(3+) emit a photon with average energies of approximately 548, 590, and 348 nm, respectively. These values are very close to the emission maxima of the corresponding ions in solution, indicating that the photophysical properties of these ions in the nanodrops approach those of the fully hydrated ions at relatively small cluster size. As occurs in solution, these ions in nanodrops with 8 or more water molecules fluoresce with a quantum yield of ~1. Ce(3+) containing nanodrops that also contain OH(-) fluoresce, whereas those with NO(3)(-) do not. This indirect fluorescence detection method has the advantages of high sensitivity, and both the size of the nanodrops as well as their constituents can be carefully controlled. For ions that do not fluoresce in solution, such as protonated tryptophan, full internal conversion of the absorbed 248-nm photon occurs, and the average sequential water molecule binding energies to the hydrated ions can be accurately obtained at large cluster sizes. The average sequential water molecule binding energies for TrpH(+)(H(2)O)(n) and a doubly protonated tripeptide, [KYK + 2H](2+)(H(2)O)(n), approach asymptotic values of ~9.3 (n ≥ 11) and ~10.0 kcal/mol (n ≥ 25), respectively, consistent with a liquidlike structure of water in these nanodrops.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Donald
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, USA
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34
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Carnegie PD, Bandyopadhyay B, Duncan MA. Infrared spectroscopy of Mn+ (H2O) and Mn2+ (H2O) via argon complex predissociation. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:7602-9. [PMID: 21619058 DOI: 10.1021/jp203501n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Singly and doubly charged manganese-water cations, and their mixed complexes with attached argon atoms, are produced by laser vaporization in a pulsed nozzle source. Complexes of the form Mn(+)(H(2)O)Ar(n) (n = 1-4) and Mn(2+)(H(2)O)Ar(4) are studied via mass-selected infrared photodissociation spectroscopy, detected in the mass channels corresponding to the elimination of argon. Sharp resonances are detected for all complexes in the region of the symmetric and asymmetric stretch vibrations of water. With the guidance of density functional theory computations, specific vibrational band resonances are assigned to complexes having different argon attachment configurations. In the small singly charged complexes, argon adds first to the metal ion site and later in larger clusters to the hydrogens of water. The doubly charged complex has argon only on the metal ion. Vibrations in all of these complexes are shifted to lower frequencies than those of the free water molecule. These shifts are greater when argon is attached to hydrogen and also greater for the dication compared to the singly charged species. Cation binding also causes the IR intensities for water vibrations to be much greater than those of the free water molecule, and the relative intensities are greater for the symmetric stretch than the asymmetric stretch. This latter effect is also enhanced for the dication complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Carnegie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
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35
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Oikawa T, Urabe T, Kawano SI, Tanaka M. Basic Study of Lanthanide Nitrate Species in Solution by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. J SOLUTION CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-011-9696-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Prell JS, O’Brien JT, Williams ER. Structural and Electric Field Effects of Ions in Aqueous Nanodrops. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:4810-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja108341t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James S. Prell
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Jeremy T. O’Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Evan R. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
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37
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Bartoli G, Marcantoni E, Marcolini M, Sambri L. Applications of CeCl(3) as an environmental friendly promoter in organic chemistry. Chem Rev 2011; 110:6104-43. [PMID: 20731375 DOI: 10.1021/cr100084g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Bartoli
- Department of Organic Chemistry A. Mangini, University of Bologna, viale Risorgimento 4, I-40156 Bologna, Italy
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38
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Carnegie PD, Bandyopadhyay B, Duncan MA. Infrared spectroscopy of Sc+(H2O) and Sc2+(H2O) via argon complex predissociation: The charge dependence of cation hydration. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:014302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3515425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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39
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Pape J, McQuinn K, Hof F, McIndoe JS. Blurring the line between solution and the gas phase: collision-induced dissociation of hypersolvated lanthanide trications provides insights into solution acidity. NEW J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1nj20105k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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40
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Donald WA, Leib RD, Demireva M, Negru B, Neumark DM, Williams ER. Average sequential water molecule binding enthalpies of M(H2O)(19-124)2+ (M = Co, Fe, Mn, and Cu) measured with ultraviolet photodissociation at 193 and 248 nm. J Phys Chem A 2010; 115:2-12. [PMID: 21142113 DOI: 10.1021/jp107547r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The average sequential water molecule binding enthalpies to large water clusters (between 19 and 124 water molecules) containing divalent ions were obtained by measuring the average number of water molecules lost upon absorption of an UV photon (193 or 248 nm) and using a statistical model to account for the energy released into translations, rotations, and vibrations of the products. These values agree well with the trend established by more conventional methods for obtaining sequential binding enthalpies to much smaller hydrated divalent ions. The average binding enthalpies decrease to a value of ~10.4 kcal/mol for n > ~40 and are insensitive to the ion identity at large cluster size. This value is close to that of the bulk heat of vaporization of water (10.6 kcal/mol) and indicates that the structure of water in these clusters may more closely resemble that of bulk liquid water than ice, owing either to a freezing point depression or rapid evaporative cooling and kinetic trapping of the initial liquid droplet. A discrete implementation of the Thomson equation using parameters for liquid water at 0 °C generally fits the trend in these data but provides values that are ~0.5 kcal/mol too low.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Donald
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, USA
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41
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Beuchat C, Hagberg D, Spezia R, Gagliardi L. Hydration of lanthanide chloride salts: a quantum chemical and classical molecular dynamics simulation study. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:15590-7. [PMID: 21053931 DOI: 10.1021/jp105590h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We present the results of a quantum chemical and classical molecular dynamics simulation study of some solutions containing chloride salts of La(3+), Gd(3+), and Er(3+) at various concentrations (from 0.05 to 5 M), with the purpose of understanding their structure and dynamics and analyzing how the coordination varies along the lanthanide series. In the La-Cl case, nine water molecules surround the central La(3+) cation in the first solvation shell, and chloride is present only in the second shell for all solutions but the most concentrated one (5 M). In the Gd(3+) case, the coordination number is ∼8.6 for the two lowest concentrations (0.05 and 0.1 M), and then it decreases rapidly. In the Er(3+) case, the coordination number is 7.4 for the two lowest concentrations (0.05 and 0.1 M), and then it decreases. The counterion Cl(-) is not present in the first solvation shell in the La(3+) case for most of the solutions, but it becomes progressively closer to the central cation in the Gd(3+) and Er(3+) cases, even at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Beuchat
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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42
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Terrier C, Vitorge P, Gaigeot MP, Spezia R, Vuilleumier R. Density functional theory based molecular dynamics study of hydration and electronic properties of aqueous La3+. J Chem Phys 2010; 133:044509. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3460813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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43
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Schwartz CP, Uejio JS, Duffin AM, Drisdell WS, Smith JD, Saykally RJ. Soft X-ray absorption spectra of aqueous salt solutions with highly charged cations in liquid microjets. Chem Phys Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2010.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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44
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Prell JS, O'Brien JT, Williams ER. IRPD spectroscopy and ensemble measurements: effects of different data acquisition and analysis methods. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:800-9. [PMID: 20185332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Three different commonly used infrared photodissociation (IRPD) spectroscopy acquisition and analysis methods are described, and results from these methods are compared using the same dataset for an extensively hydrated metal cation, La(3+)(H(2)O)(36). Using the first-order laser-induced photodissociation rate constant as an IRPD intensity has several advantages over photodissociation yield and depletion/appearance methods in that intensities can be more directly compared with calculated infrared absorption spectra, and the intensities can be readily corrected for changes in laser power or irradiation times used for optimum data acquisition at each frequency. Extending IRPD spectroscopy to large clusters can be complicated when blackbody infrared radiative dissociation competes strongly with laser-induced photodissociation. A new method to obtain IRPD spectra of single precursor ions or ensembles of precursor ions that is nearly equivalent to the photodissociation rate constant method for single precursor ions is demonstrated. The ensemble IRPD spectra represent the "average" structure of clusters of a given size range, and this method has the advantage that spectra with improved signal-to-noise ratios can be obtained with no increase in data acquisition time. Results using this new method for a precursor ensemble consisting of La(3+)(H(2)O)(35-37) are compared with results for La(3+)(H(2)O)(36).
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Prell
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, USA
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Donald WA, Demireva M, Leib RD, Aiken MJ, Williams ER. Electron Hydration and Ion−Electron Pairs in Water Clusters Containing Trivalent Metal Ions. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:4633-40. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9079385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William A. Donald
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Maria Demireva
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Ryan D. Leib
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - M. Jeannette Aiken
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Evan R. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
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46
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Beret EC, Galbis E, Pappalardo RR, Sánchez Marcos E. Opposite effects of successive hydration shells on the aqua ion structure of metal cations. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/08927020903033125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Donald WA, Leib RD, Demireva M, O’Brien JT, Prell JS, Williams ER. Directly relating reduction energies of gaseous Eu(H2O)n(3+), n = 55-140, to aqueous solution: the absolute SHE potential and real proton solvation energy. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:13328-37. [PMID: 19711981 PMCID: PMC2909332 DOI: 10.1021/ja902815v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In solution, half-cell potentials are measured relative to other half-cells resulting in a ladder of thermodynamic values that is anchored to the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE), which is assigned an arbitrary value of exactly 0 V. A new method for measuring the absolute SHE potential is introduced in which reduction energies of Eu(H(2)O)(n)(3+), from n = 55 to 140, are extrapolated as a function of the geometric dependence of the cluster reduction energy to infinite size. These measurements make it possible to directly relate absolute reduction energies of these gaseous nanodrops containing Eu(3+) to the absolute reduction enthalpy of this ion in bulk solution. From this value, an absolute SHE potential of +4.11 V and a real proton solvation energy of -269.0 kcal/mol are obtained. The infrared photodissociation spectrum of Eu(H(2)O)(119-124)(3+) indicates that the structure of the surface of the nanodrops is similar to that at the bulk air-water interface and that the hydrogen bonding of interior water molecules is similar to that in aqueous solution. These results suggest that the environment of Eu(3+) in these nanodrops and the surface potential of the nandrops are comparable to those of the condensed phase. This method for obtaining absolute potentials of redox couples has the advantage that no explicit solvation model is required, which eliminates uncertainties associated with these models, making this method potentially more accurate than previous methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A. Donald
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Ryan D. Leib
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Maria Demireva
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Jeremy T. O’Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - James S. Prell
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Evan R. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
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Bush MF, O’Brien JT, Prell JS, Wu CC, Saykally RJ, Williams ER. Hydration of Alkaline Earth Metal Dications: Effects of Metal Ion Size Determined Using Infrared Action Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:13270-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja901011x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F. Bush
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Jeremy T. O’Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - James S. Prell
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Chih-Che Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Richard J. Saykally
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Evan R. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
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Fridgen TD. Infrared consequence spectroscopy of gaseous protonated and metal ion cationized complexes. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:586-607. [PMID: 19343731 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In this article, the new and exciting techniques of infrared consequence spectroscopy (sometimes called action spectroscopy) of gaseous ions are reviewed. These techniques include vibrational predissociation spectroscopy and infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy and they typically complement one another in the systems studied and the information gained. In recent years infrared consequence spectroscopy has provided long-awaited direct evidence into the structures of gaseous ions from organometallic species to strong ionic hydrogen bonded structures to large biomolecules. Much is being learned with respect to the structures of ions without their stabilizing solvent which can be used to better understand the effect of solvent on their structures. This review mainly covers the topics with which the author has been directly involved in research: structures of proton-bound dimers, protonated amino acids and DNA bases, amino acid and DNA bases bound to metal ions and, more recently, solvated ionic complexes. It is hoped that this review reveals the impact that infrared consequence spectroscopy has had on the field of gaseous ion chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis D Fridgen
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada A1B 3X7.
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Steinhauser G, Giester G, Wagner C, Leopold N, Sterba J, Lendl B, Bichler M. Nitrogen-Rich Compounds of the Lanthanoids: The 5,5′-Azobis[1H-tetrazol-1-ides] of some Yttric Earths (Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu). Helv Chim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200800452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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