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Zeni C, Rossi K, Pavloudis T, Kioseoglou J, de Gironcoli S, Palmer RE, Baletto F. Data-driven simulation and characterisation of gold nanoparticle melting. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6056. [PMID: 34663814 PMCID: PMC8523526 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The simulation and analysis of the thermal stability of nanoparticles, a stepping stone towards their application in technological devices, require fast and accurate force fields, in conjunction with effective characterisation methods. In this work, we develop efficient, transferable, and interpretable machine learning force fields for gold nanoparticles based on data gathered from Density Functional Theory calculations. We use them to investigate the thermodynamic stability of gold nanoparticles of different sizes (1 to 6 nm), containing up to 6266 atoms, concerning a solid-liquid phase change through molecular dynamics simulations. We predict nanoparticle melting temperatures in good agreement with available experimental data. Furthermore, we characterize the solid-liquid phase change mechanism employing an unsupervised learning scheme to categorize local atomic environments. We thus provide a data-driven definition of liquid atomic arrangements in the inner and surface regions of a nanoparticle and employ it to show that melting initiates at the outer layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Zeni
- Department of Physics, King's College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK.
- International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea, 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Kevin Rossi
- Department of Physics, King's College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Theodore Pavloudis
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Fabian Way, Swansea, SA1 8EB, UK
- Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | - Joseph Kioseoglou
- Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | - Stefano de Gironcoli
- International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea, 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy
| | - Richard E Palmer
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Fabian Way, Swansea, SA1 8EB, UK
| | - Francesca Baletto
- Department of Physics, King's College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
- DIPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 20018, San Sebastian, Spain
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Delgado-Callico L, Rossi K, Pinto-Miles R, Salzbrenner P, Baletto F. A universal signature in the melting of metallic nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:1172-1180. [PMID: 33404027 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06850k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Predicting when phase changes occur in nanoparticles is fundamental for designing the next generation of devices suitable for catalysis, biomedicine, optics, chemical sensing and electronic circuits. The estimate of the temperature at which metallic nanoparticles become liquid is, however, a challenge and a standard definition is still missing. We discover a universal feature in the distribution of the atomic-pair distances that distinguishes the melting transition of monometallic nanoparticles. We analyse the solid-liquid change of several late-transition metals nanoparticles, i.e. Ni, Cu, Pd, Ag, Au and Pt, through classical molecular dynamics. We consider various initial shapes from 146 to 976 atoms, corresponding to the 1.5-4.1 nm size range, placing the nanoparticles in either a vacuum or embedded in a homogeneous environment, simulated by an implicit force-field. Regardless of the material, its initial shape, size and environment, the second peak in the pair-distance distribution function, expected at the bulk lattice distance, disappears when the nanoparticle melts. As the pair-distance distribution is a measurable quantity, the proposed criterion holds for both numerical and experimental investigations. For a more straightforward calculus of the melting temperature, we demonstrate that the cross-entropy between a reference solid pair-distance distribution function and the one of nanoparticles at increasing temperatures present a quasi-first order transition at the phase-change temperature.
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Sharipov AS, Loukhovitski BI. Small atomic clusters: quantum chemical research of isomeric composition and physical properties. Struct Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-019-01417-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Baletto F. Structural properties of sub-nanometer metallic clusters. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:113001. [PMID: 30562724 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aaf989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
At the nanoscale, the investigation of structural features becomes fundamental as we can establish relationships between cluster geometries and their physicochemical properties. The peculiarity lies in the variety of shapes often unusual and far from any geometrical and crystallographic intuition clusters can assume. In this respect, we should treat and consider nanoparticles as a new form of matter. Nanoparticle structures depend on their size, chemical composition, ordering, as well as external conditions e.g. synthesis method, pressure, temperature, support. On top of that, at finite temperatures nanoparticles can fluctuate among different structures, opening new and exciting horizons for the design of optimal nanoparticles for advanced applications. This article aims to overview geometrical features of transition metal clusters and of their various rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Baletto
- Physics Department, King's College London, WC2R 2LS, London, United Kingdom
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Zeni C, Rossi K, Glielmo A, Fekete Á, Gaston N, Baletto F, De Vita A. Building machine learning force fields for nanoclusters. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:241739. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5024558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Zeni
- Department of Physics, King’s College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Rossi
- Department of Physics, King’s College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Aldo Glielmo
- Department of Physics, King’s College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Ádám Fekete
- Department of Physics, King’s College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Gaston
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology; University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Francesca Baletto
- Department of Physics, King’s College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro De Vita
- Department of Physics, King’s College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Architettura, Università di Trieste, via A. Valerio 2, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
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6
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Loukhovitski BI, Torokhov SA, Loukhovitskaya EE, Sharipov AS. DFT study of small aluminum and boron hydrides: isomeric composition and physical properties. Struct Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-017-1000-5 https:/doi.org/10.1007/s11224-017-1000-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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7
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Huang R, Wen YH, Shao GF, Sun SG. Atomic structure and thermal stability of Pt-Fe bimetallic nanoparticles: from alloy to core/shell architectures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 18:17010-7. [PMID: 27297782 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp02454h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bimetallic nanoparticles comprising noble metal and non-noble metal have attracted intense interest over the past few decades due to their low cost and significantly enhanced catalytic performances. In this article, we have explored the atomic structure and thermal stability of Pt-Fe alloy and core-shell nanoparticles by molecular dynamics simulations. In Fe-core/Pt-shell nanoparticles, Fe with three different structures, i.e., body-centered cubic (bcc), face-centered cubic (fcc), and amorphous phases, has been considered. Our results show that Pt-Fe alloy is the most stable configuration among the four types of bimetallic nanoparticles. It has been discovered that the amorphous Fe cannot stably exist in the core and preferentially transforms into the fcc phase. The phase transition from bcc to hexagonal close packed (hcp) has also been observed in bcc-Fe-core/Pt-shell nanoparticles. In contrast, Fe with the fcc structure is the most preferred as the core component. These findings are helpful for understanding the structure-property relationships of Pt-Fe bimetallic nanoparticles, and are also of significance to the synthesis and application of noble metal based nanoparticle catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rao Huang
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Yu-Hua Wen
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Gui-Fang Shao
- Research Center for Cloud Computing and Big Data, Department of Automation, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Shi-Gang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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8
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DFT study of small aluminum and boron hydrides: isomeric composition and physical properties. Struct Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-017-1000-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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10
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Abstract
Conventional thermodynamics for bulk substances encounters challenges when one considers materials on the nanometer scale. Quantities such as entropy, enthalpy, free energy, melting temperature, ordering temperature, Debye temperature, and specific heat no longer remain constant but change with the crystal dimension, size, and morphology. Often, one phenomenon is associated with a variety of theories from different perspectives. Still, a model that can reconcile the size and shape dependence of the thermal properties of the nanoscaled substances remains one of the goals of nanoscience and nanotechnology. This Account highlights the nanoscopic thermodynamics for nanoparticles, nanowires, and nanofilms, with particular emphasis on the bond energy model. The central idea is that the atomic cohesive energy determines the thermodynamic performance of a substance and the cohesive energy varies with the atomic coordination environment. It is the cohesive energy difference between the core and the shell that dictates the nanoscopic thermodynamics. This bond energy model rationalizes the following: (i) how the surface dangling bonds depress the melting temperature, entropy, and enthalpy; (ii) how the order-disorder transition of the nanoparticles depends on particle size and how their stability may vary when they are embedded in an appropriate matrix; (iii) predictions of the existence of face-centered cubic structures of Ti, Zr, and Hf at small size; (iv) how two elements that are immiscible in the bulk can form an alloy on the nanoscale, where the critical size can be predicted. The model has enabled us to reproduce the size and shape dependence of a number of physical properties, such as melting temperature, melting entropy, melting enthalpy, ordering temperature, Gibbs free energy, and formation heat, among others, for materials such as Pd, Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Sn, Pb, In, Bi, Al, Ti, Zr, Hf, In-Al, Ag-Ni, Co-Pt, Cu-Ag, Cu-Ni, Au-Ni, Ag-Pt, and Au-Pt on the nanometer scale. Furthermore, this model predicts the phenomena of the thermal stability of metal particles on graphene, the superheating of embedded nanoparticles, the order-disorder transition of nanoalloys, the size-temperature phase diagram for low-dimensional solids and the alloying ability on the nanoscale. Extensions of this model may lead to the design of new functional nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Qi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
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11
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Oberreit D, Rawat VK, Larriba-Andaluz C, Ouyang H, McMurry PH, Hogan CJ. Analysis of heterogeneous water vapor uptake by metal iodide cluster ions via differential mobility analysis-mass spectrometry. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:104204. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4930278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Derek Oberreit
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
- Fluid Measurement Technologies, Inc., Saint Paul, Minnesota 55110, USA
| | - Vivek K. Rawat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Carlos Larriba-Andaluz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Hui Ouyang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Peter H. McMurry
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Christopher J. Hogan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Loukhovitski BI, Sharipov AS, Starik AM. Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of AlnCm Clusters: Quantum-Chemical Study. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:1369-80. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5108087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Boris I. Loukhovitski
- Central Institute of Aviation Motors, Moscow, Russia Scientific Educational
Centre “Physical-Chemical Kinetics and Combustion”, Aviamotornaya 2, Moscow 111116, Russia
| | - Alexander S. Sharipov
- Central Institute of Aviation Motors, Moscow, Russia Scientific Educational
Centre “Physical-Chemical Kinetics and Combustion”, Aviamotornaya 2, Moscow 111116, Russia
| | - Alexander M. Starik
- Central Institute of Aviation Motors, Moscow, Russia Scientific Educational
Centre “Physical-Chemical Kinetics and Combustion”, Aviamotornaya 2, Moscow 111116, Russia
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13
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Lupi L, Kastelowitz N, Molinero V. Vapor deposition of water on graphitic surfaces: Formation of amorphous ice, bilayer ice, ice I, and liquid water. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:18C508. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4895543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lupi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, USA
| | - Noah Kastelowitz
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, USA
| | - Valeria Molinero
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, USA
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Carenco S, Portehault D, Boissière C, Mézailles N, Sanchez C. 25th anniversary article: exploring nanoscaled matter from speciation to phase diagrams: metal phosphide nanoparticles as a case of study. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:371-390. [PMID: 24318173 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201303198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The notions of nanoscale "phase speciation" and "phase diagram" are defined and discussed in terms of kinetic and thermodynamic controls, based on the case of metal phosphide nanoparticles. After an overview of the most successful synthetic routes for these exotic nanomaterials, the cases of InP, Ni2 P, Ni12 P5 and Pdx Py are discussed in detail to highlight the relationship between composition, structure, and size at the nanoscale. The influence of morphology is discussed next by comparing the behavior of Cu3 P nanophases with those of Nix Py , FeP/Fe2 P, and CoP/Co2 P. Perspectives provide the reader with methodological guidelines for further investigation of nanoscale "phase diagrams", and their use for optimized synthesis of new functional nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Carenco
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7574, Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France; CNRS, UMR 7574, Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France; Collège de France, Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France; Laboratoire Hétéroéléments et Coordination, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Route de Saclay, 91128, Palaiseau Cedex, France
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Abstract
This article presents a perspective on thermodynamic characterization of metal nanoparticles by computational chemistry. Topics emphasized include structural stability, phases, phase changes, and free energy functions of aluminum nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Hua Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Donald G. Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis, USA
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Johnston JC, Molinero V. Crystallization, Melting, and Structure of Water Nanoparticles at Atmospherically Relevant Temperatures. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:6650-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja210878c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C. Johnston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
| | - Valeria Molinero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
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18
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Bulusu S, Fournier R. Density functional theory guided Monte Carlo simulations: Application to melting of Na13. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:064112. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3684628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
Recent developments allow heat capacities to be measured for size-selected clusters isolated in the gas phase. For clusters with tens to hundreds of atoms, the heat capacities determined as a function of temperature usually have a single peak attributed to a melting transition. The melting temperatures and latent heats show large size-dependent fluctuations. In some cases, the melting temperatures change by hundreds of degrees with the addition of a single atom. Theory has played a critical role in understanding the origin of the size-dependent fluctuations, and in understanding the properties of the liquid-like and solid-like states. In some cases, the heat capacities have extra features (an additional peak or a dip) that reveal a more complex behavior than simple melting. In this article we provide a description of the methods used to measure the heat capacities and provide an overview of the experimental and theoretical results obtained for sodium and aluminum clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Aguado
- Departamento de Física Teórica, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - Martin F. Jarrold
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401;,
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Zhai Y, Laio A, Tosatti E, Gong XG. Finite Temperature Properties of Clusters by Replica Exchange Metadynamics: The Water Nonamer. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:2535-40. [DOI: 10.1021/ja1076316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingteng Zhai
- Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences(MOE) and Surface Physics Laboratory & Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Laio
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
- Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Strada Costiera 11, 34014 Trieste, Italy
| | - Erio Tosatti
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
- CNR-IOM Democritos National Simulation Centre, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
- Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Strada Costiera 11, 34014 Trieste, Italy
| | - Xin-Gao Gong
- Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences(MOE) and Surface Physics Laboratory & Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Kang J, Wei SH, Kim YH. Origin of the Diverse Melting Behaviors of Intermediate-Size Nanoclusters: Theoretical Study of AlN (N = 51−58, 64). J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:18287-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ja107683m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joongoo Kang
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology (WCU), KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Su-Huai Wei
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology (WCU), KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Yong-Hyun Kim
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology (WCU), KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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Katoh Y, Matsuda Y, Ando W, Matsukage M, Tasaka S. Melting and crystallization behavior of metallic alloy in the composites with polyacrylate. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.33171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Moc J. What is the energy barrier for H2 dissociation on Group 13 sub-nanosized metal cluster to form dihydride? Density functional dependence study. Chem Phys Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Girshick SL, Agarwal P, Truhlar DG. Homogeneous nucleation with magic numbers: Aluminum. J Chem Phys 2009; 131:134305. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3239469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Cao B, Starace AK, Judd OH, Bhattacharyya I, Jarrold MF. Metal clusters with hidden ground states: Melting and structural transitions in Al115(+), Al116(+), and Al117(+). J Chem Phys 2009; 131:124305. [PMID: 19791879 DOI: 10.1063/1.3224124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat capacities measured as a function of temperature for Al(115)(+), Al(116)(+), and Al(117)(+) show two well-resolved peaks, at around 450 and 600 K. After being annealed to 523 K (a temperature between the two peaks) or to 773 K (well above both peaks), the high temperature peak remains unchanged but the low temperature peak disappears. After considering the possible explanations, the low temperature peak is attributed to a structural transition and the high temperature peak to the melting of the higher enthalpy structure generated by the structural transition. The annealing results show that the liquid clusters freeze exclusively into the higher enthalpy structure and that the lower enthalpy structure is not accessible from the higher enthalpy one on the timescale of the experiments. We suggest that the low enthalpy structure observed before annealing results from epitaxy, where the smaller clusters act as a nucleus and follow a growth pattern that provides access to the low enthalpy structure. The solid-to-solid transition that leads to the low temperature peak in the heat capacity does not occur under equilibrium but requires a superheated solid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baopeng Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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Zhao M, Iron MA, Staszewski P, Schultz NE, Valero R, Truhlar DG. Valence–Bond Order (VBO): A New Approach to Modeling Reactive Potential Energy Surfaces for Complex Systems, Materials, and Nanoparticles. J Chem Theory Comput 2009; 5:594-604. [DOI: 10.1021/ct8004535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meiyu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, and Department of Theoretical Foundations of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Informatics, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Jagiellońska 13, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Mark A. Iron
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, and Department of Theoretical Foundations of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Informatics, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Jagiellońska 13, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Przemysław Staszewski
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, and Department of Theoretical Foundations of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Informatics, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Jagiellońska 13, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Nathan E. Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, and Department of Theoretical Foundations of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Informatics, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Jagiellońska 13, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Rosendo Valero
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, and Department of Theoretical Foundations of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Informatics, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Jagiellońska 13, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Donald G. Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, and Department of Theoretical Foundations of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Informatics, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Jagiellońska 13, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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