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Della-Felice F, de Andrade Bartolomeu A, Pilli RA. The phosphate ester group in secondary metabolites. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1066-1107. [PMID: 35420073 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00078k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2000 to mid-2021The phosphate ester is a versatile, widespread functional group involved in a plethora of biological activities. Its presence in secondary metabolites, however, is relatively rare compared to other functionalities and thus is part of a rather unexplored chemical space. Herein, the chemistry of secondary metabolites containing the phosphate ester group is discussed. The text emphasizes their structural diversity, biological and pharmacological profiles, and synthetic approaches employed in the phosphorylation step during total synthesis campaigns, covering the literature from 2000 to mid-2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Della-Felice
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6154, CEP 13083-970 Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | | | - Ronaldo Aloise Pilli
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6154, CEP 13083-970 Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Zhang S, Zhang L, Zhu J, Chen H, Chen Z, Si T, Liu T. Genomic and Metabolomic Investigation of a Rhizosphere Isolate Streptomyces netropsis WLXQSS-4 Associated with a Traditional Chinese Medicine. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082147. [PMID: 33917975 PMCID: PMC8068340 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizosphere microorganisms play important ecological roles in promoting herb growth and producing abundant secondary metabolites. Studies on the rhizosphere microbes of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) are limited, especially on the genomic and metabolic levels. In this study, we reported the isolation and characterization of a Steptomyces netropsis WLXQSS-4 strain from the rhizospheric soil of Clematis manshurica Rupr. Genomic sequencing revealed an impressive total of 40 predicted biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), whereas metabolomic profiling revealed 13 secondary metabolites under current laboratory conditions. Particularly, medium screening activated the production of alloaureothin, whereas brominated and chlorinated pimprinine derivatives were identified through precursor-directed feeding. Moreover, antiproliferative activities against Hela and A549 cancer cell lines were observed for five compounds, of which two also elicited potent growth inhibition in Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. Our results demonstrated the robust secondary metabolism of S. netropsis WLXQSS-4, which may serve as a biocontrol agent upon further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songya Zhang
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (S.Z.); (J.Z.); (Z.C.)
| | - Lingxiao Zhang
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; (L.Z.); (H.C.)
| | - Jing Zhu
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (S.Z.); (J.Z.); (Z.C.)
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; (L.Z.); (H.C.)
| | - Zhicong Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (S.Z.); (J.Z.); (Z.C.)
| | - Tong Si
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; (S.Z.); (J.Z.); (Z.C.)
- Correspondence: (T.S.); (T.L.)
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; (L.Z.); (H.C.)
- Correspondence: (T.S.); (T.L.)
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3
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Yin Z, Dickschat JS. Cis double bond formation in polyketide biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:1445-1468. [PMID: 33475122 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00091d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2020Polyketides form a large group of bioactive secondary metabolites that usually contain one or more double bonds. Although most of the double bonds found in polyketides are trans or E-configured, several cases are known in which cis or Z-configurations are observed. Double bond formation by polyketide synthases (PKSs) is widely recognised to be catalysed by ketoreduction and subsequent dehydration of the acyl carrier protein (ACP)-tethered 3-ketoacyl intermediate in the PKS biosynthetic assembly line with a specific stereochemical course in which the ketoreduction step determines the usual trans or more rare cis double bond configuration. Occasionally, other mechanisms for the installation of cis double bonds such as double bond formation during chain release or post-PKS modifications including, amongst others, isomerisations or double bond installations by oxidation are observed. This review discusses the peculiar mechanisms of cis double bond formation in polyketide biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Yin
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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Xie X, Cane DE. Stereospecific Formation of Z-Trisubstituted Double Bonds by the Successive Action of Ketoreductase and Dehydratase Domains from trans-AT Polyketide Synthases. Biochemistry 2018; 57:3126-3129. [PMID: 29293329 PMCID: PMC5988919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Incubation of (±)-2-methyl-3-ketobutyryl-SNAC (3) and (±)-2-methyl-3-ketopentanoyl-SNAC (4) with BonKR2 or OxaKR5, ketoreductase domains from the bongkrekic acid (1) and oxazolomycin (2) polyketide synthases, in the presence of NADPH gave in each case the corresponding (2 R,3 S)-2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-SNAC (5) or (2 R,3 S)-2-methyl-3-hydroxypentanoyl-SNAC (6) products, as established by chiral gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the derived methyl esters. Identical results were obtained by BonKR2- and OxaKR5-catalyzed reduction of chemoenzymatically prepared (2 R)-2-methyl-3-ketopentanoyl-EryACP6, (2 R)-2-methyl-3-ketobutyryl-BonACP2 (12), and (2 R)-2-methyl-3-ketopentanoyl-BonACP2 (13). The paired dehydratase domains, BonDH2 and OxaDH5, were then shown to catalyze the reversible syn dehydration of (2 R,3 S)-2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-BonACP2 (14) to give the corresponding trisubstituted ( Z)-2-methylbutenoyl-BonACP2 (16).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinqiang Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Box H, Providence, Rhode Island 02912-9108, United States
| | - David E. Cane
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Box H, Providence, Rhode Island 02912-9108, United States
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5
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Shah DD, You YO, Cane DE. Stereospecific Formation of E- and Z-Disubstituted Double Bonds by Dehydratase Domains from Modules 1 and 2 of the Fostriecin Polyketide Synthase. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:14322-14330. [PMID: 28902510 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The dehydratase domain FosDH1 from module 1 of the fostriecin polyketide synthase (PKS) catalyzed the stereospecific interconversion of (3R)-3-hydroxybutyryl-FosACP1 (5) and (E)-2-butenoyl-FosACP1 (11), as established by a combination of direct LC-MS/MS and chiral GC-MS. FosDH1 did not act on either (3S)-3-hydroxybutyryl-FosACP1 (6) or (Z)-2-butenoyl-FosACP1 (12). FosKR2, the ketoreductase from module 2 of the fostriecin PKS that normally provides the natural substrate for FosDH2, was shown to catalyze the NADPH-dependent stereospecific reduction of 3-ketobutyryl-FosACP2 (23) to (3S)-3-hydroxybutyryl-FosACP2 (8). Consistent with this finding, FosDH2 catalyzed the interconversion of the corresponding triketide substrates (3R,4E)-3-hydroxy-4-hexenoyl-FosACP2 (18) and (2Z,4E)-2,4-hexadienoyl-FosACP2 (21). FosDH2 also catalyzed the stereospecific hydration of (Z)-2-butenoyl-FosACP2 (14) to (3S)-3-hydroxybutyryl-FosACP2 (8). Although incubation of FosDH2 with (3S)-3-hydroxybutyryl-FosACP2 (8) did not result in detectable accumulation of (Z)-2-butenoyl-FosACP2 (14), FosDH2 catalyzed the slow exchange of the 3-hydroxy group of 8 with [18O]-water. FosDH2 unexpectedly could also support the stereospecific interconversion of (3R)-3-hydroxybutyryl-FosACP2 (7) and (E)-2-butenoyl-FosACP2 (13).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhara D Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University , Box H, Providence, Rhode Island 02912-9108, United States
| | - Young-Ok You
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University , Box H, Providence, Rhode Island 02912-9108, United States
| | - David E Cane
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University , Box H, Providence, Rhode Island 02912-9108, United States
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6
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Weissman KJ. Polyketide stereocontrol: a study in chemical biology. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:348-371. [PMID: 28326145 PMCID: PMC5331325 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of reduced polyketides in bacteria by modular polyketide synthases (PKSs) proceeds with exquisite stereocontrol. As the stereochemistry is intimately linked to the strong bioactivity of these molecules, the origins of stereochemical control are of significant interest in attempts to create derivatives of these compounds by genetic engineering. In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge regarding this key aspect of the biosynthetic pathways. Given that much of this information has been obtained using chemical biology tools, work in this area serves as a showcase for the power of this approach to provide answers to fundamental biological questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira J Weissman
- UMR 7365, Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Biopôle de l’Université de Lorraine, Campus Biologie Santé, Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, BP 50184, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
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7
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Droce A, Saei W, Jørgensen SH, Wimmer R, Giese H, Wollenberg RD, Sondergaard TE, Sørensen JL. Functional Analysis of the Fusarielin Biosynthetic Gene Cluster. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21121710. [PMID: 27983606 PMCID: PMC6274466 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarielins are polyketides with a decalin core produced by various species of Aspergillus and Fusarium. Although the responsible gene cluster has been identified, the biosynthetic pathway remains to be elucidated. In the present study, members of the gene cluster were deleted individually in a Fusarium graminearum strain overexpressing the local transcription factor. The results suggest that a trans-acting enoyl reductase (FSL5) assists the polyketide synthase FSL1 in biosynthesis of a polyketide product, which is released by hydrolysis by a trans-acting thioesterase (FSL2). Deletion of the epimerase (FSL3) resulted in accumulation of an unstable compound, which could be the released product. A novel compound, named prefusarielin, accumulated in the deletion mutant of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase FSL4. Unlike the known fusarielins from Fusarium, this compound does not contain oxygenized decalin rings, suggesting that FSL4 is responsible for the oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Droce
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark.
| | - Wagma Saei
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark.
| | - Simon Hartung Jørgensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark.
| | - Reinhard Wimmer
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark.
| | - Henriette Giese
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark.
| | - Rasmus Dam Wollenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark.
| | - Teis Esben Sondergaard
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark.
| | - Jens Laurids Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark.
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark.
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8
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Hemmerling F, Hahn F. Biosynthesis of oxygen and nitrogen-containing heterocycles in polyketides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:1512-50. [PMID: 27559404 PMCID: PMC4979870 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the biosynthesis of heterocycles in polyketide natural products with a focus on oxygen and nitrogen-containing heterocycles with ring sizes between 3 and 6 atoms. Heterocycles are abundant structural elements of natural products from all classes and they often contribute significantly to their biological activity. Progress in recent years has led to a much better understanding of their biosynthesis. In this context, plenty of novel enzymology has been discovered, suggesting that these pathways are an attractive target for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hemmerling
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Zentrum für Biomolekulare Wirkstoffe, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany; Fakultät für Biologie, Chemie und Geowissenschaften, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Frank Hahn
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Zentrum für Biomolekulare Wirkstoffe, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany; Fakultät für Biologie, Chemie und Geowissenschaften, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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Caffrey P, De Poire E, Sheehan J, Sweeney P. Polyene macrolide biosynthesis in streptomycetes and related bacteria: recent advances from genome sequencing and experimental studies. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:3893-908. [PMID: 27023916 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7474-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The polyene macrolide group includes important antifungal drugs, to which resistance does not arise readily. Chemical and biological methods have been used in attempts to make polyene antibiotics with fewer toxic side effects. Genome sequencing of producer organisms is contributing to this endeavour, by providing access to new compounds and by enabling yield improvement for polyene analogues obtained by engineered biosynthesis. This recent work is also enhancing bioinformatic methods for deducing the structures of cryptic natural products from their biosynthetic enzymes. The stereostructure of candicidin D has recently been determined by NMR spectroscopy. Genes for the corresponding polyketide synthase have been uncovered in several different genomes. Analysis of this new information strengthens the view that protein sequence motifs can be used to predict double bond geometry in many polyketides.Chemical studies have shown that improved polyenes can be obtained by modifying the mycosamine sugar that is common to most of these compounds. Glycoengineered analogues might be produced by biosynthetic methods, but polyene glycosyltransferases show little tolerance for donors other than GDP-α-D-mycosamine. Genome sequencing has revealed extending glycosyltransferases that add a second sugar to the mycosamine of some polyenes. NppY of Pseudonocardia autotrophica uses UDP-N-acetyl-α-D-glucosamine as donor whereas PegA from Actinoplanes caeruleus uses GDP-α-D-mannose. These two enzymes show 51 % sequence identity and are also closely related to mycosaminyltransferases. These findings will assist attempts to construct glycosyltransferases that transfer alternative UDP- or (d)TDP-linked sugars to polyene macrolactones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Caffrey
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Eimear De Poire
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - James Sheehan
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Paul Sweeney
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Iterative polyketide biosynthesis by modular polyketide synthases in bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:541-57. [PMID: 26549236 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Modular polyketide synthases (type I PKSs) in bacteria are responsible for synthesizing a significant percentage of bioactive natural products. This group of synthases has a characteristic modular organization, and each module within a PKS carries out one cycle of polyketide chain elongation; thus each module is non-iterative in function. It was possible to predict the basic structure of a polyketide product from the module organization of the PKSs, since there generally existed a co-linearity between the number of modules and the number of chain elongations. However, more and more bacterial modular PKSs fail to conform to the canonical rules, and a particularly noteworthy group of non-canonical PKSs is the bacterial iterative type I PKSs. This review covers recent examples of iteratively used modular PKSs in bacteria. These non-canonical PKSs give rise to a large array of natural products with impressive structural diversity. The molecular mechanism behind the iterations is often unclear, presenting a new challenge to the rational engineering of these PKSs with the goal of generating new natural products. Structural elucidation of these synthase complexes and better understanding of potential PKS-PKS interactions as well as PKS-substrate recognition may provide new prospects and inspirations for the discovery and engineering of new bioactive polyketides.
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Jiang C, Qi Z, Kang Q, Liu J, Jiang M, Bai L. Formation of the Δ 18,19Double Bond and Bis(spiroacetal) in Salinomycin Is Atypically Catalyzed by SlnM, a Methyltransferase-like Enzyme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201503561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Jiang C, Qi Z, Kang Q, Liu J, Jiang M, Bai L. Formation of the Δ(18,19) Double Bond and Bis(spiroacetal) in Salinomycin Is Atypically Catalyzed by SlnM, a Methyltransferase-like Enzyme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:9097-100. [PMID: 26096919 PMCID: PMC4744726 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201503561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Salinomycin is a widely used polyether coccidiostat and was recently found to have antitumor activities. However, the mechanism of its biosynthesis remained largely speculative until now. Reported herein is the identification of an unprecedented function of SlnM, homologous to O‐methyltransferases, by correlating its activity with the formation of the Δ18,19 double bond and bis(spiroacetal). Detailed in vivo and in vitro investigations revealed that SlnM, using positively charged S‐adenosylmethionine (SAM) or sinefungin as the cofactor, catalyzed the spirocyclization‐coupled dehydration of C19 in a highly atypical fashion to yield salinomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd. Shanghai 200240 (China)
| | - Zhen Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd. Shanghai 200240 (China)
| | - Qianjin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd. Shanghai 200240 (China)
| | - Jing Liu
- Institute of Health Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601 (China)
| | - Ming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd. Shanghai 200240 (China)
| | - Linquan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd. Shanghai 200240 (China).
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Su C, Zhao X, Qiu R, Tang L. Construction of the co-expression plasmids of fostriecin polyketide synthases and heterologous expression in Streptomyces. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 53:269-274. [PMID: 25427408 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.914956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Polyketides are bioactive natural products with diverse bioactivities, and heterologous production of polyketides in easily engineered microbial hosts is preferred for the production of structurally diverse and the therapeutically active polyketides. OBJECTIVE In this study, heterologous expression of the biosynthetic genes encoding type I polyketide synthases (PKS) involved in biosynthesis of fostriecin, a unique phosphate monoester polyketide antibiotic, was attempted. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fostriecin PKS (Fos-PKS) biosynthetic gene cluster in a total of 48.4 kb were cloned downstream of the act I promoter in two compatible Streptomyces vectors using Red/ET recombination. The co-expression plasmids were sequentially transferred into Streptomyces lividans and Streptomyces coelicolor. Active transcription of the polyketide genes was confirmed by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) analysis, and the metabolites were detected using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS The recombinant strains S. lividans TK24/p6-fosAB-p4-fosCDEF and S. coelicolor M512/p6-fosAB-p4-fosCDEF were obtained for heterologous expression in Streptomyces. Pigmentation was observed in the recombinant strains, whereas the control strain with empty vector displayed no change in pigment production. Active transcription of the polyketide genes was confirmed by RT-PCR analysis and subsequent sequencing. CONCLUSION The present study is the first attempt to overexpress Fos-PKS biosynthetic gene cluster in Streptomyces. More studies on heterologous expression of the fostriecin biosynthetic gene cluster would be beneficial for further understanding the mechanisms of its structural as well as the potential pharmaceutically effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Su
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian , China
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14
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He HY, Tang MC, Zhang F, Tang GL. Cis-Double Bond Formation by Thioesterase and Transfer by Ketosynthase in FR901464 Biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:4488-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ja500942y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan He
- State
Key Laboratory of Bio-organic
and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Man-Cheng Tang
- State
Key Laboratory of Bio-organic
and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Bio-organic
and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Gong-Li Tang
- State
Key Laboratory of Bio-organic
and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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15
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Wu LF, He HY, Pan HX, Han L, Wang R, Tang GL. Characterization of QmnD3/QmnD4 for Double Bond Formation in Quartromicin Biosynthesis. Org Lett 2014; 16:1578-81. [DOI: 10.1021/ol500111n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long-Fei Wu
- State Key
Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hai-Yan He
- State Key
Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hai-Xue Pan
- State Key
Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Li Han
- State Key
Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Renxiao Wang
- State Key
Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Gong-Li Tang
- State Key
Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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Kandziora N, Andexer JN, Moss SJ, Wilkinson B, Leadlay PF, Hahn F. Uncovering the origin of Z-configured double bonds in polyketides: intermediate E-double bond formation during borrelidin biosynthesis. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc00883a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The dehydratase domain BorDH3 is assayed with a synthetic surrogate of the predicted tetraketide substrate and shown to be E-selective. Detailed NMR spectroscopic analysis of pre-borrelidin assigns the timing of the E-5 Z-isomerization to the very final steps of borrelidin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Kandziora
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Leibniz Universität Hannover
- 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jennifer N. Andexer
- Department of Biochemistry
- University of Cambridge (UK)
- Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
| | - Steven J. Moss
- Isomerase Therapeutics
- Chesterford Research Park
- Cambridge CB10 1XL, UK
| | - Barrie Wilkinson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology
- John Innes Centre Norwich NR4 7UH
- UK
| | - Peter F. Leadlay
- Department of Biochemistry
- University of Cambridge (UK)
- Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Frank Hahn
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Leibniz Universität Hannover
- 30167 Hannover, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry
- University of Cambridge (UK)
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17
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Gay D, You YO, Keatinge-Clay A, Cane DE. Structure and stereospecificity of the dehydratase domain from the terminal module of the rifamycin polyketide synthase. Biochemistry 2013; 52:8916-28. [PMID: 24274103 DOI: 10.1021/bi400988t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RifDH10, the dehydratase domain from the terminal module of the rifamycin polyketide synthase, catalyzes the stereospecific syn dehydration of the model substrate (2S,3S)-2-methyl-3-hydroxypentanoyl-RifACP10, resulting in the exclusive formation of (E)-2-methyl-2-pentenoyl-RifACP10. RifDH10 does not dehydrate any of the other three diastereomeric, RifACP10-bound, diketide thioester substrates. On the other hand, when EryACP6, from the sixth module of the erythromycin polyketide synthase, is substituted for RifACP10, RifDH10 stereospecifically dehydrates only (2R,3R)-2-methyl-3-hydroxypentanoyl-EryACP6 to give exclusively (E)-2-methyl-2-pentenoyl-EryACP6, with no detectable dehydration of any of the other three diastereomeric, EryACP6-bound, diketides. An identical alteration in substrate diastereospecificity was observed for the corresponding N-acetylcysteamine or pantetheine thioester analogues, regardless of acyl chain length or substitution pattern. Incubation of (2RS)-2-methyl-3-ketopentanoyl-RifACP10 with the didomain reductase-dehydratase RifKR10-RifDH10 yielded (E)-2-methyl-2-pentenoyl-RifACP10, the expected product of syn dehydration of (2S,3S)-2-methyl-3-hydroxypentanoyl-RifACP10, while incubation with the corresponding EryACP6-bound substrate, (2RS)-2-methyl-3-ketopentanoyl-EryACP6, gave only the reduction product (2S,3S)-2-methyl-3-hydroxypentanoyl-EryACP6 with no detectable dehydration. These results establish the intrinsic syn dehydration stereochemistry and substrate diastereoselectivity of RifDH10 and highlight the critical role of the natural RifACP10 domain in chaperoning the proper recognition and processing of the natural ACP-bound undecaketide substrate. The 1.82 Å resolution structure of RifDH10 reveals the atomic-resolution details of the active site and allows modeling of the syn dehydration of the (2S,3S)-2-methyl-3-hydroxyacyl-RifACP10 substrate. These results suggest that generation of the characteristic cis double bond of the rifamycins occurs after formation of the full-length RifACP10-bound acyclic trans-unsaturated undecaketide intermediate, most likely during the subsequent macrolactamization catalyzed by the amide synthase RifF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Gay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, United States
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18
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Kalan L, Gessner A, Thaker MN, Waglechner N, Zhu X, Szawiola A, Bechthold A, Wright GD, Zechel DL. A cryptic polyene biosynthetic gene cluster in Streptomyces calvus is expressed upon complementation with a functional bldA gene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:1214-24. [PMID: 24120331 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Streptomyces calvus is best known as the producer of the fluorinated natural product nucleocidin. This strain of Streptomycetes is also unusual for displaying a "bald" phenotype that is deficient in the formation of aerial mycelium and spores. Genome sequencing of this organism revealed a point mutation in the bldA gene that is predicted to encode a misfolded Leu-tRNA(UUA) molecule. Complementation of S. calvus with a correct copy of bldA restored sporulation and additionally promoted production of a polyeneoic acid amide, 4-Z-annimycin, and a minor amount of the isomer, 4-E-annimycin. Bioassays reveal that these compounds inhibit morphological differentiation in other Actinobacteria. The annimycin gene cluster encoding a type 1 polyketide synthase was identified and verified through disruption studies. This study underscores the importance of the bldA gene in regulating the expression of cryptic biosynthetic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Kalan
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
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19
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Liu XJ, Kong RX, Niu MS, Qiu RG, Tang L. Identification of the post-polyketide synthase modification enzymes for fostriecin biosynthesis in Streptomyces pulveraceus. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:524-529. [PMID: 23586868 DOI: 10.1021/np300667r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fostriecin (FST, 1) is a natural product with promising antitumor activity produced by Streptomyces pulveraceus. Its antitumor activity is associated with the selective inhibition of protein phosphatase activities. The biosynthetic gene cluster for FST has recently been cloned and sequenced. To better understand the post-polyketide synthase (PKS) modification steps in the biosynthetic pathway of FST, we constructed and characterized three post-PKS modification gene mutants of fosG, fosK, and fosM by knockout inactivation in S. pulveraceus. As a result, we determined that a fosK-encoded cytochrome P450 monooxygenase is responsible for C-18 hydroxylation, formation of an unsaturated lactone is dependent upon FosM, and the fosG gene product is involved in hydroxylation at C-4 after the action of FosM to yield PD 113,271 from FST. The accumulated analogues from the ΔfosK and ΔfosM mutant strains possessed a malonyl ester moiety that suggested that all the post-PKS modification steps in FST biosynthesis occur with the polyketide chain bearing a malonyl ester at the C-3 position, with formation of the unsaturated six-membered lactone as the last step in FST biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Jiao Liu
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
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20
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Kong R, Liu X, Su C, Ma C, Qiu R, Tang L. Elucidation of the Biosynthetic Gene Cluster and the Post-PKS Modification Mechanism for Fostriecin in Streptomyces pulveraceus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:45-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Labonte JW, Townsend CA. Active site comparisons and catalytic mechanisms of the hot dog superfamily. Chem Rev 2012. [PMID: 23205964 DOI: 10.1021/cr300169a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Labonte
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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22
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Caffrey P. Dissecting complex polyketide biosynthesis. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2012; 3:e201210010. [PMID: 24688670 PMCID: PMC3962154 DOI: 10.5936/csbj.201210010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous bioactive natural products are synthesised by modular polyketide synthases. These compounds can be made in high yield by native multienzyme assembly lines. However, formation of analogues by genetically engineered systems is often considerably less efficient. Biochemical studies on intact polyketide synthase proteins have amassed a body of knowledge that is substantial but still incomplete. Recently, the constituent enzymes have been structurally characterised as discrete domains or didomains. These recombinant proteins have been used to reconstitute single extension cycles in vitro. This has given further insights into how the final stereochemistry of chiral centres in polyketides is determined. In addition, this approach has revealed how domains co-operate to ensure efficient transfer of growing intermediates along the assembly line. This work is leading towards more effective re-programming of these enzymes for use in synthesis of new medicinal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Caffrey
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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23
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Chen YL, Zhao J, Liu W, Gao JF, Tao LM, Pan HX, Tang GL. Identification of phoslactomycin biosynthetic gene clusters from Streptomyces platensis SAM-0654 and characterization of PnR1 and PnR2 as positive transcriptional regulators. Gene 2012; 509:195-200. [PMID: 22940146 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Phoslactomycins (PLMs) are inhibitors of protein serine/threonine phosphatase 2A showing diverse and important antifungal, antibacterial and antitumor activity. PLMs are polyketide natural products and produced by several Streptomyces species. The PLMs biosynthetic gene clusters were identified from Streptomyces platensis SAM-0654 and localized in two separate genomic regions, consisting of 27 open reading frames that encode polyketide synthases (PKSs), enzymes for cyclohexanecarboxyl-CoA (CHC-CoA) and ethylmalonyl-CoA (Em-CoA) synthesis, enzymes for post-PKS modifications, proposed regulators, and putative resistance transporters. Bioinformatic analysis and inactivation experiment of regulatory genes suggest that PnR1 and PnR2 are two positive regulators of PLMs biosynthesis. Gene transcription analysis by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) of the PLMs gene cluster demonstrated that PnR1 and PnR2 activate the transcription of the structural biosynthetic genes while PnR2 specially governs the transcription of pnR1 in a higher level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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24
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Mo X, Ma J, Huang H, Wang B, Song Y, Zhang S, Zhang C, Ju J. Δ11,12 Double Bond Formation in Tirandamycin Biosynthesis is Atypically Catalyzed by TrdE, a Glycoside Hydrolase Family Enzyme. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:2844-7. [PMID: 22280373 DOI: 10.1021/ja206713a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuhua Mo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine
Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Key Laboratory of
Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South
China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road,
Beijing 110039, China
| | - Junying Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine
Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Key Laboratory of
Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South
China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Hongbo Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine
Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Key Laboratory of
Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South
China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Bo Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine
Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Key Laboratory of
Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South
China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yongxiang Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine
Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Key Laboratory of
Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South
China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Si Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine
Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Key Laboratory of
Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South
China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Changsheng Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine
Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Key Laboratory of
Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South
China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Jianhua Ju
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine
Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Key Laboratory of
Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South
China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
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25
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Yurkovich ME, Tyrakis PA, Hong H, Sun Y, Samborskyy M, Kamiya K, Leadlay PF. A Late-Stage Intermediate in Salinomycin Biosynthesis Is Revealed by Specific Mutation in the Biosynthetic Gene Cluster. Chembiochem 2011; 13:66-71. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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26
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Kwan DH, Schulz F. The stereochemistry of complex polyketide biosynthesis by modular polyketide synthases. Molecules 2011; 16:6092-115. [PMID: 21775938 PMCID: PMC6264292 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16076092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyketides are a diverse class of medically important natural products whose biosynthesis is catalysed by polyketide synthases (PKSs), in a fashion highly analogous to fatty acid biosynthesis. In modular PKSs, the polyketide chain is assembled by the successive condensation of activated carboxylic acid-derived units, where chain extension occurs with the intermediates remaining covalently bound to the enzyme, with the growing polyketide tethered to an acyl carrier domain (ACP). Carboxylated acyl-CoA precursors serve as activated donors that are selected by the acyltransferase domain (AT) providing extender units that are added to the growing chain by condensation catalysed by the ketosynthase domain (KS). The action of ketoreductase (KR), dehydratase (DH), and enoylreductase (ER) activities can result in unreduced, partially reduced, or fully reduced centres within the polyketide chain depending on which of these enzymes are present and active. The PKS-catalysed assembly process generates stereochemical diversity, because carbon–carbon double bonds may have either cis- or trans- geometry, and because of the chirality of centres bearing hydroxyl groups (where they are retained) and branching methyl groups (the latter arising from use of propionate extender units). This review shall cover the studies that have determined the stereochemistry in many of the reactions involved in polyketide biosynthesis by modular PKSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H. Kwan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver B.C., V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (D.H.K.); (F.S.); Tel.: +1-604-822-9300 (D.H.K.); +49-231-133-2429 (F.S.); Fax: +1-604-822-9126 (D.H.K.); +49-231-133-2498 (F.S.)
| | - Frank Schulz
- Fakultät für Chemie, Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Abteilung für Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn- Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (D.H.K.); (F.S.); Tel.: +1-604-822-9300 (D.H.K.); +49-231-133-2429 (F.S.); Fax: +1-604-822-9126 (D.H.K.); +49-231-133-2498 (F.S.)
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27
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Vergnolle O, Hahn F, Baerga-Ortiz A, Leadlay PF, Andexer JN. Stereoselectivity of Isolated Dehydratase Domains of the Borrelidin Polyketide Synthase: Implications for cis Double Bond Formation. Chembiochem 2011; 12:1011-4. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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28
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Olano C, Méndez C, Salas JA. Post-PKS tailoring steps in natural product-producing actinomycetes from the perspective of combinatorial biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:571-616. [DOI: 10.1039/b911956f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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30
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31
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Koglin A, Walsh CT. Structural insights into nonribosomal peptide enzymatic assembly lines. Nat Prod Rep 2009; 26:987-1000. [PMID: 19636447 DOI: 10.1039/b904543k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nonribosomal peptides have a variety of medicinal activities including activity as antibiotics, antitumor drugs, immunosuppressives, and toxins. Their biosynthesis on multimodular assembly lines as a series of covalently tethered thioesters, in turn covalently attached on pantetheinyl arms on carrier protein way stations, reflects similar chemical logic and protein machinery to fatty acid and polyketide biosynthesis. While structural information on excised or isolated catalytic adenylation (A), condensation (C), peptidyl carrier protein (PCP) and thioesterase (TE) domains had been gathered over the past decade, little was known about how the NRPS catalytic and carrier domains interact with each other both within and across elongation or termination modules. This Highlight reviews recent breakthrough achievements in both X-ray and NMR spectroscopic studies that illuminate the architecture of NRPS PCP domains, PCP-containing didomain-fragments and of a full termination module (C-A-PCP-TE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Koglin
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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32
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Li C, Roege KE, Kelly WL. Analysis of the Indanomycin Biosynthetic Gene Cluster fromStreptomyces antibioticusNRRL 8167. Chembiochem 2009; 10:1064-72. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abstract
This chapter describes structural and associated enzymological studies of polyketide synthases, including isolated single domains and multidomain fragments. The sequence-structure-function relationship of polyketide biosynthesis, compared with homologous fatty acid synthesis, is discussed in detail. Structural enzymology sheds light on sequence and structural motifs that are important for the precise timing, substrate recognition, enzyme catalysis, and protein-protein interactions leading to the extraordinary structural diversity of naturally occurring polyketides.
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