1
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Matsumura K, Kinjo K, Tateno K, Ono K, Tsuchido Y, Kawai H. M/ P Helicity Switching and Chiral Amplification in Double-Helical Monometallofoldamers. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:21078-21088. [PMID: 39029122 PMCID: PMC11295176 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Short-stranded double-helical monometallofoldamers capable of M/P-switching were constructed by the complexation of two strands, each with two L-shaped units linked by a 2,2'-bipyridine, with a Zn(II) cation. The helix terminals of the "double-helical form" folded by π-π interactions can unfold in solution to equilibrate with the "open forms" that are favored at higher temperatures. Interestingly, the helical chirality of the monometallofoldamers with chiral side chains induced a single-handed helix sense and controlled M/P-switching depending on achiral solvent stimuli. For instance, the (M)-helicity was favored in nonpolarized solvents (toluene, hexane, Et2O), whereas the (P)-helicity was favored in Lewis basic solvents (acetone, DMSO). Circular dichroism (CD) and rotating-frame overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (ROESY) measurements revealed that the conformational change of the chiral side chains due to interaction of Lewis basic solvents with the double helices induced helicity bias. These novel double-helical monometallofoldamers possessed a stable helical structure and exhibited switchable chiroptical properties (gabs ∼ 10-3-10-2). In addition, the chiral strand exhibited chiral transfer and amplification abilities through the formation of chiral heteroleptic double-helical monometallofoldamers when mixed with an achiral strand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Matsumura
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo
University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Keigo Kinjo
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo
University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Kotaro Tateno
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo
University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ono
- School
of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tsuchido
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo
University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kawai
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo
University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
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2
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Song Q, Yang J, Zheng K, Zhang T, Yuan C, Yuan LM, Hou X. Chiral Memory in Dynamic Transformation from Porous Organic Cages to Covalent Organic Frameworks for Enantiorecognition Analysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7594-7604. [PMID: 38462726 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The preservation of chirality during a transformation process, known as the "chiral memory" effect, has garnered significant attention across multiple research disciplines. Here, we first report the retention of the original chiral structure during dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC)-induced structural transformation from porous organic cages into covalent organic frameworks (COFs). A total of six two-dimensional chiral COFs constructed by entirely achiral building blocks were obtained through the DCC-induced substitution of chiral linkers in a homochiral cage (CC3-R or -S) using achiral amine monomers. Homochirality of these COFs resulted from the construction of 3-fold-symmetric benzene-1,3,5-methanimine cores with a propeller-like configuration of one single-handedness throughout the cage-to-COF transformation. The obtained chiral COFs can be further utilized as fluorescence sensors or chiral stationary phases for gas chromatography with high enantioselectivity. The present study thus highlighted the great potential to expand the scope of functional chiral materials via DCC-induced crystal-to-crystal transformation with the chiral memory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyi Song
- College of Chemistry, and Key Lab of Green Chem and Tech of MOE, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
| | - Ji Yang
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
| | - Kangni Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China
| | - Tong Zhang
- College of Chemistry, and Key Lab of Green Chem and Tech of MOE, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
| | - Chen Yuan
- College of Chemistry, and Key Lab of Green Chem and Tech of MOE, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
| | - Li-Ming Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China
| | - Xiandeng Hou
- College of Chemistry, and Key Lab of Green Chem and Tech of MOE, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
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3
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Miton L, Antonetti É, García-López D, Nava P, Robert V, Albalat M, Vanthuyne N, Martinez A, Cotelle Y. A Cyclotriveratrylene Solvent-Dependent Chiral Switch. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303294. [PMID: 37955588 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Chiral molecular switches are attracting attention as they could pave the way to chiral molecular machines. Herein, we report on the design and synthesis of a single molecule chiral switch based on a cyclotriveratrylene scaffold, in which the chirality inversion is controlled by the solvent. Hemicryptophanes are built around a C3 cyclotriveratrylene chiral unit, with either M or P handedness, connected to another tripod and usually displaying an "out" configuration. Here, we demonstrate that solvents are able to control the "in" and "out" configurations of the CTV unit, creating a chiral molecular switch from (M/P)"in" to (P/M)"out" handedness. The full characterization of the "in" and "out" configurations and of the chirality switch were made possible by combining NMR, HPLC, ECD, DFT and molecular dynamics. Interestingly, bulky aromatic solvents such as 2-t-butylphenol favor the "in" configuration while polar aprotic solvents such as acetone favor the "out" configuration. This chiral switch was found to be fully reversible allowing the system to oscillate between two different M and P configurations several times upon the action of solvents stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Miton
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Élise Antonetti
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Diego García-López
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Paola Nava
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Vincent Robert
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, Institut de Chimie, CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Muriel Albalat
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Vanthuyne
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Alexandre Martinez
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Yoann Cotelle
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille, France
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4
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Kim H, Kim Y, Lee D. Small is Beautiful: Electronic Origin and Synthetic Evolution of Single-Benzene Fluorophores. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:140-152. [PMID: 38126345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusSingle-benzene fluorophores (SBFs) are small molecules that produce visible light by using only one benzene ring as the sole aromatic core. This Account centers around the chemistry of a new class of SBF that we accidentally discovered but rationally developed and refined afterward. In a failed experiment that took an unintended reaction pathway, we encountered the bright green fluorescence of ortho-diacetylphenylenediamine (o-DAPA). Despite its uninspiring look, reminiscent of textbook examples of simple benzene derivatives, this molecule had neither been synthesized nor isolated before. This discovery led to our studies on the larger DAPA family, including isomeric m-DAPA and p-DAPA. Remarkably, p-DAPA is the lightest red fluorophore, with a molecular weight of only 192. While o- and p-DAPA are emissive, m-DAPA rapidly undergoes internal conversion, facilitated by sequential proton transfer reactions in the excited state.Leveraging the synthetic utility of the amine group, we carried out straightforward single-step modifications to create a full-color SBF library from p-DAPA as the common precursor. During the course of the investigation, we made another fortuitous discovery. With increasing acidity of the N-H group, the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer reaction is promoted, opening up additional pathways for emission to occur at even longer wavelengths. Tipping the balance between the two excited-state tautomers enabled the first example of a single-benzene white-light emitter. We demonstrated the practical utility of these molecules in white light-emitting devices and live cell imaging.According to the particle-in-a-box model, it is difficult to expect a molecule with only one small aromatic ring to produce long-wavelength emission. SBFs rise to this challenge by exploiting electron donor-acceptor pairs around the benzene core, which lowers the energy of light absorption. However, this answers only half of the question. Where do the exceptionally large spectral shifts in the light emission of SBFs originate from? Chemists have long been curious about the molecular mechanisms underlying the dramatic spectral shifts observed in SBFs. Prevailing paradigms invoke the charge transfer (CT) between electron donor and acceptor groups in the excited state. However, without a large π-skeleton for effective charge separation, how could benzene support a CT-type excited state? Our experimental and theoretical studies have revealed that large excited-state antiaromaticity (ESAA) of the benzene core itself is responsible for this remarkable phenomenon. The core matters, not the periphery. With appropriate molecular design, large and extended π-conjugation is no longer a prerequisite for long-wavelength light emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heechan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826 Seoul, Korea
| | - Younghun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826 Seoul, Korea
| | - Dongwhan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826 Seoul, Korea
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5
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Ikbal SA, Zhao P, Ehara M, Akine S. Acceleration and deceleration of chirality inversion speeds in a dynamic helical metallocryptand by alkali metal ion binding. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj5536. [PMID: 37922347 PMCID: PMC10624348 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj5536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
We report that the chirality inversion kinetics of a trinickel(II) cryptand can be controlled by guest recognition in the cryptand cavity. When the guest was absent, the nickel(II) cryptand underwent a dynamic interconversion between the P and M forms in solution, preferring the M form, with a half-life of t1/2 = 4.99 min. The P/M equilibrium is reversed to P-favored by binding with an alkali metal ion in the cryptand cavity. The timescale of this M→P inversion kinetics was both notably accelerated and decelerated by the guest binding (t1/2 = 0.182 min for K+ complex; 186 min for Cs+ complex); thus, the equilibration rate constants differed by up to 1000-fold depending on the guest metal ions. This acceleration/deceleration can be explained in terms of the virtual binding constants at the transition state of the P/M chirality inversion; K+ binding more stabilizes the transition state rather than the P and M forms to result in the acceleration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk Asif Ikbal
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Pei Zhao
- Research Center for Computational Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 38 Nishigo-Naka, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ehara
- Research Center for Computational Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 38 Nishigo-Naka, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shigehisa Akine
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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6
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Li F, Kan JL, Yao BJ, Dong YB. Synthesis of Chiral Covalent Organic Frameworks via Asymmetric Organocatalysis for Heterogeneous Asymmetric Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202115044. [PMID: 35357070 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A general and efficient organocatalytic asymmetric polymerization approach for the synthesis of chiral covalent organic frameworks (CCOFs) has been developed. With a chiral 2-methylpyrrolidine catalyst, a series of tris(N-salicylideneamine)-derived β-ketoenamine-CCOFs are directly constructed from prochiral aldehyde- and primary amine-monomers. The adopted aminocatalytic asymmetric Schiff-base condensation herein is performed under ambient conditions with clear green synthetic advantages over the conventional acid-catalysed solvothermal methods. The obtained β-ketoenamine-CCOFs can be further metalated by a solid-state coordination approach, and the resulting CuII @CCOFs can highly promote an asymmetric A3 -coupling reaction. Specifically, a CuII @CCOF@chitosan aerogel was fabricated as a highly efficient fixed-bed model reactor for scaled-up catalysis. The concept of aminocatalytic asymmetric polymerization might open a new way for constructing the CCOFs via asymmetric organocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Lan Kan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Bing-Jian Yao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Bin Dong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
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7
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Li F, Kan J, Yao B, Dong Y. Synthesis of Chiral Covalent Organic Frameworks via Asymmetric Organocatalysis for Heterogeneous Asymmetric Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes Ministry of Education Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Jing‐Lan Kan
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes Ministry of Education Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Bing‐Jian Yao
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes Ministry of Education Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Yu‐Bin Dong
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes Ministry of Education Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
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8
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Sahoo D, Benny R, Ks NK, De S. Stimuli-Responsive Chiroptical Switching. Chempluschem 2021; 87:e202100322. [PMID: 34694736 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
"Chirality" governs many fundamental properties in chemistry and biochemistry. While early investigations on stereochemistry are primarily dedicated to static chirality, there is an increasing interest in the field of dynamic chirality (chiral switches). These chiral switches are essential in controlling the directionality in molecular motors. Dynamic chiralities are equally crucial in switchable stereoselectivity, switchable asymmetric catalysis and enantioselective separation. Herein, we limit our discussion to recent advances on stimuli-induced chiroptical switching of axial, helical, and planar chirality in response to external stimuli. We also discuss a few examples of applications of the switchable chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptiprava Sahoo
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and, Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM), Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, India
| | - Renitta Benny
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and, Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM), Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, India
| | - Nithish Kumar Ks
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and, Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM), Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, India
| | - Soumen De
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and, Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM), Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, India
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9
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Zheng H, Ni C, Chen H, Zha D, Hai Y, Ye H, You L. Regulation of Axial Chirality through Dynamic Covalent Bond Constrained Biaryls. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:10273-10278. [PMID: 31460119 PMCID: PMC6648723 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A strategy of dynamic covalent chemistry within constrained biaryls was developed for the modulation of axial chirality. The ring fusion partners of amide and aldehyde allowed the manipulation of ring/chain equilibrium and chirality transfer within cyclic diastereomeric hemiaminal. Dynamic covalent reactions (DCRs) with alcohols, thiols, and secondary amines further enabled the reversal of chirality relay and thereby regulation of axial chirality. Moreover, a combination of NMR, X-ray, and density functional theory results shed light on the structural basis of chirality transfer, exhibiting modest to excellent diastereoselectivity under thermodynamic control. The critical role of the amide unit in the modulation of axial chirality was also corroborated. Finally, the chiroptical signal was controlled through changing solvents, DCRs, and stimuli-responsive switching of DCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zheng
- State
Key Laboratory of Structural
Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research
on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College
of Chemistry and Material Science, Fujian
Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Cailing Ni
- State
Key Laboratory of Structural
Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research
on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hang Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Structural
Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research
on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Daijun Zha
- State
Key Laboratory of Structural
Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research
on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yu Hai
- State
Key Laboratory of Structural
Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research
on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Hebo Ye
- State
Key Laboratory of Structural
Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research
on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei You
- State
Key Laboratory of Structural
Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research
on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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10
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Go M, Choi H, Kim KY, Moon CJ, Choi Y, Miyake H, Lee SS, Jung SH, Choi MY, Jung JH. Temperature-controlled helical inversion of asymmetric triphenylamine-based supramolecular polymers; difference of handedness at the micro- and macroscopic levels. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00051h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The M-helicity of asymmetric N-triphenylamine-based supramolecular polymers was inverted to the P-helicity during heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misun Go
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences
- Gyeongsang National University
- Jinju 52828
- South Korea
| | - Heekyoung Choi
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences
- Gyeongsang National University
- Jinju 52828
- South Korea
| | - Ka Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences
- Gyeongsang National University
- Jinju 52828
- South Korea
| | - Cheol Joo Moon
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences
- Gyeongsang National University
- Jinju 52828
- South Korea
| | - Yeonweon Choi
- Accident Prevention and Assessment Division 2
- National Institute of Chemical Safety
- Daejeon 34111
- South Korea
| | - Hiroyuki Miyake
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka City University
- Osaka 558-8585
- Japan
| | - Shim Sung Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences
- Gyeongsang National University
- Jinju 52828
- South Korea
| | - Sung Ho Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences
- Gyeongsang National University
- Jinju 52828
- South Korea
| | - Myong Yong Choi
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences
- Gyeongsang National University
- Jinju 52828
- South Korea
| | - Jong Hwa Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences
- Gyeongsang National University
- Jinju 52828
- South Korea
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11
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Zhiquan L, Xie H, Border SE, Gallucci J, Pavlović RZ, Badjić JD. A Stimuli-Responsive Molecular Capsule with Switchable Dynamics, Chirality, and Encapsulation Characteristics. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:11091-11100. [PMID: 30099876 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhiquan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Han Xie
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Sarah E. Border
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Judith Gallucci
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Radoslav Z. Pavlović
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jovica D. Badjić
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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12
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Han X, Zhang J, Huang J, Wu X, Yuan D, Liu Y, Cui Y. Chiral induction in covalent organic frameworks. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1294. [PMID: 29615606 PMCID: PMC5882852 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03689-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic control over chirality and function is the crowning achievement for metal-organic frameworks, but the same level of control has not been achieved for covalent organic frameworks (COFs). Here we demonstrate chiral COFs (CCOFs) can be crystallized from achiral organic precursors by chiral catalytic induction. A total of nine two-dimensional CCOFs are solvothermally prepared by imine condensations of the C3-symmetric 1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol (Tp) with diamine or triamine linkers in the presence of catalytic amount of (R)- or (S)-1-phenylethylamine. Homochirality of these CCOFs results from chiral catalyst-induced immobilization of threefold-symmetric tris(N-salicylideneamine) cores with a propeller-like conformation of one single handedness during crystallization. The CCOF-TpTab showed high enantioselectivity toward chiral carbohydrates in fluorescence quenching and, after postsynthetic modification of enaminone groups located in chiral channels with Cu(II) ions, it can also be utilized as a heterogeneous catalyst for the asymmetric Henry reaction of nitroalkane with aldehydes. Controlling chirality and function in metal organic frameworks has been an achievement, but very difficult to carry out in covalent organic frameworks. Here the authors show chiral covalent organic frameworks that are crystallized from achiral precursors by chiral catalytic induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jinjing Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaowei Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Daqiang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Yong Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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13
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Mehr SHM, Oshima H, Carta V, Patrick BO, White NG, MacLachlan MJ. Tuning the tautomeric behavior of tris(salicylaldimines). Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:8418-8424. [PMID: 28952647 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02058a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Five new tris(N-salicylaldimine) (TSAN) analogues were prepared and characterized. NMR and single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies showed that they are found in different tautomeric forms, ranging from keto-enamine to enol-imine, with two showing intermediate behavior. We present a simple structural model governing the relative stability of the keto-enamine versus enol-imine tautomeric form of TSANs, based on experimental and theoretical findings on the new and existing TSAN analogues. Examination of electron delocalization throughout this range reveals a connection between tautomeric state and whether the substituent is σ or π electron withdrawing/donating. This can be used as a qualitative guide to design TSANs with controlled tautomeric behavior. These results will be helpful to the growing number of researchers in supramolecular chemistry who use TSANs to construct new materials and cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hessam M Mehr
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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14
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Pathak SK, Nath S, De J, Pal SK, Achalkumar AS. Contrasting effects of heterocycle substitution and branched tails in the arms of star-shaped molecules. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj00911a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Herein, heterocycle based star-shaped liquid crystalline tris(N-salicylideneaniline)s (TSANs) are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Kumar Pathak
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- Guwahati
- India
| | - Subrata Nath
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- Guwahati
- India
| | - Joydip De
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali
- Manauli 140306
- India
| | - Santanu Kumar Pal
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali
- Manauli 140306
- India
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15
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Mehr SHM, Depmeier H, Fukuyama K, Maghami M, MacLachlan MJ. Formylation of phenols using formamidine acetate. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:581-583. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02727j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Formylation of phenol-derivatives with formamidine acetate readily yields phenol-formaldehyde derivatives, and is effective for polyformylation of substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Hessam M. Mehr
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Hannah Depmeier
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
| | - Katsuya Fukuyama
- Center for Liberal Arts
- Meiji Gakuin University
- Yokohama 244-8539
- Japan
| | - Mahboobeh Maghami
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
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16
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Pathak SK, Nath S, De J, Pal SK, Achalkumar AS. The effect of regioisomerism on the mesomorphic and photophysical behavior of oxadiazole-based tris(N-salicylideneaniline)s: synthesis and characterization. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj01766a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two new regioisomeric star-shaped tris(N-salicylideneaniline)s are synthesized and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Kumar Pathak
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- Guwahati
- India
| | - Subrata Nath
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- Guwahati
- India
| | - Joydip De
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali
- Manauli 140306
- India
| | - Santanu Kumar Pal
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali
- Manauli 140306
- India
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17
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Abstract
This critical review presents the various synthetic approaches and chiral chemistry of metal-camphorate frameworks (MCamFs), which are homochiral metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) constructed from a camphorate ligand. The interest in this unique subset of homochiral MOFs is derived from the many interesting chiral features for both materials and life sciences, such as asymmetrical synthesis or crystallization, homochiral structural design, chiral induction, absolute helical control and ligand handedness. Additionally, we discuss the potential applications of homochiral MCamFs. This review will be of interest to researchers attempting to design other homochiral MOFs and those engaged in the extension of MOFs for applications such as chiral recognition, enantiomer separation, asymmetric catalysis, nonlinear sensors and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
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18
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Kieryk P, Janczak J, Panek J, Miklitz M, Lisowski J. Chiral 2 + 3 Keto-Enamine Pseudocyclophanes Derived from 1,3,5-Triformylphloroglucinol. Org Lett 2015; 18:12-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Kieryk
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jan Janczak
- Institute
of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box
1410, 50-950, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jarosław Panek
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Miklitz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jerzy Lisowski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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19
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Katoono R, Kawai S, Fujiwara K, Suzuki T. Controllability of dynamic double helices: quantitative analysis of the inversion of a screw-sense preference upon complexation. Chem Sci 2015; 6:6592-6600. [PMID: 28757962 PMCID: PMC5506618 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02614h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a quantitative analysis of the complexation-induced inversion of a screw-sense preference based on a conformationally dynamic double-helix structure in a macrocycle. The macrocycle is composed of two twisting units (terephthalamide), which are spaced by two strands (1,3-bis(phenylethynyl)benzene), and is designed to generate a double-helix structure through twisting about a C2 axis in a conrotatory manner. The attachment of chiral auxiliaries to the twisting units induces a helical preference for a particular sense of (M)- or (P)-helicity through the intramolecular transmission of chirality to dynamic double helices. The twisting unit can also act as a binding site for capturing a guest molecule, and, in a complexed state, the preferred screw sense of the dynamic double-helix structure is reversed to exhibit the contrary preference. We quantitatively monitored the complexation-induced inversion of the screw-sense preference using 1H NMR spectroscopy, which enabled us to observe independently two species with (M)- or (P)-helicity in both the absence and presence of a guest molecule. Inversion of the screw-sense preference was induced upon complexation with an achiral guest as well as a chiral guest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Katoono
- Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Science , Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0810 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81 11 706 3396
| | - Shunsuke Kawai
- Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Science , Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0810 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81 11 706 3396
| | - Kenshu Fujiwara
- Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Science , Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0810 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81 11 706 3396
| | - Takanori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Science , Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0810 , Japan . ; ; Tel: +81 11 706 3396
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundus Erbas-Cakmak
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Leigh
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Charlie T. McTernan
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Alina
L. Nussbaumer
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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21
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Katoono R, Tanaka Y, Kusaka K, Fujiwara K, Suzuki T. Dynamic Figure Eight Chirality: Multifarious Inversions of a Helical Preference Induced by Complexation. J Org Chem 2015; 80:7613-25. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Katoono
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Keiichi Kusaka
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kenshu Fujiwara
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takanori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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22
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Katoono R, Fujiwara K, Suzuki T. Complexation-induced inversion of helicity by an organic guest in a dynamic molecular propeller based on a tristerephthalamide host with a two-layer structure. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:5438-40. [PMID: 24504421 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc00323c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A tristerephthalamide host exhibited two helical geometries with (M)- and (P)-helicity, respectively, in terms of the twisting direction of a two-layer structure, and the helical preference switched upon complexation with a ditopic guest. In both uncomplexed and complexed states, the intramolecular transmission of chirality was responsible for the control of helicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Katoono
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
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23
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Jo HH, Edupuganti R, You L, Dalby KN, Anslyn EV. Mechanistic Studies on Covalent Assemblies of Metal-Mediated Hemi-Aminal Ethers. Chem Sci 2015; 6:158-164. [PMID: 25530834 PMCID: PMC4267293 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc02495h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of reversible covalent bonding in a four-component assembly incorporating chiral alcohols was recently reported to give a method for determining the enantiomeric excess of the alcohols via CD spectroscopy.
The use of reversible covalent bonding in a four-component assembly incorporating chiral alcohols was recently reported to give a method for determining the enantiomeric excess of the alcohols via CD spectroscopy. Experiments that probe the mechanism of this assembly, which consists of 2-formylpyridine (2-PA), dipicolylamine (DPA), Zn(ii) and alcohols to yield zinc complexes of tren-like ligands, are presented. The studies focus upon the mechanism of conversion of a hemi-aminal (1) to a hemi-aminal ether (3), thereby incorporating the fourth component. It was found that molecular sieves along with 3 to 4 equivalents of alcohol are required to drive the conversion of 1 to 3. Attempts to isolate an intermediate in this reaction via addition of strong Lewis acids led to the discovery of a five-membered ring pyridinium salt (5), but upon exposure to Zn(ii) and alcohols gave different products to the assembly. This was interpreted to support the intermediacy of an iminium species. Kinetic studies reveal that the conversion of 1 to 3 is zero-order in alcohol in large excesses of alcohol, supporting rate-determining formation of an intermediate prior to reaction with alcohol. Further, the magnitudes of the rate constants for interconversion of 1 and 3 are similar, supporting the notion that there are similar rate-determining steps (rds) for the forward and reverse reactions. Hammett plots show that the rds involves creation of a negative charge (interpreted as the loss of positive charge), supporting the notion that the decomplexation of Zn(ii) from the assemblies to generate apo-forms of 1 and 3 is rate-determining. The individual mechanistic conclusions are combined to create a qualitative reaction coordinate diagram for the interconversion of 1 and 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Hwa Jo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Ramakrishna Edupuganti
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA. ; Division of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Lei You
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, P.R.China.
| | - Kevin N Dalby
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Eric V Anslyn
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
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25
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Yuasa J, Ueno H, Kawai T. Sign Reversal of a Large Circularly Polarized Luminescence Signal by the Twisting Motion of a Bidentate Ligand. Chemistry 2014; 20:8621-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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26
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Freiherr von Richthofen CG, Feldscher B, Lippert KA, Stammler A, Bögge H, Glaser T. Electronic and Molecular Structures of Heteroradialenes: A Combined Synthetic, Computational, Spectroscopic, and Structural Study Identifying IR Spectroscopy as a Simple but Powerful Experimental Probe. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION B-A JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.5560/znb.2013-2241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The vicinity of a hydrogen bond donor (O-H) and a hydrogen bond acceptor (C=O or C=N- R) in salicylaldehydes and ortho-Schiff bases results in significant structural variations compared to the monosubstituted derivatives that are reflected in the electronic structure and thus in the spectroscopic properties. This interplay between intramolecular hydrogen bonding and multicenter p- electron delocalization is the origin of the concept of resonance-assisted hydrogen bonding (RAHB). Herein, the complexity is extended from one hydrogen bond donor-acceptor pair in salicylaldehyde and ortho-Schiff bases to three hydrogen bond donor-acceptor pairs in 2,4,6-tricarbonyl- and 2,4,6- triimine-substituted phloroglucinols (1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene), respectively. To evaluate the changes in the molecular and electronic structures, we have performed a comprehensive computational, spectroscopic, and structural study starting from monosubstituted benzene derivatives as references over ortho-disubstituted derivates to the sixfold-substituted derivatives. Whereas in salicylaldehydes, ortho- Schiff bases, and 2,4,6-tricarbonyl-phloroglucinols the phenolic O-protonated tautomers represent the energy minima, the N-protonated tautomers represent the energy minima in 2,4,6-triiminephloroglucinols. The analysis provides a keto-enamine resonance structure with six exocyclic double bonds to be dominant for these species reminiscent of [6]radialenes, which were termed heteroradialenes. These heteroradialenes are non-aromatic alicycles. However, the predominance of this resonance structure does not represent a sudden change going from the 2,4,6-tricarbonyl- to the 2,4,6-triimine-phloroglucinols, but a gradual increase of analogous resonance structure contributions is observed even in salicylaldehyde and ortho-Schiff bases demonstrating some hetero-orthoquinodimethane character. These changes are, besides in the molecular structures, well reflected in the IR spectra, which can therefore be used as a simple tool to probe the electronic structures in these systems. Interruption of the delocalized p system supporting the intramolecular hydrogen bond, i. e. going from 2,4,6-triimine- to 2,4,6-triamine-substituted phloroglucinols, reestablishes an O-protonated aromatic phloroglucinol system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bastian Feldscher
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie I, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Kai-Alexander Lippert
- Lippert Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie I, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Anja Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie I, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hartmut Bögge
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie I, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thorsten Glaser
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie I, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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27
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Saito N, Terakawa R, Yamaguchi M. Synthesis, π-face-selective aggregation, and π-face chiral recognition of configurationally stable C(3)-symmetric propeller-chiral molecules with a π-core. Chemistry 2014; 20:5601-7. [PMID: 24737294 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201400094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The C3 -symmetric propeller-chiral compounds (P,P,P)-1 and (M,M,M)-1 with planar π-cores perpendicular to the C3 -axis were synthesized in optically pure states. (P,P,P)-1 possesses two distinguishable propeller-chiral π-faces with rims of different heights named the (P/L)-face and (P/H)-face. Each face is configurationally stable because of the rigid structure of the helicenes contained in the π-core. (P,P,P)-1 formed dimeric aggregates in organic solutions as indicated by the results of (1) H NMR, CD, and UV/Vis spectroscopy and vapor pressure osmometry analyses. The (P/L)/(P/L) interactions were observed in the solid state by single-crystal X-ray analysis, and they were also predominant over the (P/H)/(P/H) and (P/L)/(P/H) interactions in solution, as indicated by the results of (1) H and 2D NMR spectroscopy analyses. The dimerization constant was obtained for a racemic mixture, which showed that the heterochiral (P,P,P)-1/(M,M,M)-1 interactions were much weaker than the homochiral (P,P,P)-1/(P,P,P)-1 interactions. The results indicated that the propeller-chiral (P/L)-face interacts with the (P/L)-face more strongly than with the (P/H)-face, (M/L)-face, and (M/H)-face. The study showed the π-face-selective aggregation and π-face chiral recognition of the configurationally stable propeller-chiral molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Saito
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Sendai 980-8578 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 22-795-6811; Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Sendai 980-8578 (Japan)
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28
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Nithya R, Senthilkumar K. Theoretical studies on charge transport and optical properties of tris(N-saclicylideneanilines). RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra01372g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Lu W, Du G, Liu K, Jiang L, Ling J, Shen Z. Chiroptical Inversion Induced by Rotation of a Carbon–Carbon Single Bond: An Experimental and Theoretical Study. J Phys Chem A 2013; 118:283-92. [DOI: 10.1021/jp410370q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lu
- MOE Key
Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ganhong Du
- MOE Key
Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Keyuan Liu
- MOE Key
Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Liming Jiang
- MOE Key
Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jun Ling
- MOE Key
Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhiquan Shen
- MOE Key
Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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30
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Lin WC, Yang DY. Photochromism of o-Nitrophenyl-Substituted Oxazabicycles. J Org Chem 2013; 78:11798-806. [DOI: 10.1021/jo401838n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chung Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung 40704, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ding-Yah Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung 40704, Taiwan, Republic of China
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31
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Bei-bei L, Wei L, Gan-hong D, Dan C, Jun L, Li-ming J, Zhi-quan S. DESIGN OF AN OPTICALLY ACTIVE POLYSTYRENE BEARING IMINE PENDANTS AND ITS ACID/BASE-TRIGGERED CHIROPTICAL SWITCH PROPERTY. ACTA POLYM SIN 2013. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1105.2013.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Kim DA, Kang P, Choi MG, Jeong KS. A chiral indolocarbazole foldamer displaying strong circular dichroism responsive to anion binding. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:9743-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc45989f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Hua S, Li W, Li S. The Generalized Energy-Based Fragmentation Approach with an Improved Fragmentation Scheme: Benchmark Results and Illustrative Applications. Chemphyschem 2012; 14:108-15. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Soloshonok VA, Aceña JL, Ueki H, Han J. Design and synthesis of quasi-diastereomeric molecules with unchanging central, regenerating axial and switchable helical chirality via cleavage and formation of Ni(II)-O and Ni(II)-N coordination bonds. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:1920-8. [PMID: 23209532 PMCID: PMC3511032 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe herein the design and synthesis of asymmetric, pentadentate ligands, which are able to coordinate to Ni(II) cations leading to quasi-diastereomeric complexes displaying two new elements of chirality: stereogenic axis and helix along with configurational stabilization of the stereogenic center on the nitrogen. Due to the stereocongested structural characteristics of the corresponding Ni(II) complexes, the formation of quasi-diastereomeric products is highly stereoselective providing formation of only two, (Ra*,Mh*,Rc*) and (Ra*,Ph*,Rc*), out of the four possible stereochemical combinations. The reversible quasi-diastereomeric transformation between the products (Ra*,Mh*,Rc*) and (Ra*,Ph*,Rc*) occurs by intramolecular trans-coordination of Ni–NH and Ni–O bonds providing a basis for a chiral switch model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain ; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
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Goto H, Sudoh M, Kawamoto K, Sugimoto H, Inoue S. Isocyanurates with Planar Chirality: Design, Optical Resolution, and Isomerization. Chirality 2012; 24:867-78. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Goto
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering; Tokyo University of Science; Tokyo Japan
| | - Masanao Sudoh
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering; Tokyo University of Science; Tokyo Japan
| | - Keiko Kawamoto
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering; Tokyo University of Science; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugimoto
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering; Tokyo University of Science; Tokyo Japan
| | - Shohei Inoue
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering; Tokyo University of Science; Tokyo Japan
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Miyake H, Tsukube H. Coordination chemistry strategies for dynamic helicates: time-programmable chirality switching with labile and inert metal helicates. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:6977-91. [PMID: 22850749 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35192g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
'Chirality switching' is one of the most important chemical processes controlling many biological systems. DNAs and proteins often work as time-programmed functional helices, in which specific external stimuli alter the helical direction and tune the time scale of subsequent events. Although a variety of organic foldamers and their hybrids with natural helices have been developed, we highlight coordination chemistry strategies for development of structurally and functionally defined metal helicates. These metal helicates have characteristic coordination geometries, redox reactivities and spectroscopic/magnetic properties as well as complex chiralities. Several kinds of inert metal helicates maintain rigid helical structures and their stereoisomers are separable by optical resolution techniques, while labile metal helicates offer dynamic inversion of their helical structures via non-covalent interactions with external chemical signals. The latter particularly have dynamically ordered helical structures, which are controlled by the combinations of metal centres and chiral ligands. They further function as time-programmable switches of chirality-derived dynamic rotations, translations, stretching and shape flipping, which are useful applications in nanoscience and related technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
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37
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Ito H, Tsukube H, Shinoda S. A chirality rewriting cycle mediated by a dynamic cyclen–calcium complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:10954-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc35350d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Opsitnick EA, Jiang X, Hollenbeck AN, Lee D. Hydrogen-Bond-Assisted Helical Folding of Propeller-Shaped Molecules: Effects of Extended π-Conjugation on Chiral Selection, Conformational Stability, and Exciton Coupling. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201101351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Vieweger M, Jiang X, Lim YK, Jo J, Lee D, Dragnea B. Conformationally dynamic π-conjugation: probing structure-property relationships of fluorescent tris(N-salicylideneaniline)s. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:13298-308. [PMID: 22004068 PMCID: PMC3224823 DOI: 10.1021/jp2079583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported the design and synthesis of a series of conformationally dynamic chromophores that are built on the C(3)-symmetric tris(N-salicylideneaniline) platform. This system utilizes cooperative structural folding-unfolding motions for fluorescence switching, which is driven by the assembly and disassembly of hydrogen bonds between the rigid core and rotatable peripheral part of the molecule. Here, we report detailed time-resolved spectroscopic studies to investigate the structure-property relationships of a series of functionalized tris(N-salicylideneaniline)s. Time-resolved fluorescence decay spectroscopy was applied to determine the main relaxation mechanisms of these π-extended fluorophores, and to address the effects of hydrogen bonding, steric constraints, and extension of the π-conjugation on their relaxation dynamics. Our results agree well with the conformational switching model that was previously suggested from steady-state experiments. Notably, extension of the π-conjugation from peripheral aryl groups resulted in the stabilization of the excited states, as evidenced by longer lifetimes and lower nonradiative decay constants. As a consequence, an increase in the fluorescence quantum yields was observed, which could be explained by the suppression of the torsional motions about the C-N bonds from an overall increase in the quinoid character of the excited states. A combination of time-resolved and steady-state techniques also revealed intermolecular interactions through π-π stacking at higher concentrations, which provide additional de-excitation pathways that become more pronounced in solid samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Vieweger
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Xuan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Young-Kwan Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Junyong Jo
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Dongwhan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Bogdan Dragnea
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
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40
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Huang Y, Hu J, Kuang W, Wei Z, Faul CFJ. Modulating helicity through amphiphilicity—tuning supramolecular interactions for the controlled assembly of perylenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:5554-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc10220f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The supramolecular structures of designed H-bonding amphiphilic perylene-based materials were modulated through simple solvent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwei Huang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- Beijing 100090
- China
- Medical College
- Henan University
| | - Jianchen Hu
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- Beijing 100090
- China
| | - Wenfeng Kuang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- Beijing 100090
- China
| | - Zhixiang Wei
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- Beijing 100090
- China
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41
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Lee HY, Olasz A, Pink M, Park H, Lee D. The art of stacking: structural folding and self-assembly of branched π-conjugation assisted by O–H⋯O and C–H⋯F hydrogen bonds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:481-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc02177f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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42
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Lee HY, Song X, Park H, Baik MH, Lee D. Torsionally Responsive C3-Symmetric Azo Dyes: Azo−Hydrazone Tautomerism, Conformational Switching, and Application for Chemical Sensing. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:12133-44. [DOI: 10.1021/ja105121z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Xinli Song
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Hyunsoo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Mu-Hyun Baik
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Dongwhan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
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43
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The first examples of supramolecular discotic C3h tris(N-salicylideneamine)s featuring inter- and intra-molecular H-bonding: synthesis and characterization. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.06.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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44
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Suzuki T, Miura Y, Nehira T, Kawai H, Fujiwara K. Intramolecular Chirality Transfer in trans-5,6-Diaryl-5,6-dihydro-1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-diols: Solvato- and Halochromic Responses by Circular Dichroism. CHEM LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2010.695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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45
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García F, Sánchez L. Dendronized triangular oligo(phenylene ethynylene) amphiphiles: nanofibrillar self-assembly and dye encapsulation. Chemistry 2010; 16:3138-46. [PMID: 20119992 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Triangular-shaped oligo(phenylene ethynylene) amphiphiles 1a and 1b decorated in their periphery with two- and four-branched hydrophilic triethyleneglycol dendron wedges, have been synthesized and their self-assembling properties in solution and onto surfaces investigated. The steric demand produced by the dendritic substituents induces a face-to-face rotated pi stacking of the aromatic moieties. Studies on the concentration and temperature dependence confirm this mechanism and provide binding constants of 1.2 x 10(5) and 1.7 x 10(5) M(-1) in acetonitrile for 1a and 1b, respectively. Dynamic and static light scattering measurements complement the study of the self-assembly in solution and demonstrate the formation of rod-like supramolecular structures in aqueous solution. The nanofibers formed in solution can be efficiently transferred onto surfaces. Thus, TEM images reveal the presence of strands of various thickness, with the most common being several micrometers long and with diameters of around 70 nm. Some of these nanofibers present folded edges that are indicative of their ribbon-like nature. Interestingly, compound 1b can also form thick filaments with a rope-like appearance, which points to a chiral arrangement of the fibers. AFM images under highly diluted conditions also reveal long fibers with height profiles that fit well with the molecular dimensions calculated for both amphiphiles. Finally, we have demonstrated the intercalation of the hydrophobic dye Disperse Orange 3 within the filaments and its subsequent release upon increasing the temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria, s/n. 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Lincker F, Bourgun P, Stoeckli-Evans H, Saez IM, Goodby JW, Deschenaux R. Optically active liquid-crystalline fullerodendrimers from enantiomerically pure fulleropyrrolidines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:7522-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc02709j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Katoono R, Kawai H, Fujiwara K, Suzuki T. Dynamic Molecular Propeller: Supramolecular Chirality Sensing by Enhanced Chiroptical Response through the Transmission of Point Chirality to Mobile Helicity. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:16896-904. [DOI: 10.1021/ja906810b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Katoono
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810 Japan, School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1292, Japan, and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kawai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810 Japan, School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1292, Japan, and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kenshu Fujiwara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810 Japan, School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1292, Japan, and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takanori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810 Japan, School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1292, Japan, and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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48
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Suzuki T, Ishigaki Y, Iwai T, Kawai H, Fujiwara K, Ikeda H, Kano Y, Mizuno K. Multi-Input/Multi-Output Molecular Response System Based on the Dynamic Redox Behavior of 3,3,4,4-Tetraaryldihydro[5]helicene Derivatives: Reversible Formation/Destruction of Chiral Fluorophore and Modulation of Chiroptical Properties by Solvent Polarity. Chemistry 2009; 15:9434-41. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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49
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Chen Y, Lie F, Li Z. Enantioselective Benzylic Hydroxylation withPseudomonas monteiliiTA-5: A Simple Method for the Syntheses of (R)-Benzylic Alcohols Containing Reactive Functional Groups. Adv Synth Catal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200900241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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