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Wei Z, He W, Liu Z, Lin Y, Wang M, Li L, Wu C, Yang S, Liu G, Yang R. Orthogonal Radical and Cationic Single-Unit Monomer Insertions for Engineering Polymer Architectures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402265. [PMID: 38760991 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
The single-unit monomer insertion (SUMI), derived from living/controlled polymerization, can be directly functionalized at the end or within the chain of polymers prepared by living/controlled polymerization, offering potential applications in the preparation of polymers with complex architectures. Many scenarios demand the simultaneous incorporation of monomers suitable for different polymerization methods into complex polymers. Therefore, it becomes imperative to utilize SUMI technologies with diverse mechanisms, especially those that are compatible with each other. Here, we reported the orthogonal SUMI technique, seamlessly combining radical and cationic SUMI approaches. Through the careful optimization of monomer and chain transfer agent pairs and adjustments to reaction conditions, we can efficiently execute both radical and cationic SUMI processes in one pot without mutual interference. The utilization of orthogonal SUMI pairs facilitates the integration of radical and cationic reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization in various configurations. This flexibility enables the synthesis of diblock, triblock, and star polymers that incorporate both cationically and radically polymerizable monomers. Moreover, we have successfully implemented a mixing mechanism of free radicals and cations in RAFT step-growth polymerization, resulting in the creation of a side-chain sequence-controlled polymer brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Wei
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Wei He
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Yating Lin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Maolin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Liang Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Chunxiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Guhuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Ronghua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
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2
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Lincoln ZS, Iluc VM. Iron Olefin Metathesis: Unlocking Reactivity and Mechanistic Insights. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:17595-17599. [PMID: 38889011 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Olefin metathesis catalyzed by iron complexes has garnered substantial interest due to iron's abundance and nontoxicity relative to ruthenium, yet its full potential remains untapped, largely because of the propensity of iron carbenes to undergo cyclopropanation instead of cycloreversion from a metallacycle intermediate. In this report, we elucidate the reactions of [{PC(sp2)P}Fe(L)(N2)], ([PC(sp2)P] = bis[2-(diisopropylphosphino)phenyl]methylene) with strained olefins, unveiling their capability to yield metathesis-related products. Our investigations led to the isolation of a structurally characterized metallacyclobutane during the reaction with norbornadiene derivatives, ultimately leading to a ring-opened iron alkylidene. These findings provide compelling evidence that iron complexes adhere to the Chauvin olefin metathesis mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S Lincoln
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Vlad M Iluc
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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3
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Kilgallon LJ, McFadden TP, Sigman MS, Johnson JA. Tricyclononenes and tricyclononadienes as efficient monomers for controlled ROMP: understanding structure-propagation rate relationships and enabling facile post-polymerization modification. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8334-8345. [PMID: 38846402 PMCID: PMC11151844 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01986e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Grubbs 3rd-generation (G3) pre-catalyst-initiated ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) remains an indispensable tool in the polymer chemist's toolbox. Tricyclononenes (TCN) and tricyclononadienes (TCND) represent under-explored classes of monomers for ROMP that have the potential to both advance fundamental knowledge (e.g., structure-polymerization kinetics relationships) and serve as practical tools for the polymer chemist (e.g., post-polymerization functionalization). In this work, a library of TCN and TCND imides, monoesters, and diesters, along with their exo-norbornene counterparts, were synthesized to compare their behaviors in G3-initiated ROMP. Real-time 1H NMR was used to study their polymerization kinetics; propagation rates (k p) were extracted for each monomer. To understand the relationships between monomer structure and ROMP propagation rates, density functional theory methods were used to calculate a variety of electronic and steric parameters for each monomer. While electronic parameters (e.g., HOMO energy levels) correlated positively with the measured k p values, steric parameters generally gave improved correlations, which indicates that monomer size and shape are better predictors for k p than electronic parameters for this data set. Furthermore, the TCND diester-which contains an electron-deficient cyclobutene that is resistant to ROMP-and its polymer p(TCND) are shown to be highly reactive toward DBU-catalyzed conjugate addition reactions with thiols, providing a protecting- and activating-group free strategy for post-polymerization modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landon J Kilgallon
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Timothy P McFadden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 500 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge MA 02142 USA
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4
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Boadi F, Sampson NS. Long-Range Kinetic Effects on the Alternating Ring Opening Metathesis of Bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-6-ene-7-carboxamides and Cyclohexene. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2023; 3:233-240. [PMID: 37545655 PMCID: PMC10401671 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.3c00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
We report an investigation of rates of ruthenium-catalyzed alternating ring opening metathesis (AROM) of cyclohexene with two different Ru-cyclohexylidene carbenes derived from bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-6-ene-7-carboxamides (A monomer) that bear different side chains. These monomers are propylbicyclo[4.2.0]oct-6-ene-7-carboxamide and N-(2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethanylbicyclo[4.2.0]oct-6-ene-7-carboxamide. The amide substitution of these monomers directly affects both the rate of the bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-6-ene-7-carboxamide ring opening and the rate of reaction of the resulting carbene with cyclohexene (B monomer). The resulting Ru-cyclohexylidenes underwent reversible ring opening metathesis with cyclohexene. However, the thermodynamic equilibrium disfavored cyclohexene ring opening. Utilization of triphenylphosphine forms a more stable PPh3 ligated complex, which suppresses the reverse ring closing reaction and allowed direct measurements of the forward rate constants for formation of various A-B and A-B-A' complexes through carbene-catalyzed ring-opening metathesis and thus gradient polymer structure-determining steps. The relative rate of the propylbicyclo[4.2.0]oct-6-ene-7-carboxamide ring opening is 3-fold faster than that of the N-(2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethanylbicyclo[4.2.0]oct-6-ene-7-carboxamide. In addition, the rate of cyclohexene ring-opening catalyzed by the propyl bicyclooctene is 1.4 times faster than when catalyzed by the ethoxyethoxy bicyclooctene. Also, the subsequent rates of bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-6-ene-7-carboxamide ring opening by propyl-based Ru-hexylidene are 1.6-fold faster than ethoxyethoxy-based Ru-hexylidene. Incorporation of the rate constants into reactivity ratios of bicyclo[4.2.0]amide-cyclohexene provides prediction of copolymerization kinetics and gradient copolymer structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis
O. Boadi
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony
Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Nicole S. Sampson
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony
Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
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5
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Tashiro K, Akiyama M, Kashiwagi K, Okazoe T. The Fluorocarbene Exploit: Enforcing Alternation in Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2941-2950. [PMID: 36701256 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Fluoroalkenes are known to be notoriously reluctant substrates for olefin metathesis due to the generation of thermodynamically stable Fischer-type fluorocarbene intermediates, which invariably fail to undergo further reaction. In the present disclosure, we find that fluorine substitution on the sp2 carbon also strictly suppresses homopolymerization of norbornene derivatives (NBEs), and this can be harnessed to achieve alternating ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) with an appropriately electron-rich comonomer. Dihydrofuran (DHF) is thereby shown to undergo alternating ROMP with fluorinated norbornenes, the perfectly alternating structure of the resulting copolymer having been unambiguously elucidated by 1H, 19F, and 13C NMR analyses. Furthermore, we find that the degradability of the resultant copolymers in acidic media via hydrolysis of enol ether moieties in the backbone can be predictably modulated by the number of fluorine atoms present in the NBE comonomer, affording an opportunity to engage with the desirable physical properties of fluorinated polymers while limiting their attendant environmental degradability issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Tashiro
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Midori Akiyama
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kimiaki Kashiwagi
- AGC Inc., Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takashi Okazoe
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,AGC Inc., Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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6
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Wang L, Zheng X, Kouznetsova TB, Yen T, Ouchi T, Brown CL, Craig SL. Mechanochemistry of Cubane. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22865-22869. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liqi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Xujun Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | | | - Tiffany Yen
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Tetsu Ouchi
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Cameron L. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Stephen L. Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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7
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Pal S, Mandal I, Kilbinger AFM. Controlled Alternating Metathesis Copolymerization of Terminal Alkynes. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:847-853. [PMID: 35736023 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Terminal alkynes display high reactivity toward Ru-carbene metathesis catalysts. However, the formation of a less reactive bulky carbene hinders their homopolymerization. Simultaneously, the higher reactivity of alkynes does not allow efficient cross propagation with sterically less-hindered cycloalkene monomers, resulting in inefficient copolymerization. Nonetheless, terminal alkynes undergo rapid cross-metathesis with vinyl ethers. Therefore, an efficient cross propagation can be achieved with terminal alkynes and cyclic enol ether monomers. Here, we show that terminal alkyne derivatives can be copolymerized in an alternating fashion with 2,3-dihydrofuran using Grubbs' third generation catalyst (G3). A linear relationship of the number-average molecular weight versus monomer to initiator ratio and block copolymer synthesis confirmed a controlled copolymerization. The SEC and NMR analyses of the synthesized copolymers confirmed the excellent control over molecular weight and exclusive alternating nature of the copolymer. The regioselective chain transfer of G3 to vinyl ether and the high reactivity of the Fischer-type Ru carbene toward terminal alkynes was also exploited for polymer conjugation. Finally, the presence of an acid labile backbone functionality in the synthesized alternating copolymers allowed complete degradation of the copolymer within a short time interval which was confirmed by SEC analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhajit Pal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Indradip Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Andreas F M Kilbinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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8
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Sui X, Gutekunst WR. Cascade Alternating Metathesis Cyclopolymerization of Diynes and Dihydrofuran. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:630-635. [PMID: 35570817 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium alkoxymethylidene complexes have recently come into view as competent species for metathesis copolymerization reactions when coupled with appropriate comonomer targets. Here, we explore the ability of Fischer-type carbenes to participate in cascade alternating metathesis cyclopolymerization (CAMC) through facile terminal alkyne addition. The combination of diyne monomers and an equal feed ratio of low-strain dihydrofuran leads to a controlled chain-growth copolymerization with high degrees of alternation (>97% alternating diads) and produces degradable polymer materials with low dispersities and targetable molecular weights. When combined with enyne monomers, this method is amenable to the synthesis of alternating diblock copolymers that can be fully degraded to short oligomer fragments under aqueous acidic conditions. This work furthers the potential for the generation of functional metathesis materials via Fischer-type ruthenium alkylidenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelin Sui
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Will R. Gutekunst
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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9
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Martínez A, Zárate-Saldaña D, Vargas J, Santiago AA. Unsaturated Copolyesters from Macrolactone/Norbornene: Toward Reaction Kinetics of Metathesis Copolymerization Using Ruthenium Carbene Catalysts. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094521. [PMID: 35562910 PMCID: PMC9102099 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Unsaturated copolyesters are of great interest in polymer science due to their broad potential applications and sustainability. Copolyesters were synthesized from the ring-opening metathesis copolymerization of ω-6-hexadecenlactone (HDL) and norbornene (NB) using ruthenium-alkylidene [Ru(Cl2)(=CHPh)(1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2-imidazolidinylidene)(PCy3)] (Ru1), [Ru(Cl)2(=CHPh)(PCy3)2] (Ru2), and ruthenium-vinylidene [RuCl2(=C=CH(p-C6H4CF3))(PCy3)2] (Ru3) catalysts, respectively, yielding HDL-NB copolymers with different ratios of the monomer HDL in the feed. The activity of N-heterocyclic-carbene (NHC) (Ru1) and phosphine (Ru2 and Ru3) ligands containing ruthenium-carbene catalysts were evaluated in the synthesis of copolymer HDL-NB. The catalysts Ru1 with an NHC ligand showed superior activity and stability over catalysts Ru2 and Ru3 bearing PCy3 ligands. The incorporation of the monomers in the copolymers determined by 1H-NMR spectroscopy was similar to that of the HDL-NB values in the feed. Experiments, at distinct monomer molar ratios, were carried out using the catalysts Ru1–Ru3 to determine the copolymerization reactivity constants by applying the Mayo–Lewis and Fineman–Ross methods. The copolymer distribution under equilibrium conditions was studied by the 13C NMR spectra, indicating that the copolymer HDL-NB is a gradient copolymer. The main factor determining the decrease in melting temperature is the inclusion of norbornene units, indicating that the PNB units permeate trough the HDL chains. The copolymers with different molar ratios [HDL]/[NB] have good thermal stability up to 411 °C in comparison with the homopolymer PHDL (384 °C). Further, the stress–strain measurements in tension for these copolymers depicted the appreciable increment in stress values as the NB content increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Martínez
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex. Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, Morelia C.P. 58190, Michoacán, Mexico; (D.Z.-S.); (A.A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-5559042697
| | - Daniel Zárate-Saldaña
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex. Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, Morelia C.P. 58190, Michoacán, Mexico; (D.Z.-S.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Joel Vargas
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex. Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, Morelia C.P. 58190, Michoacán, Mexico;
| | - Arlette A. Santiago
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex. Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, Morelia C.P. 58190, Michoacán, Mexico; (D.Z.-S.); (A.A.S.)
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10
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Li X, Han L, Zhang R, Li C, Zhang S, Bai H, Wang X, Wang B, Ma H. Regulation from gradient to near periodic sequence during anionic copolymerization of styrene and dimethyl-[4-(1-phenyl-vinyl)phenyl]silane (DPE-SiH). POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Shi C, Clarke RW, McGraw ML, Chen EYX. Closing the "One Monomer-Two Polymers-One Monomer" Loop via Orthogonal (De)polymerization of a Lactone/Olefin Hybrid. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2264-2275. [PMID: 35084829 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Two well-known low-ceiling-temperature (LCT) monomers, γ-butyrolactone (γ-BL) toward ring-opening polymerization (ROP) to polyester and cyclohexene toward ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) to poly(cyclic olefin), are notoriously "nonpolymerizable". Here we present a strategy to render not only polymerizability of both the γ-BL and cyclohexene sites, orthogonally, but also complete and orthogonal depolymerization, through creating an LCT/LCT hybrid, bicyclic lactone/olefin (BiL=). This hybrid monomer undergoes orthogonal polymerization between ROP and ROMP, depending on the catalyst employed, affording two totally different classes of polymeric materials from this single monomer: polyester P(BiL=)ROP via ROP and functionalized poly(cyclic olefin) P(BiL=)ROMP via ROMP. Intriguingly, both P(BiL=)ROP and P(BiL=)ROMP are thermally robust but chemically recyclable under mild conditions (25-40 °C), in the presence of a catalyst, to recover cleanly the same monomer via chain unzipping and scission, respectively. In the ROP, topological and stereochemical controls have been achieved and the structures characterized. Furthermore, the intact functional group during the orthogonal polymerization (i.e., the double bond in ROP and the lactone in ROMP) is utilized for postfunctionalization for tuning materials' thermal and mechanical performances. The impressive depolymerization orthogonality further endows selective depolymerization of both the ROP/ROMP copolymer and the physical blend composites into the same starting monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxia Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Ryan W Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Michael L McGraw
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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12
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ÇELİK C, ACİK G. Synthesis and Characterization of Benzodioxinone-Bearing Methacrylate-Based Random Copolymer via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.879021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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13
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Pal S, Alizadeh M, Kong P, Kilbinger AFM. Oxanorbornenes: promising new single addition monomers for the metathesis polymerization. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6705-6711. [PMID: 34040745 PMCID: PMC8133030 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00036e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher ring-opening metathesis propagation rates of exo-norbornene derivatives over endo derivatives are well established in the literature. Here, we report for the first time that endo-isomers of oxanorbornene derivatives show higher reactivity towards ring-opening metathesis with Grubbs' 3rd generation catalyst (G3) than the corresponding exo-isomers. A very high selectivity for the reaction of G3 with endo over the exo-isomers could be shown. Furthermore, single molecular addition of the endo-isomers with G3 was observed. On the other hand, pure exo-monomers could successfully be homopolymerized. Mixtures of exo- and endo- monomers, however, prevented the homopolymerization of the exo-monomer. Such mixtures could successfully be copolymerized with cycloalkenes, resulting in alternating copolymers. An oxanorbornadiene derivative could be shown to undergo single addition reactions, exploited in the preparation of mono-end functional ROMP polymers. These could be selectively derivatized via endgroup selective thiol-ene click reactions. A thiol and alcohol end functional ROMP polymer was synthesized, and the efficient end functionalization was confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy and MALDI-ToF spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhajit Pal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Mahshid Alizadeh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Phally Kong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Andreas F M Kilbinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
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14
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Yasir M, Kilbinger AFM. Cascade Ring-Opening/Ring-Closing Metathesis Polymerization of a Monomer Containing a Norbornene and a Cyclohexene Ring. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:210-214. [PMID: 35570788 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Norbornene is polymerized extremely fast when reacted with Grubbs' first (G1) or third generation catalyst (G3) because of its very high ring strain energy. Cyclohexene, on the other hand, cannot be polymerized using G1 or G3 due to its very low ring strain energy. Subsequently, the sequence-selective polymerization of these two monomers is extremely challenging. A sequence-selective cascade ring-opening/ring-closing metathesis polymerization of the monomer M containing both the norbornene and the cyclohexene ring using G1 or G3 is reported. The polymer structure was analyzed by 1H NMR, 1H-1H COSY, and 1H-1H ROESY spectroscopy and MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry. Polymers with moderate molecular weight dispersities and good molecular weight control were achieved by varying the ratio between monomer M and G1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Yasir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Andreas F. M. Kilbinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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15
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Nguyen K, Clement HA, Bernier L, Coe JW, Farrell W, Helal CJ, Reese MR, Sach NW, Lee JC, Hall DG. Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of a cis-β-Boronyl Cyclobutylcarboxyester Scaffold and Its Highly Diastereoselective Nickel/Photoredox Dual-Catalyzed Csp3–Csp2 Cross-Coupling to Access Elusive trans-β-Aryl/Heteroaryl Cyclobutylcarboxyesters. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Helen A. Clement
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Louise Bernier
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jotham W. Coe
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - William Farrell
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Christopher J. Helal
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Matthew R. Reese
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Neal W. Sach
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jack C. Lee
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Dennis G. Hall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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16
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Sui X, Zhang T, Pabarue AB, Fu L, Gutekunst WR. Alternating Cascade Metathesis Polymerization of Enynes and Cyclic Enol Ethers with Active Ruthenium Fischer Carbenes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12942-12947. [PMID: 32662989 PMCID: PMC7466819 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium alkoxymethylidene complexes have rarely been demonstrated as active species in metathesis reactions and are frequently regarded as inert. Herein, we highlight the ability of these Fischer-type carbenes to participate in cascade alternating ring-opening metathesis polymerization through their efficient alkyne addition reactions. When enyne monomers are combined with low-strain cyclic vinyl ethers, a controlled chain-growth copolymerization occurs that exhibits high degrees of alternation (>90% alternating diads) and produces degradable poly(vinyl ether) materials with low dispersities and targetable molecular weights. This new method is amenable to the synthesis of alternating diblock polymers that can be degraded to small-molecule fragments under aqueous acidic conditions. This work furthers the potential of Fischer-type ruthenium alkylidenes in polymerization strategies and presents new avenues for the generation of functional metathesis materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelin Sui
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Alec B Pabarue
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Liangbing Fu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Will R Gutekunst
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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17
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Elling BR, Su JK, Xia Y. Degradable Polyacetals/Ketals from Alternating Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:180-184. [PMID: 35638680 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of degradable polyacetals and polyketals with controlled molecular weights and low dispersities using alternating ring-opening metathesis polymerization (AROMP) of 1,1-disubstituted cyclopropenes and dioxepins. Under optimized conditions, high degrees of alternation and controlled polymerization were achieved between nonpropagating cyclopropenes and low-strain dioxepins. The high degrees of alternation allowed the resulting polymers to fully degrade into small molecules under acidic conditions at variable rates depending on the acetal/ketal structures. This synthetic strategy illustrates the use of AROMP to incorporate functionalities into both the polymer backbone as well as the side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R. Elling
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jessica K. Su
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yan Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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18
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19
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Nishimori K, Ouchi M. AB-alternating copolymers via chain-growth polymerization: synthesis, characterization, self-assembly, and functions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:3473-3483. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00275e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this review, four topics on alternating copolymers synthesized via chain-growth polymerization are reviewed: (1) how to control the alternating sequence; (2) sequence analysis; (3) self-assembly; and (4) functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Nishimori
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
| | - Makoto Ouchi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8510
- Japan
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20
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Su JK, Jin Z, Zhang R, Lu G, Liu P, Xia Y. Tuning the Reactivity of Cyclopropenes from Living Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP) to Single-Addition and Alternating ROMP. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:17771-17776. [PMID: 31571344 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) has become one of the most important living polymerizations. Cyclopropenes (CPEs) remain underexplored for ROMP. Described here is that the simple swap of 1-methyl to 1-phenyl on 1-(benzoyloxymethyl)CPEs elicited strikingly different modes of reactivity, switching from living polymerization to either selective single-addition or living alternating ROMP. The distinct reactivity stems from differences in steric repulsions at the Ru alkylidene after CPE ring opening. Possible olefin or oxygen chelation from ring-opened CPE substituents was also observed to significantly affect the rate of propagation. These results demonstrate the versatility of CPEs as a new class of monomers for ROMP, provide mechanistic insights for designing new monomers with rare single-addition reactivity, and generate a new functionalizable alternating copolymer scaffold with controlled molecular weight and low dispersity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Su
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Zexin Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Gang Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Yan Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J. Walsh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michael G. Hyatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Susannah A. Miller
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Damien Guironnet
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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22
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Oh D, Furuya Y, Ouchi M. Unusual Radical Copolymerization of Suprabulky Methacrylate with N-Hydroxysuccinmide Acrylate: Facile Syntheses of Alternating-Rich Copolymers of Methacrylic Acid and N-Alkyl Acrylamide. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongyoung Oh
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yousuke Furuya
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Makoto Ouchi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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23
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Su JK, Jin Z, Zhang R, Lu G, Liu P, Xia Y. Tuning the Reactivity of Cyclopropenes from Living Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP) to Single‐Addition and Alternating ROMP. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K. Su
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Zexin Jin
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Gang Lu
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Yan Xia
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
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24
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Pal S, Alizadeh M, Kilbinger AFM. Telechelics Based on Catalytic Alternating Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:1396-1401. [PMID: 35651155 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We describe a protocol to synthesize alternating telechelic ROMP copolymers of 7-oxa-norbornene derivatives and cycloalkenes under catalytic conditions. These copolymers were synthesized using Grubbs' second-generation catalyst. The sterically less hindered backbone double bonds of the resulting alternating copolymers facilitate the chain transfer (secondary metathesis) reactions. In the presence of symmetrical chain transfer agents (CTA), alternating copolymers could be synthesized catalytically. This procedure allows the synthesis of telechelic polymers based on potentially functional 7-oxa-norbornene derivatives under thermodynamic equilibrium conditions. The molar mass of the alternating copolymer was controlled by the monomer to CTA ratio. The end group of the copolymers synthesized in the catalytic manner was addressed by the CTA functionality, yielding telechelic copolymers in excellent yields. 1H NMR spectroscopy, MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry, and SEC analysis confirmed the chemical identity of the alternating telechelic copolymers with excellent control over the molar mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhajit Pal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Mahshid Alizadeh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Andreas F M Kilbinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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25
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Paradiso V, Grisi F. Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Alternating Ring‐Opening Metathesis Copolymerization of Norborn‐2‐ene with Cyclic Olefins. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Paradiso
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “Adolfo Zambelli” Università di Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II 132 I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno Italy
| | - Fabia Grisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “Adolfo Zambelli” Università di Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II 132 I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno Italy
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26
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Zhang Y, Han L, Ma H, Yang L, Liu P, Shen H, Li C, Li Y. The investigation on synthesis of periodic polymers with 1,1-diphenylethylene (DPE) derivatives via living anionic polymerization. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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27
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Ke YZ, Huang SL, Lai G, Luh TY. Selective ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of cyclobutenes. Unsymmetrical ladderphane containing polycyclobutene and polynorbornene strands. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:44-51. [PMID: 30680037 PMCID: PMC6334803 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
At 0 °C in THF in the presence of Grubbs first generation catalyst, cyclobutene derivatives undergo ROMP readily, whereas norbornene derivatives remain intact. When the substrate contains both cyclobutene and norbornene moieties, the conditions using THF as the solvent at 0 °C offer a useful protocol for the selective ROMP of cyclobutene to give norbornene-appended polycyclobutene. Unsymmetrical ladderphane having polycyclobutene and polynorbornene as two strands is obtained by further ROMP of the norbornene appended polycyclobutene in the presence of Grubbs first generation catalyst in DCM at ambient temperature. Methanolysis of this unsymmetrical ladderphane gives polycyclobutene methyl ester and insoluble polynorbornene-amide-alcohol. The latter is converted into the corresponding soluble acetate. Both polymers are well characterized by spectroscopic means. No norbornene moiety is found to be incorporated into polycyclobutene strand at all. The double bonds in the polycyclobutene strand are mainly in cis configuration (ca 70%), whereas the E/Z ratio for polynorbornene strand is 8:1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Zhen Ke
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.,Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shou-Ling Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Guoqiao Lai
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Tien-Yau Luh
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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28
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Homon AA, Hryshchuk OV, Trofymchuk S, Michurin O, Kuchkovska Y, Radchenko DS, Grygorenko OO. Synthesis of 3-Azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-Derived Building Blocks via [3+2] Cycloaddition. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton A. Homon
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv; Volodymyrska Street 60 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr V. Hryshchuk
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv; Volodymyrska Street 60 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
| | | | - Oleg Michurin
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Yuliya Kuchkovska
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv; Volodymyrska Street 60 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Dmytro S. Radchenko
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv; Volodymyrska Street 60 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr O. Grygorenko
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv; Volodymyrska Street 60 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
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29
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Zhang J, Li G, Sampson NS. Incorporation of Large Cycloalkene Rings into Alternating Copolymers Allows Control of Glass Transition and Hydrophobicity. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:1068-1072. [PMID: 30271676 PMCID: PMC6156091 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that cyclohexene and bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-1(8)-ene-8-carboxamides undergo efficient ruthenium-catalyzed alternating ring-opening metathesis polymerization (AROMP). Here, we demonstrate that cyclodecene and cyclododecene also function as cycloalkene monomers in the bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-1(8)-ene-8-carboxamide AROMP system, thus enabling the synthesis of linear alternating copolymers with spacers of different lengths, as demonstrated by means of NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. The glass transition temperature and hydrophilicity of the alternating copolymers decrease as the length of the spacers increases, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry and water contact angle measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingling Zhang
- Department
of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony
Brook, New York 11794-2275, United States
| | - Guofang Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Nicole S. Sampson
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
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30
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Buchmeiser MR. Functional Precision Polymers via Stereo- and Regioselective Polymerization Using Group 6 Metal Alkylidene and Group 6 and 8 Metal Alkylidene N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 40:e1800492. [PMID: 30118168 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The concepts of functional precision polymers and the latest accomplishments in their synthesis are summarized. Synthetic concepts based on chain growth polymerization are compared to iterative synthetic approaches. Here, the term "functional precision polymers" refers to polymers that are not solely hydrocarbon-based but contain functional groups and are characterized by a highly ordered primary structure. If insertion polymerization is used for their synthesis, olefin metathesis-based polymerization techniques, that is, ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization, and the regio- and stereoselective cyclopolymerization of α,ω-diynes are almost exclusively applied. Particularly with regio- and stereospecific ROMP and with cyclopolymerization, the synthesis of tactic polymers and copolymers with high regio-, stereo-, and sequence control can be accomplished; however, it requires carefully tailored transition metal catalysts. The fundamental synthetic concepts and strategies are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Buchmeiser
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55,, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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31
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Li G, Sampson NS. Alternating Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (AROMP) of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Monomers Provides Oligomers with Side-Chain Sequence Control. Macromolecules 2018; 51:3932-3940. [PMID: 30524145 PMCID: PMC6262599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We report the formation of oligomers with side-chain sequence control using ruthenium-catalyzed alternating ring-opening metathesis polymerization (AROMP). These oligomers are prepared through sequential, stoichiometric addition of bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-1(8)-ene-8-carboxamide (monomer A) at 85 °C and cyclohexene (monomer B) at 45 °C to generate sequences up to 24 monomeric units composed of (A-alt- B) n and (A'-alt-B) n microblocks, where n ranges from 1 to 6. Herein, monomer A has an alkyl side chain, and monomer A' has a glycine methyl ester side chain. Increasing microblock size from one to six results in an increasing water contact angle on spin-coated thin films, despite the constant ratio of hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties. However, a disproportionately high contact angle was observed when n equals 2. Thus, the unique all-carbon backbone formed in the AROMP of bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-1(8)-ene-8-carboxamides and cyclohexene provides a platform for the nontemplated preparation of materials with specific sequences of side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony
Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Nicole S. Sampson
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony
Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
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32
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Nadamoto K, Maruyama K, Fujii N, Ikeda T, Kihara SI, Haino T. Supramolecular Copolymerization by Sequence Reorganization of a Supramolecular Homopolymer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201800980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kouhei Nadamoto
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Kei Maruyama
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Naoka Fujii
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ikeda
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
- Present address: Department of Chemistry; School of Science; Tokai University; 4-1-1 Kitakaname Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292 Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Kihara
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Hiroshima University; 1-4-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527 Japan
| | - Takeharu Haino
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
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33
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Nadamoto K, Maruyama K, Fujii N, Ikeda T, Kihara SI, Haino T. Supramolecular Copolymerization by Sequence Reorganization of a Supramolecular Homopolymer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7028-7033. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201800980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kouhei Nadamoto
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Kei Maruyama
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Naoka Fujii
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ikeda
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
- Present address: Department of Chemistry; School of Science; Tokai University; 4-1-1 Kitakaname Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292 Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Kihara
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Hiroshima University; 1-4-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527 Japan
| | - Takeharu Haino
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
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34
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Takao KI, Mori K, Kasuga K, Nanamiya R, Namba A, Fukushima Y, Nemoto R, Mogi T, Yasui H, Ogura A, Yoshida K, Tadano KI. Total Synthesis of Clavilactones. J Org Chem 2018; 83:7060-7075. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b03268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Takao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kento Mori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kenya Kasuga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Ryuki Nanamiya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Ayumi Namba
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yuuki Fukushima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nemoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Takuma Mogi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yasui
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ogura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yoshida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kin-ichi Tadano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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35
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Brits S, Neary WJ, Palui G, Kennemur JG. A new echelon of precision polypentenamers: highly isotactic branching on every five carbons. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01922j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A systematic study shows that bulky allylic substituents on cyclopentene monomers affords a highly precise microstructure after ring-opening metathesis polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Brits
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- Florida State University
- Tallahassee
- USA
| | - William J. Neary
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- Florida State University
- Tallahassee
- USA
| | - Goutam Palui
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- Florida State University
- Tallahassee
- USA
| | - Justin G. Kennemur
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- Florida State University
- Tallahassee
- USA
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36
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37
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Farrell WS, Beers KL. Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization of Butyl Substituted trans-Cyclooctenes. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:791-795. [PMID: 38989062 PMCID: PMC11236285 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and ring-opening metathesis polymerization of highly-strained 3- and 1-butyl-trans-cyclooctenes was investigated with the goal of quickly preparing regioregular polymers with narrow molar mass distributions, which could serve as precursors for high precision short-chain branched polyethylene. 3-butyl-trans-cyclooctene was unable to be polymerized in a regioregular manner, however 1-butyl-trans-cyclooctene did yield regioregular product, although the dispersities were higher than expected. Investigation by NMR provided evidence that the nature of the propagating alkylidene is likely non-uniform throughout the course of the reaction, leading to the broadened molar mass distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley S Farrell
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, ǂ Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- ǂ Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology; not subject to copyright in the United States
| | - Kathryn L Beers
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, ǂ Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- ǂ Official contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology; not subject to copyright in the United States
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38
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Sun Y, Jia Z, Chen C, Cong Y, Mao X, Wu J. Alternating Sequence Controlled Copolymer Synthesis of α-Hydroxy Acids via Syndioselective Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Using Zirconium/Hafnium Alkoxide Initiators. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:10723-10732. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Sun
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous
Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaowei Jia
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous
Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changjuan Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous
Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
- College
of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Cong
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous
Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyang Mao
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous
Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jincai Wu
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous
Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
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39
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Jang ES, John JM, Schrock RR. Synthesis of cis,syndiotactic-A-alt-B Copolymers from Enantiomerically Pure Endo-2-Substituted-5,6-Norbornenes. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:5043-5046. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Sil Jang
- Department of Chemistry 6-331, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeremy M. John
- Department of Chemistry 6-331, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Richard R. Schrock
- Department of Chemistry 6-331, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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40
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Wei J, Trout W, Simon YC, Granados-Focil S. Ring opening metathesis polymerization of triazole-bearing cyclobutenes: Diblock copolymer synthesis and evaluation of the effect of side group size on polymerization kinetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wei
- Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Clark University; 950 Main St Worcester Massachusetts 01610
| | - William Trout
- Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Clark University; 950 Main St Worcester Massachusetts 01610
| | - Yoan C. Simon
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials; 118 College Drive, #5050 Hattiesburg Mississippi 39406
| | - Sergio Granados-Focil
- Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Clark University; 950 Main St Worcester Massachusetts 01610
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41
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Song S, Fu Z, Xu J, Fan Z. Synthesis of functional polyolefins via ring-opening metathesis polymerization of ester-functionalized cyclopentene and its copolymerization with cyclic comonomers. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01330b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Viaring-opening metathesis polymerization, functionalized polyolefins were synthesized by homopolymerization of alkoxycarbonyl cyclopentene and its copolymerizations with other cyclic olefins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofei Song
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Zhisheng Fu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Junting Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Zhiqiang Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
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42
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Jang ES, John JM, Schrock RR. Synthesis of Cis, syndiotactic A -alt-B Copolymers from Two Enantiomerically Pure Trans-2,3-Disubstituted-5,6-Norbornenes. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2016; 2:631-636. [PMID: 27725961 PMCID: PMC5043441 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.6b00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cis,syndiotacticA-alt-B copolymers, where A and B are two enantiomerically pure trans-2,3-disubstituted-5,6-norbornenes with "opposite" chiralities, can be prepared with stereogenic-at-metal initiators of the type M(NR)(CHR')(OR")(pyrrolide). Formation of a high percentage of alternating AB copolymer linkages relies on an inversion of chirality at the metal with each propagating step and a relatively fast formation of an AB sequence as a consequence of a preferred diastereomeric relationship between the chirality at the metal and the chirality of the monomer. This approach to formation of an alternating AB copolymer contrasts dramatically with the principle of forming AB copolymers from achiral monomers and catalysts.
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43
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Chen P. Designing Sequence Selectivity into a Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization Catalyst. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:1052-60. [PMID: 27105333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The development of a chemoselective catalyst for the sequence-selective copolymerization of two cycloolefins by ring-opening metathesis polymerization is described, starting with the mechanistic work that established the structure of the key metallacyclobutane intermediate. Experimental and computational investigations converged to a conclusion that the lowest energy metallacyclobutane intermediate in the ruthenium carbene-catalyzed metathesis reaction had the four-membered ring trans to the phosphine or NHC ligand. The trans-metallacyclobutane structure, for the case of a degenerate metathesis reaction catalyzed by a Grubbs first-generation complex, necessitated a rotation of the 3-fold symmetric tricyclohexylphosphine ligand, with respect to the 2-fold symmetric metallacyclobutane substructure. The degeneracy could be lifted by constraining the rotation. Lifting the degeneracy created the possibility of chemoselectivity. This mechanistic work led to a concept for the "tick-tock" catalyst for a chemoselective, alternating copolymerization of cyclooctene and norbornene from a mixture of the two monomers. The design concept could be post facto elaborated in terms of stereochemistry and topological theory, both viewpoints providing deeper insight into the design of selectivity into the catalytic reaction. The iterative interaction of theory and experiment provided the basis for the rational design and optimization of a new selectivity into an existing catalytic system with decidedly modest structural modifications of the original carbene complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Chen
- Laboratorium für Organische
Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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44
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Liu K, Ren L, He Q, Xu WJ. Synthesis of Copolymers by Living Carbanionic Alternating Copolymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:752-8. [PMID: 26987993 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of copolymers from styrene and 1,3-pentadiene (two isomers) are reported. Styrene/1,3-pentadiene (1:1) copolymerization with carbanion initiator yield living, well-defined, alternating (r1 = 0.037, r2 = 0.056), and highly stereoregular copolymers with 90%-100% trans-1,4 units, designed Mn s and low ÐM s (1.07-1.17). The first-order kinetic resolution and NMR spectra demonstrate that the copolymers obtained possess strictly alternating structure containing both 1,4- and 4,1-enchaiments. Also a series of copolymers with varying degrees of alternation are synthesized from para-alkyl substituted styrene derivatives and 1,3-pentadiene. The degree of alternation is strongly dependent on the polarity of solvent, reaction temperature, type of trans-cis isomer of 1,3-pentadiene and para-substituted group in styrene. The macro zwitterion forms (SPC) through the distribution of electronic charges from the donor (1,3-pentadiene) to the acceptor (styrenes) are proposed to interpret the carbanion alternating copolymerization mechanism. Owing to the versatility of the carbanion-initiating reaction, the present alternating strategy based on 1,3-pentadiene (especially cis isomer) can serve as a powerful tool for precise control of polymer chain microstructure, architecture, and functionalities in one-pot polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Liu
- Country State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Lei Ren
- Country State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Qing He
- Country State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Wei Jian Xu
- Country State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
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45
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Mikus MS, Torker S, Hoveyda AH. Controllable ROMP Tacticity by Harnessing the Fluxionality of Stereogenic‐at‐Ruthenium Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:4997-5002. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malte S. Mikus
- Department of Chemistry Merkert Chemistry Center Boston College Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Sebastian Torker
- Department of Chemistry Merkert Chemistry Center Boston College Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Amir H. Hoveyda
- Department of Chemistry Merkert Chemistry Center Boston College Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
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46
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Mikus MS, Torker S, Hoveyda AH. Controllable ROMP Tacticity by Harnessing the Fluxionality of Stereogenic‐at‐Ruthenium Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malte S. Mikus
- Department of Chemistry Merkert Chemistry Center Boston College Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Sebastian Torker
- Department of Chemistry Merkert Chemistry Center Boston College Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Amir H. Hoveyda
- Department of Chemistry Merkert Chemistry Center Boston College Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
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47
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Parker K, Sampson NS. Precision Synthesis of Alternating Copolymers via Ring-Opening Polymerization of 1-Substituted Cyclobutenes. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:408-17. [PMID: 26914522 PMCID: PMC4794705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of complex molecular systems depends on our ability to correlate physical measurements with molecular structure. Interpretation of studies that rely on synthetic polymers is generally limited by their heterogeneity; i.e., there is variation in the number and arrangement of the monomeric building blocks that have been incorporated. Superior physics and biology can be performed with materials and tools that exert precise control over the sequence and spacing of functional groups. An interest in functional ligands combined with a desire to control the orientation and stereochemistry of monomer incorporation led to the design of new substrates for ruthenium-catalyzed ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). We discovered that ROMP of cyclobutene-1-carboxamides provides uniform and translationally invariant polymers. In contrast, cyclobutene-1-carboxylate esters ring open upon treatment with ruthenium catalyst, but they are stable to homopolymerization. However, in the presence of cyclohexene monomers, they undergo alternating ROMP (AROMP or alt-ROMP) to give copolymers with a precisely controlled sequence. The alternating cyclobutene ester/cyclohexene pair provides access to functional group spacing larger than is possible with homopolymers. This can be desirable; for example, polymers with a regular 8-10 Å backbone spacing of cationic charge and with between four and eight cationic groups were the most effective antibacterial agents and had low cytotoxicity. Moreover, the AROMP chemistry allows alternation of two functional moieties: one associated with the cyclohexene and one attached to the cyclobutene. In the case of antibacterial copolymers, the alternating chemistry allowed variation of hydrophobicity via the cyclohexene while maintaining a constant cation spacing through the cyclobutene. In the case of copolymers that bear donor and acceptor groups, strict alternation of the groups increased intrachain charge transfer. Like cyclobutene-1-carboxylate esters, bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-7-ene-7-carboxylate esters ring open upon treatment with ruthenium catalyst and undergo ring opening cross-metathesis with cyclohexene to form alternating copolymers. The corresponding bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-7-ene-7-carboxyamides isomerize to the bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-1(8)-ene-8-carboxamides before they can ring open. However, the isomerized amides undergo ruthenium-catalyzed ring opening metathesis and rapidly AROMP with cyclohexene. Our alternating copolymer systems allow functionality to be placed along a polymer chain with larger than typical spacing. We have used both homopolymers and alternating copolymers for defining the functional group density required for targeting a cell surface and for the exploration of functional group positioning within a polymer chain. These polymer systems provide access to new materials with previously inaccessible types of nanoscale structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathlyn
A. Parker
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Nicole S. Sampson
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
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48
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Zheng Y, Cai S, Peng L, Jin Y, Xu H, Weng Z, Gao Z, Zhao B, Gao C. Group interval-controlled polymers: an example of epoxy functional polymers via step-growth thiol–yne polymerization. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01343k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Here, we successfully synthesized a series of epoxy GICPs via one-step UV-triggered thiol–yne polymerization of commercial glycidyl propargyl ether and dithiols at 0 °C..
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaochen Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- P. R. China
| | - Shengying Cai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- P. R. China
| | - Li Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- P. R. China
| | - Yu Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- P. R. China
| | - Han Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- P. R. China
| | - Zhulin Weng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- P. R. China
| | - Zhengguo Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- P. R. China
| | - Chao Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- P. R. China
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49
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Moatsou D, Nagarkar A, Kilbinger AFM, O'Reilly RK. Degradable precision polynorbornenes via ring-opening metathesis polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dafni Moatsou
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL United Kingdom
| | - Amit Nagarkar
- Department of Chemistry; University of Fribourg; Chemin Du Musée 9 Fribourg CH-1700 Switzerland
| | - Andreas F. M. Kilbinger
- Department of Chemistry; University of Fribourg; Chemin Du Musée 9 Fribourg CH-1700 Switzerland
| | - Rachel K. O'Reilly
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL United Kingdom
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50
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Jeong H, John JM, Schrock RR. Formation of Alternating trans-A-alt-B Copolymers through Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization Initiated by Molybdenum Imido Alkylidene Complexes. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyangsoo Jeong
- Department of Chemistry 6-331, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeremy M. John
- Department of Chemistry 6-331, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Richard R. Schrock
- Department of Chemistry 6-331, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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