1
|
Abstract
RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcribes all protein-coding genes and many noncoding RNAs in eukaryotic genomes. Although Pol II is a complex, 12-subunit enzyme, it lacks the ability to initiate transcription and cannot consistently transcribe through long DNA sequences. To execute these essential functions, an array of proteins and protein complexes interact with Pol II to regulate its activity. In this review, we detail the structure and mechanism of over a dozen factors that govern Pol II initiation (e.g., TFIID, TFIIH, and Mediator), pausing, and elongation (e.g., DSIF, NELF, PAF, and P-TEFb). The structural basis for Pol II transcription regulation has advanced rapidly in the past decade, largely due to technological innovations in cryoelectron microscopy. Here, we summarize a wealth of structural and functional data that have enabled a deeper understanding of Pol II transcription mechanisms; we also highlight mechanistic questions that remain unanswered or controversial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison C Schier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - Dylan J Taatjes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Møllerud S, Hansen RB, Pallesen J, Temperini P, Pasini D, Bornholt J, Nielsen B, Mamedova E, Chalupnik P, Paternain AV, Lerma J, Diaz-delCastillo M, Andreasen JT, Frydenvang K, Kastrup JS, Johansen TN, Pickering DS. N-(7-(1 H-Imidazol-1-yl)-2,3-dioxo-6-(trifluoromethyl)-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-1(2 H)-yl)benzamide, a New Kainate Receptor Selective Antagonist and Analgesic: Synthesis, X-ray Crystallography, Structure-Affinity Relationships, and in Vitro and in Vivo Pharmacology. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:4685-4695. [PMID: 31622082 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective pharmacological tool compounds are invaluable for understanding the functions of the various ionotropic glutamate receptor subtypes. For the kainate receptors, these compounds are few. Here we have synthesized nine novel quinoxaline-2,3-diones with substitutions in the 7-position to investigate the structure-activity relationship at kainate and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors. Compound 11 exhibited the highest binding affinity across GluK1-3 while having selectivity toward kainate vs AMPA receptors. Compound 11 potently inhibited glutamate evoked currents at homomeric GluK1 and GluK3 receptors in HEK293 cells with Kb values of 65 and 39 nM, respectively. The binding mode of 11 in the ligand binding domain of GluK1 was investigated by X-ray crystallography, revealing that 11 stabilizes the receptor in an open conformation, consistent with its demonstrated antagonism. Furthermore, 11 was tested for analgesic effects in the mouse tail flick test where it significantly increased tail flick latency at doses where 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[f]-quinoxaline-7-sulfonamide (NBQX) was ineffective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stine Møllerud
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rie B. Hansen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Pallesen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Piero Temperini
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Diletta Pasini
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Bornholt
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Nielsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Esmira Mamedova
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paulina Chalupnik
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, PL 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ana V. Paternain
- Institute of Neuroscience, CSIC-UMH, ES-03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Juan Lerma
- Institute of Neuroscience, CSIC-UMH, ES-03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Marta Diaz-delCastillo
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper T. Andreasen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karla Frydenvang
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jette S. Kastrup
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tommy N. Johansen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Darryl S. Pickering
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pratap G, Narasimhaswamy T, Shanmugam P. Palladium (II) Catalyzed Arylation and Methylene Oxidation of 2, 7‐Dibromo Fluorenes with Heteroaryl Esters: Synthesis of Mesogenic2‐Heteroaryl and 2, 7‐Diheteroaryl‐9‐fluorenones. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gallelli Pratap
- Polymer Science and TechnologyCSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar Chennai-600020 INDIA
- Academy of Scientific& Innovative Research (AcSIR)CSIR-CLRI Campus, Adyar Chennai-600020 INDIA
| | - Tanneru Narasimhaswamy
- Polymer Science and TechnologyCSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar Chennai-600020 INDIA
- Academy of Scientific& Innovative Research (AcSIR)CSIR-CLRI Campus, Adyar Chennai-600020 INDIA
| | - Ponnusamy Shanmugam
- Organic and Bio-Organic Chemistry DivisionCSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar Chennai-600020 INDIA
- Academy of Scientific& Innovative Research (AcSIR)CSIR-CLRI Campus, Adyar Chennai-600020 INDIA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Monté D, Clantin B, Dewitte F, Lens Z, Rucktooa P, Pardon E, Steyaert J, Verger A, Villeret V. Crystal structure of human Mediator subunit MED23. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3389. [PMID: 30140054 PMCID: PMC6107663 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05967-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mediator complex transduces regulatory information from enhancers to promoters and performs essential roles in the initiation of transcription in eukaryotes. Human Mediator comprises 26 subunits forming three modules termed Head, Middle and Tail. Here we present the 2.8 Å crystal structure of MED23, the largest subunit from the human Tail module. The structure identifies 25 HEAT repeats-like motifs organized into 5 α-solenoids. MED23 adopts an arch-shaped conformation, with an N-terminal domain (Nter) protruding from a large core region. In the core four solenoids, motifs wrap on themselves, creating triangular-shaped structural motifs on both faces of the arch, with extended grooves propagating through the interfaces between the solenoid motifs. MED23 is known to interact with several specific transcription activators and is involved in splicing, elongation, and post-transcriptional events. The structure rationalizes previous biochemical observations and paves the way for improved understanding of the cross-talk between Mediator and transcriptional activators. Mediator is a large multi-subunits complex essential to the regulation of transcription by RNA pol II. Here the authors report the crystal structure of MED23—one of the largest subunits of the complex together with MED1 and MED14—revealing a complex architecture and filling an important gap in the structural characterization of Mediator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Didier Monté
- CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France.
| | - Bernard Clantin
- CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Frédérique Dewitte
- CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Zoé Lens
- CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Prakash Rucktooa
- CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France.,Heptares Therapeutics Ltd., Broadwater Road, Hertfordshire, AL7 3AX, UK
| | - Els Pardon
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.,Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Steyaert
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.,Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexis Verger
- CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Vincent Villeret
- CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kon'kov SA, Moiseev IK, Zemtsova MN, Bormasheva KM. Synthesis of heterocyclic systems based on mono- and dicarbonyl adamantane derivatives. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2014. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2014v083n05abeh004374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
6
|
Mike AK, Koenig X, Koley M, Heher P, Wahl G, Rubi L, Schnürch M, Mihovilovic MD, Weitzer G, Hilber K. Small molecule cardiogenol C upregulates cardiac markers and induces cardiac functional properties in lineage-committed progenitor cells. Cell Physiol Biochem 2014; 33:205-21. [PMID: 24481283 PMCID: PMC4389081 DOI: 10.1159/000356663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Cell transplantation into the heart is a new therapy after myocardial infarction. Its success, however, is impeded by poor donor cell survival and by limited transdifferentiation of the transplanted cells into functional cardiomyocytes. A promising strategy to overcome these problems is the induction of cardiomyogenic properties in donor cells by small molecules. METHODS Here we studied cardiomyogenic effects of the small molecule compound cardiogenol C (CgC), and structural derivatives thereof, on lineage-committed progenitor cells by various molecular biological, biochemical, and functional assays. RESULTS Treatment with CgC up-regulated cardiac marker expression in skeletal myoblasts. Importantly, the compound also induced cardiac functional properties: first, cardiac-like sodium currents in skeletal myoblasts, and secondly, spontaneous contractions in cardiovascular progenitor cell-derived cardiac bodies. CONCLUSION CgC induces cardiomyogenic function in lineage-committed progenitor cells, and can thus be considered a promising tool to improve cardiac repair by cell therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnes K. Mike
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Neurophysiology and –Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna
| | - Xaver Koenig
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Neurophysiology and –Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna
| | - Moumita Koley
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology
| | - Philipp Heher
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Wahl
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Neurophysiology and –Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna
| | - Lena Rubi
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Neurophysiology and –Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna
| | - Michael Schnürch
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology
| | | | - Georg Weitzer
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karlheinz Hilber
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Neurophysiology and –Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Højfeldt JW, Cruz-Rodríguez O, Imaeda Y, Van Dyke AR, Carolan JP, Mapp AK, Iñiguez-Lluhí JA. Bifunctional ligands allow deliberate extrinsic reprogramming of the glucocorticoid receptor. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:249-59. [PMID: 24422633 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapies based on conventional nuclear receptor ligands are extremely powerful, yet their broad and long-term use is often hindered by undesired side effects that are often part of the receptor's biological function. Selective control of nuclear receptors such as the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) using conventional ligands has proven particularly challenging. Because they act solely in an allosteric manner, conventional ligands are constrained to act via cofactors that can intrinsically partner with the receptor. Furthermore, effective means to rationally encode a bias for specific coregulators are generally lacking. Using the (GR) as a framework, we demonstrate here a versatile approach, based on bifunctional ligands, that extends the regulatory repertoire of GR in a deliberate and controlled manner. By linking the macrolide FK506 to a conventional agonist (dexamethasone) or antagonist (RU-486), we demonstrate that it is possible to bridge the intact receptor to either positively or negatively acting coregulatory proteins bearing an FK506 binding protein domain. Using this strategy, we show that extrinsic recruitment of a strong activation function can enhance the efficacy of the full agonist dexamethasone and reverse the antagonist character of RU-486 at an endogenous locus. Notably, the extrinsic recruitment of histone deacetylase-1 reduces the ability of GR to activate transcription from a canonical GR response element while preserving ligand-mediated repression of nuclear factor-κB. By providing novel ways for the receptor to engage specific coregulators, this unique ligand design approach has the potential to yield both novel tools for GR study and more selective therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas W Højfeldt
- Department of Chemistry (J.W.H.,Y.I., J.P.C., A.K.M.), University of Michigan, and Department of Pharmacology (O.C.-R., J.A.I.-L.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (A.R.V.D.), Fairfield University, Fairfield, Connecticut 06824
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
The human Mediator complex is a central integrator for transcription and represents a primary interface that allows DNA-binding transcription factors to communicate their regulatory signals to the RNA polymerase II enzyme. Because Mediator is dynamic both in terms of subunit composition and structure, it presents challenges as a target for small molecule probes. Moreover, little high-resolution structural information exists for Mediator. Its global requirement for transcription, as well as its distinct, transcription factor specific interaction surfaces, however, suggest that development of probes that bind specific Mediator subunits might enable gene- and pathway-specific modulation of transcription. Here we provide a brief overview of the Mediator complex, highlighting biological and structural features that make it an attractive target for molecular probes. We then outline several chemical strategies that might be effective for targeting the complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dylan J Taatjes
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Langlois C, Del Gatto A, Arseneault G, Lafrance-Vanasse J, De Simone M, Morse T, de Paola I, Lussier-Price M, Legault P, Pedone C, Zaccaro L, Omichinski JG. Structure-based design of a potent artificial transactivation domain based on p53. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:1715-23. [PMID: 22191432 DOI: 10.1021/ja208999e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Malfunctions in transcriptional regulation are associated with a number of critical human diseases. As a result, there is considerable interest in designing artificial transcription activators (ATAs) that specifically control genes linked to human diseases. Like native transcriptional activator proteins, an ATA must minimally contain a DNA-binding domain (DBD) and a transactivation domain (TAD) and, although there are several reliable methods for designing artificial DBDs, designing artificial TADs has proven difficult. In this manuscript, we present a structure-based strategy for designing short peptides containing natural amino acids that function as artificial TADs. Using a segment of the TAD of p53 as the scaffolding, modifications are introduced to increase the helical propensity of the peptides. The most active artificial TAD, termed E-Cap-(LL), is a 13-mer peptide that contains four key residues from p53, an N-capping motif and a dileucine hydrophobic bridge. In vitro analysis demonstrates that E-Cap-(LL) interacts with several known p53 target proteins, while in vivo studies in a yeast model system show that it is a 20-fold more potent transcriptional activator than the native p53-13 peptide. These results demonstrate that structure-based design represents a promising approach for developing artificial TADs that can be combined with artificial DBDs to create potent and specific ATAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Langlois
- Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succursale, Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Højfeldt JW, Van Dyke AR, Mapp AK. Transforming ligands into transcriptional regulators: building blocks for bifunctional molecules. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:4286-94. [PMID: 21701709 DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15050b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The human body is comprised of several hundred distinct cell types that all share a common genomic template. This diversity arises from regulated expression of individual genes. The first critical step in this process is transcription and is governed by a large number of transcription factors. Small molecules that can alter transcription hold tremendous utility as chemical probes and therapeutics. To fully realize their potential, however, artificial transcription factors must be able to orchestrate protein recruitment at gene promoters just like their natural counterparts. This tutorial review surveys the discovery of small ligands (drug-like molecules and short peptides) that bind transcriptional coregulatory proteins, and thus comprise one of the two essential characteristics of a transcription factor. By joining these ligands to DNA-targeting moieties, one can construct a bifunctional molecule that recruits its protein target to specific genes and controls gene transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas W Højfeldt
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
The many faces of the adamantyl group in drug design. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:1949-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
12
|
Schnürch M, Waldner B, Hilber K, Mihovilovic MD. Synthesis of 5-arylated N-arylthiazole-2-amines as potential skeletal muscle cell differentiation promoters. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2149-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.01.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
13
|
Peterson-Kaufman KJ, Carlson CD, Rodríguez-Martínez JA, Ansari AZ. Nucleating the assembly of macromolecular complexes. Chembiochem 2010; 11:1955-62. [PMID: 20812316 PMCID: PMC4176617 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nature constructs intricate complexes containing numerous binding partners in order to direct a variety of cellular processes. Researchers have taken a cue from these events to develop synthetic molecules that can nucleate natural and unnatural interactions for a diverse set of applications. These molecules can be designed to drive protein dimerization or to modulate the interactions between proteins, lipids, DNA, or RNA and thereby alter cellular pathways. A variety of components within the cellular machinery can be recruited with or replaced by synthetic compounds. Directing the formation of multicomponent complexes with new synthetic molecules can allow unprecedented control over the cellular machinery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Clayton D. Carlson
- Department of Biochemistry and the Genome Center, University of Wisconsin, 433 Babcock Drive. Madison, WI 53706
| | - José A. Rodríguez-Martínez
- Department of Biochemistry and the Genome Center, University of Wisconsin, 433 Babcock Drive. Madison, WI 53706
| | - Aseem Z. Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry and the Genome Center, University of Wisconsin, 433 Babcock Drive. Madison, WI 53706
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rodríguez-Martínez JA, Peterson-Kaufman KJ, Ansari AZ. Small-molecule regulators that mimic transcription factors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2010; 1799:768-74. [PMID: 20804876 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) are responsible for decoding and expressing the information stored in the genome, which dictates cellular function. Creating artificial transcription factors (ATFs) that mimic endogenous TFs is a major goal at the interface of biology, chemistry, and molecular medicine. Such molecular tools will be essential for deciphering and manipulating transcriptional networks that lead to particular cellular states. In this minireview, the framework for the design of functional ATFs is presented and current challenges in the successful implementation of ATFs are discussed.
Collapse
|
15
|
Lee LW, Mapp AK. Transcriptional switches: chemical approaches to gene regulation. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:11033-8. [PMID: 20147748 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r109.075044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the role of transcriptional misregulation in the pathogenesis of human disease, there is enormous interest in the development of molecules that exogenously control transcription in a defined manner. The past decade has seen many exciting advancements in the identification of molecules that mimic or inhibit the interactions between natural transcriptional activators and their binding partners. In this minireview, we focus on four activator.target protein complexes, highlighting recent advances as well as challenges in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lori W Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|