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Berry SS, Jones S. Current applications of kinetic resolution in the asymmetric synthesis of substituted pyrrolidines. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:10493-10515. [PMID: 34842884 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01943k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Chiral substituted pyrrolidines are key elements in various biologically active molecules and are therefore valuable synthetic targets. One traditional method towards enantiomerically pure compounds is the application of kinetic resolution. In this review, current KR methodology used in the synthesis of substituted pyrrolidines is surveyed, including enzymatic methods, cycloadditions and reduction of ketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian S Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK.
| | - Simon Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK.
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2
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Beng TK, Langevin S, Braunstein H, Khim M. Regiocontrolled synthesis of (hetero)aryl and alkenyl dehydropyrrolidines, dehydropiperidines and azepenes by Ru-catalyzed, heteroatom-directed α-C–H activation/cross-coupling of cyclic enamides with boronic acids. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:830-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02263k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of α-aryl and alkenyl pyrrolidine-, piperidine-, and azepane derivatives by ruthenium-catalyzed, carbonyl-assisted, site-selective sp2 C–H activation of cyclic enamides and concomitant cross-coupling with boronic acids is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K. Beng
- Department of Chemistry
- Central Washington University
- Ellensburg
- USA
| | - Spencer Langevin
- Department of Chemistry
- Central Washington University
- Ellensburg
- USA
| | | | - Monique Khim
- Department of Chemistry
- Central Washington University
- Ellensburg
- USA
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3
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Cherney AH, Kadunce NT, Reisman SE. Enantioselective and Enantiospecific Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions of Organometallic Reagents To Construct C-C Bonds. Chem Rev 2015; 115:9587-652. [PMID: 26268813 PMCID: PMC4566132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 615] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan H Cherney
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Nathaniel T Kadunce
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Sarah E Reisman
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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4
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Beng TK, Sincavage K, Silaire AWV, Alwali A, Bassler DP, Spence LE, Beale O. Direct access to functionalized benzotropones, azepanes, and piperidines by reductive cross-coupling of α-bromo enones with α-bromo enamides. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:5349-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00517e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
High-yielding syntheses of functionalized azepenes and piperidines, bearing an α-benzotropone derivative, have been achieved through cobalt-catalysed reductive cross-coupling of α-bromo enamides with α-bromo enones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amir Alwali
- Department of Chemistry
- Susquehanna University
- Selinsgrove
- USA
| | | | | | - Oliver Beale
- Department of Chemistry
- Susquehanna University
- Selinsgrove
- USA
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5
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Tanoury GJ, Chen M, Dong Y, Forslund R, Jurkauskas V, Jones AD, Belmont D. Stereoselective Lithiation and Carboxylation of Boc-Protected Bicyclopyrrolidine: Synthesis of a Key Building Block for HCV Protease Inhibitor Telaprevir. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op500040j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald J. Tanoury
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Minzhang Chen
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Yong Dong
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Raymond Forslund
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Valdas Jurkauskas
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Andrew D. Jones
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Daniel Belmont
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
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6
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Metallinos C, Iraj Sadraei S, Zhukovskaya N. Diastereoselective Lithiation of N-Silyl-Protected (S)-Tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazol-3(2H)-one. HETEROCYCLES 2014. [DOI: 10.3987/com-13-s(s)29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Hellmann G, Hack A, Thiemermann E, Luche O, Raabe G, Gais HJ. Chiral Fluorinated α-Sulfonyl Carbanions: Enantioselective Synthesis and Electrophilic Capture, Racemization Dynamics, and Structure. Chemistry 2013; 19:3869-97. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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8
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Beng TK, Tyree WS, Parker T, Su C, Williard PG, Gawley RE. Dynamics of catalytic resolution of 2-lithio-N-Boc-piperidine by ligand exchange. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:16845-55. [PMID: 22967289 PMCID: PMC3468710 DOI: 10.1021/ja307796e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of the racemization and catalytic and stoichiometric dynamic resolution of 2-lithio-N-Boc-piperidine (7) have been investigated. The kinetic order in tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) for both racemization and resolution of the title compound and the kinetic orders in two resolving ligands have been determined. The catalytic dynamic resolution is second order in TMEDA and 0.5 and 0.265 order in chiral ligands 8 and 10, respectively. The X-ray crystal structure of ligand 10 shows it to be an octamer. Dynamic NMR studies of the resolution process were carried out. Some of the requirements for a successful catalytic dynamic resolution by ligand exchange have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K. Beng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
| | - William S. Tyree
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
| | - Trent Parker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
| | - Chicheung Su
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | | | - Robert E. Gawley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
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9
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Beng TK, Woo JS, Gawley RE. Synthetic applications and inversion dynamics of configurationally stable 2-lithio-2-arylpyrrolidines and -piperidines. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:14764-71. [PMID: 22881214 PMCID: PMC3443602 DOI: 10.1021/ja306276w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In diethyl ether, N-Boc-2-lithio-2-arylpiperidines have been found to be configurationally stable at -80 °C, whereas N-Boc-2-lithio-2-arylpyrrolidines are configurationally stable at -60 °C. Several tertiary benzylic carbanions derived from enantioenriched 2-aryl heterocycles have been successfully alkylated or acylated with little to no loss of enantiopurity. The scope of the reactions has been explored. The enantiomerization dynamics of N-Boc-2-lithio-2-phenylpyrrolidine and N-Boc-2-lithio-2-phenylpiperidine have been studied in the presence of different solvents and achiral ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K. Beng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
| | - Jin Sun Woo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
| | - Robert E. Gawley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
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10
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Mitchell EA, Peschiulli A, Lefevre N, Meerpoel L, Maes BUW. Direct α-Functionalization of Saturated Cyclic Amines. Chemistry 2012; 18:10092-142. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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Patwardhan NN, Gao M, Carlier PR. Incremental Solvation Precedes Ion-Pair Separation in Enantiomerization of a Cyano-Stabilized Grignard Reagent. Chemistry 2011; 17:12250-3. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Tomida Y, Nagaki A, Yoshida JI. Asymmetric Carbolithiation of Conjugated Enynes: A Flow Microreactor Enables the Use of Configurationally Unstable Intermediates before They Epimerize. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:3744-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja110898s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Tomida
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Aiichiro Nagaki
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Yoshida
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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13
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Beng TK, Gawley RE. Highly enantioselective catalytic dynamic resolution of N-Boc-2-lithiopiperidine: synthesis of (R)-(+)-N-Boc-pipecolic acid, (S)-(-)-coniine, (S)-(+)-pelletierine, (+)-beta-conhydrine, and (S)-(-)-ropivacaine and formal synthesis of (-)-lasubine II and (+)-cermizine C. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:12216-7. [PMID: 20806976 PMCID: PMC2945905 DOI: 10.1021/ja105772z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic dynamic resolution (CDR) of rac-2-lithio-N-Boc-piperidine using chiral ligand 8 or its diastereomer 9 in the presence of TMEDA has led to the highly enantioselective syntheses of both enantiomers of 2-substituted piperidines using a wide range of electrophiles. The CDR has been applied to the synthesis of (R)- and (S)-pipecolic acid derivatives, (+)-beta-conhydrine, (S)-(+)-pelletierine, and (S)-(-)-ropivacaine and the formal synthesis of (-)-lasubine II and (+)-cermizine C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K. Beng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Robert E. Gawley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
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14
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Perry MA, Morin MD, Slafer BW, Wolckenhauer SA, Rychnovsky SD. Fully substituted carbon centers by diastereoselective spirocyclization: stereoselective synthesis of (+)-lepadiformine C. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:9591-3. [PMID: 20578697 PMCID: PMC2912418 DOI: 10.1021/ja104250b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reductive lithiation of N-Boc alpha-amino nitriles generated alpha-amino alkyllithium reagents with unexpected selectivity. The intermediate radical prefers to align with the nitrogen lone pair, and this interaction leads to an A(1,3)-strain effect that biases the conformation of the radical. In cyclohexane rings with alpha-substituents the net effect is an inversion of configuration on reductive lithiation. In the presence of a tethered electrophile the alkyllithium cyclizes to produce a spiro compound, again with inversion of configuration. The overall result is retention of configuration in the cyclization reaction. The same overall selectivity is found with alpha-oxygen alkyllithium cyclizations, but in this case both steps proceed with retention. The difference can be explained by careful consideration of the intermediate geometries. The alpha-amino spirocyclization was utilized in a concise and stereoselective synthesis of lepadiformine C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Perry
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences II, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Matthew D. Morin
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences II, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Brian W. Slafer
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences II, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Scott A. Wolckenhauer
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences II, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Scott D. Rychnovsky
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences II, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
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15
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Coldham I, Raimbault S, Whittaker DTE, Chovatia PT, Leonori D, Patel JJ, Sheikh NS. Asymmetric substitutions of 2-lithiated N-boc-piperidine and N-Boc-azepine by dynamic resolution. Chemistry 2010; 16:4082-90. [PMID: 20175161 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200903059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Proton abstraction of N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-piperidine (N-Boc-piperidine) with sBuLi and TMEDA provides a racemic organolithium that can be resolved using a chiral ligand. The enantiomeric organolithiums can interconvert so that a dynamic resolution occurs. Two mechanisms for promoting enantioselectivity in the products are possible. Slow addition of an electrophile such as trimethylsilyl chloride allows dynamic resolution under kinetic control (DKR). This process occurs with high enantioselectivity and is successful by catalysis with substoichiometric chiral ligand (catalytic dynamic kinetic resolution). Alternatively, the two enantiomers of this organolithium can be resolved under thermodynamic control with good enantioselectivity (dynamic thermodynamic resolution, DTR). The best ligands found are based on chiral diamino-alkoxides. Using DTR, a variety of electrophiles can be used to provide an asymmetric synthesis of enantiomerically enriched 2-substituted piperidines, including (after Boc deprotection) the alkaloid (+)-beta-conhydrine. The chemistry was extended, albeit with lower yields, to the corresponding 2-substituted seven-membered azepine ring derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Coldham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK.
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16
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17
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Gawley RE. Overview of Carbanion Dynamics and Electrophilic Substitutions in Chiral Organolithium Compounds. TOPICS IN STEREOCHEMISTRY 2010; 26:93-133. [PMID: 21804654 PMCID: PMC3145419 DOI: 10.1002/9783906390628.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Gawley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701 USA
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18
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Coldham I, Leonori D, Beng TK, Gawley RE. The barrier to enantiomerization and dynamic resolution of N-Boc-2-lithiopiperidine and the effect of TMEDA. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:5239-41. [PMID: 19707632 DOI: 10.1039/b911024k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of enantiomerization and dynamic thermodynamic resolution (DTR) of N-Boc-2-lithiopiperidine have been measured, revealing significant differences in enthalpy and entropy for these processes and a role for the achiral ligand TMEDA; the racemization and the DTR are catalytic and first order in [TMEDA], and this has implications for asymmetric synthesis with chiral organolithiums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Coldham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UKS3 7HF.
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