1
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Wu K, Lam N, Strassfeld DA, Fan Z, Qiao JX, Liu T, Stamos D, Yu JQ. Palladium (II)-Catalyzed C-H Activation with Bifunctional Ligands: From Curiosity to Industrialization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400509. [PMID: 38419352 PMCID: PMC11216193 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
In 2001, our curiosity to understand the stereochemistry of C-H metalation with Pd prompted our first studies in Pd(II)-catalyzed asymmetric C-H activation (RSC Research appointment: 020 7451 2545, Grant: RG 36873, Dec. 2002). We identified four central challenges: 1. poor reactivity of simple Pd salts with native substrates; 2. few strategies to control site selectivity for remote C-H bonds; 3. the lack of chiral catalysts to achieve enantioselectivity via asymmetric C-H metalation, and 4. low practicality due to limited coupling partner scope and the use of specialized oxidants. These challenges necessitated new strategies in catalyst and reaction development. For reactivity, we developed approaches to enhance substrate-catalyst affinity together with novel bifunctional ligands which participate in and accelerate the C-H cleavage step. For site-selectivity, we introduced the concept of systematically modulating the distance and geometry between a directing template, catalyst, and substrate to selectively access remote C-H bonds. For enantioselectivity, we devised predictable stereomodels for catalyst-controlled enantioselective C-H activation based on the participation of bifunctional ligands. Finally, for practicality, we have developed varied catalytic manifolds for Pd(II) to accommodate diverse coupling partners while employing practical oxidants such as simple peroxides. These advances have culminated in numerous C-H activation reactions, setting the stage for broad industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nelson Lam
- Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Daniel A Strassfeld
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zhoulong Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jennifer X Qiao
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 250 Water Street, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Tao Liu
- Discovery Chemistry Research & Technology Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10290 Campus Point Dr, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Dean Stamos
- Research & Development, Flagship Pioneering, 55 Cambridge Parkway Suite 800E, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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2
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Mohite SB, Mane MV, Bera M, Karpoormath R. Palladium-Catalyzed Regiodivergent C-H Olefination of Imidazo[1,2a]pyridine Carboxamide and Unactivated Alkenes. Chemistry 2023:e202302759. [PMID: 37735937 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite remarkable successes in linear and branched vinyl (hetero) arene synthesis, regiodivergent C-H olefination with a single catalytic system has remained underdeveloped. Overcoming this limitation, a Pd/MPAA-catalyzed regiodivergent C-H olefination of imidazo[1,2a] pyridine carboxamides with unactivated terminal alkenes to generate branched and linear olefinated products depending upon the electronic nature of alkenes is reported herein. Moreover, this protocol can be applied for C-H deuteriation of the corresponding heteroarenes with D2 O as deuterium source. Preliminary experimental studies combined with computational investigations (DFT studies) suggest that regiodivergent olefination can be controlled by olefin insertion and β-hydride elimination steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Balaso Mohite
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Manoj V Mane
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain (Deemed-to-be University), Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Bangalore, Karnataka, 562112, India
| | - Milan Bera
- Photocatalysis & Synthetic Methodology Lab (PSML), Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research & Studies (AICCRS), Amity University, Noida, 201303, India
| | - Rajshekhar Karpoormath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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3
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Teng Q, Liu Z, Song H, Liu J, Zhao Y, Jiang W, Huynh HV, Meng Q. Versatile halogenation via a C NHC^C sp3 palladacycle intermediate. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:2223-2226. [PMID: 36779836 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00113j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Stable cyclopalladated complexes containing an (sp3)C-Pd bond were synthesized via α-CH2 deprotonation and palladation of N-alkyl groups of carbene ligands bearing electron-withdrawing substituents. The strong electron donating strengths of the resulting CNHC^Csp3 chelators were experimentally identified, and the palladacycle underwent template-directed, versatile C-halogenation with X2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqiao Teng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China.
| | - Ziwei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China.
| | - Haobin Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China.
| | - Jiayu Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China.
| | - Yaru Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China.
| | - Weihua Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China.
| | - Han Vinh Huynh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Qi Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China.
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4
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Mondal A, van Gemmeren M. Silver-Free C-H Activation: Strategic Approaches towards Realizing the Full Potential of C-H Activation in Sustainable Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210825. [PMID: 36062882 PMCID: PMC9828228 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The activation of carbon-hydrogen bonds is considered as one of the most attractive techniques in synthetic organic chemistry because it bears the potential to shorten synthetic routes as well as to produce complementary product scopes compared to traditional synthetic strategies. However, many current methods employ silver salts as additives, leading to stoichiometric metal waste and thereby preventing the full potential of C-H activation to be exploited. Therefore, the development of silver-free protocols has recently received increasing attention. Mechanistically, silver can serve various roles in C-H activation and thus, avoiding the use of silver requires different approaches based on the role it serves in a given process. In this Review, we present the comparison of silver-based and silver-free methods. Focusing on the strategic approaches to develop silver-free C-H activation, we provide the reader with the means to develop sustainable methods for C-H activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arup Mondal
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 3648149MünsterGermany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische ChemieChristian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielOtto-Hahn-Platz 424118KielGermany
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5
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Yang G, Wu H, Gallarati S, Corminboeuf C, Wang Q, Zhu J. Migrative Carbofluorination of Saturated Amides Enabled by Pd-Based Dyotropic Rearrangement. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14047-14052. [PMID: 35916403 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Directly editing an all-carbon quaternary carbon itself of nonstrained acyclic molecules remains underexploited despite the recent advances in the fields of both C-H and C-C bond activation. Herein, we report a palladium-catalyzed migrative carbofluorination of saturated amides enabled by the activation of both the C(sp3)-H and the Cquaternary-Cσ bonds. In this transformation, the α-quaternary carbon of Weinreb amides is converted to α-tertiary fluoride with concurrent migration of an aryl or an amido group from the α- to β-carbon. DFT calculations indicate that the dyotropic rearrangement proceeds through an unusual anti-selective [2.1.0] bicyclic transition state. The reaction, compatible with a broad range of functional groups, is stereospecific and is applicable to the synthesis of enantioenriched products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Yang
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hua Wu
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Simone Gallarati
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design (LCMD), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clémence Corminboeuf
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design (LCMD), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jieping Zhu
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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6
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Non-chelation-assisted Pd-catalysed novel sp3 C H/sp2 C H intermolecular oxidative coupling reaction: one-pot formation of new 5‑benzyl fluorenone. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Babu SA, Aggarwal Y, Patel P, Tomar R. Diastereoselective palladium-catalyzed functionalization of prochiral C(sp 3)-H bonds of aliphatic and alicyclic compounds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2612-2633. [PMID: 35113087 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05649b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We highlight the reported developments of the palladium-catalyzed C-H activation and functionalization of the inactive/unreactive prochiral C(sp3)-H bonds of aliphatic and alicyclic compounds. There exist numerous classical methods for generating contiguous stereogenic centers in a compound with a high degree of stereocontrol. Along similar lines, the Pd(II)-catalyzed, directing group-aided functionalization of inactive prochiral/diastereotopic C(sp3)-H bonds have been exploited to accomplish the stereoselective construction of stereo-arrays in organic compounds. We present a concise discussion on how specific strategies consisting of Pd(II)-catalyzed, directing group-aided C(sp3)-H functionalization have been utilized to generate two or more stereogenic centers in aliphatic and alicyclic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasarao Arulananda Babu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Manauli P.O., Punjab, 140306, India.
| | - Yashika Aggarwal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Manauli P.O., Punjab, 140306, India.
| | - Pooja Patel
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Manauli P.O., Punjab, 140306, India.
| | - Radha Tomar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Manauli P.O., Punjab, 140306, India.
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8
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Lucas EL, Lam NYS, Zhuang Z, Chan HSS, Strassfeld DA, Yu JQ. Palladium-Catalyzed Enantioselective β-C(sp 3)-H Activation Reactions of Aliphatic Acids: A Retrosynthetic Surrogate for Enolate Alkylation and Conjugate Addition. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:537-550. [PMID: 35076221 PMCID: PMC9129890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Enolate alkylation and conjugate addition into an α,β-unsaturated system have served as long-standing strategic disconnections for the installation of α- or β-substituents on carbonyl-containing compounds. At the onset of our efforts to develop C-H activation reactions for organic synthesis, we set our eye toward developing asymmetric β-C-H activation reactions of aliphatic acids with the perspective that this bond-forming event could serve as a more flexible retrosynthetic surrogate for both canonical carbonyl-related asymmetric transformations.In this Account, we describe our early efforts using strongly coordinating chiral oxazolines to probe reaction mechanism and the stereochemical nature of the C-H cleavage transition state. The characterization of key reactive intermediates through X-ray crystallography and computational studies suggested a transition state with C-H and Pd-OAc bonds being approximately coplanar for optimum interaction. We then moved forward to develop more practical, weakly coordinating monodentate amide directing groups, a necessary advance toward achieving the β-C-H activation of weakly coordinating native carboxylic acids. Throughout this journey, gradual deconvolution between a substrate's directing effect and its intimate interplay with ligand properties has culminated in the design of new ligand classes that ultimately allowed the competency of native carboxylic acids in β-C-H activation. These efforts established the importance of ligand acceleration in Pd-catalyzed C-H activation, where the substrate's weak coordination is responsible for positioning the catalyst for C-H cleavage, while the direct participation from the bifunctional ligand is responsible for enthalpically stabilizing the C-H cleavage transition state.Building upon these principles, we developed five classes of chiral ligands (MPAA, MPAQ, MPAO, MPAThio, MPAAM) to enable enantioselective β-C-H activation reactions, including carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond formation. The accumulated data from our developed enantioselective C-H activation reactions indicate that ligands possessing point chirality are most effective for imparting stereoinduction in the C-H activation step, the application of which enabled the desymmetrization and subsequent C-H functionalization of enantiotopic carbon and protons across a range of weakly coordinating arylamides and, more recently, free carboxylic acids. Progress in ligand design, in conjunction with the enabling nature of alkali metal countercations, led to the realization of a suite of β-methyl and now methylene C(sp3)-H activation reactions. These advancements also enabled the use of economical oxidants, such as peroxides and molecular oxygen, to facilitate catalyst turnover. In the future, continued progress in designing more efficient bifunctional chiral ligands is likely to provide a myriad of enantioselective β-C-H activation reactions of readily available native substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika L Lucas
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nelson Y S Lam
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Zhe Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Hau Sun Sam Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Daniel A Strassfeld
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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9
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Shyam A, Pradhan AK, Mondal P. Remote N–H activation of indole aldehydes: an investigation of the mechanism, origin of selectivities, and role of the catalyst. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05500c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory investigation on the N-heterocyclic carbene-catalysed synthesis of oxazinoindole derivatives via N–H activation of indole aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Shyam
- Department of Chemistry, Assam University, Silchar-788011, Assam, India
| | | | - Paritosh Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Assam University, Silchar-788011, Assam, India
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10
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Liu B, Romine AM, Rubel CZ, Engle KM, Shi BF. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed, Coordination-Assisted Functionalization of Nonactivated C(sp 3)-H Bonds. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14957-15074. [PMID: 34714620 PMCID: PMC8968411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed, coordination-assisted C(sp3)-H functionalization has revolutionized synthetic planning over the past few decades as the use of these directing groups has allowed for increased access to many strategic positions in organic molecules. Nonetheless, several challenges remain preeminent, such as the requirement for high temperatures, the difficulty in removing or converting directing groups, and, although many metals provide some reactivity, the difficulty in employing metals outside of palladium. This review aims to give a comprehensive overview of coordination-assisted, transition-metal-catalyzed, direct functionalization of nonactivated C(sp3)-H bonds by covering the literature since 2004 in order to demonstrate the current state-of-the-art methods as well as the current limitations. For clarity, this review has been divided into nine sections by the transition metal catalyst with subdivisions by the type of bond formation. Synthetic applications and reaction mechanism are discussed where appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Rd., Hangzhou 310027, China.,College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Andrew M. Romine
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Camille Z. Rubel
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Keary M. Engle
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, United States.,Corresponding Author- (K. M. E.); (B.-F. S.)
| | - Bing-Feng Shi
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Rd., Hangzhou 310027, China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China,Corresponding Author- (K. M. E.); (B.-F. S.)
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11
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Ghosh S, Shilpa S, Athira C, Sunoj RB. Role of Additives in Transition Metal Catalyzed C–H Bond Activation Reactions: A Computational Perspective. Top Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-021-01527-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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12
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Xu P, Shi S, Du Z, Bai J, Zhou P, Wang L, Dong S, Sun X, Zhou Q. Ni(II)‐Mediated Ortho C(sp2)‐H Amidation of Arenes to Synthesis Secondary Sulfonamides via Sulfonyl Azides. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- Research Center of Resources and Environment School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Changzhou Institute of Technology Changzhou 213022 P. R. China
| | - Si−Yi Shi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Chang Zhou Institute of Technology 666 Liao he road Changzhou 213032 China
| | - Zhi‐jun Du
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 China
| | - Ji‐Rong Bai
- Research Center of Resources and Environment School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Changzhou Institute of Technology Changzhou 213022 P. R. China
| | - Pin Zhou
- Research Center of Resources and Environment School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Changzhou Institute of Technology Changzhou 213022 P. R. China
| | - Ling‐ling Wang
- Research Center of Resources and Environment School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Changzhou Institute of Technology Changzhou 213022 P. R. China
| | - Shuang Dong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Chang Zhou Institute of Technology 666 Liao he road Changzhou 213032 China
| | - Xiao‐Nan Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Chang Zhou Institute of Technology 666 Liao he road Changzhou 213032 China
| | - Quan‐Fa Zhou
- Research Center of Resources and Environment School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Changzhou Institute of Technology Changzhou 213022 P. R. China
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13
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Shi Y, Ma H, Shao J, Deng C. Theoretical studies on the mechanism of Pd 2+-catalyzed regioselective C-H alkylation of indole with MesICH 2CF 3OTf. J Mol Model 2021; 27:150. [PMID: 33945013 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-021-04773-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The reaction mechanism of Pd2+-catalyzed regioselective C-H alkylation of indole with MesICH2CF3OTf has been investigated by the density functional theory calculations. The reaction mechanism mainly contains four steps: C-H activation, oxidative addition, reductive elimination, and ligands substitution. From our calculations, we find that the C-H activation step was realized by the acetate anion (-OAc) assisted concerted metalation deprotonation (CMD) process and the transition state of C-H activation process is a square planar configuration. Moreover, the calculation results suggest that the regioselectivity of C-H bond alkylation of indole with MesICH2CF3OTf can be ascribed to the different stability of the CMD transition states in C-H activation step and the relative stabilities of deprotonated intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongsheng Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxuan Shao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Suseelan AS, Dutta A, Lahiri GK, Maiti D. Organopalladium Intermediates in Coordination-Directed C(sp3)-H Functionalizations. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Mingo MM, Rodríguez N, Arrayás RG, Carretero JC. Remote C(sp 3)–H functionalization via catalytic cyclometallation: beyond five-membered ring metallacycle intermediates. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00389e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite impressive recent momentum gained in C(sp3)–H activation, achieving high regioselectivity in molecules containing different C–H bonds with similar high energy without abusing tailored substitution remains as one of the biggest challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Martínez Mingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Fco. Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Rodríguez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Fco. Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Spain
| | - Ramón Gómez Arrayás
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Fco. Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Spain
| | - Juan C. Carretero
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Fco. Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Spain
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16
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Chen YK, Kang YS, Xu HJ, Zhang P, Zhao J, Li T, Sun WY, Lu Y. Rh(III)-Catalyzed C(sp 3)-H Acetoxylation of 8-Methylquinolines. Org Lett 2020; 22:5390-5395. [PMID: 32628855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A mild and efficient Rh(III)-catalyzed aliphatic C-H acetoxylation directed by quinolines has been developed with widespread functional groups, including various halogens, which usually can provide precursors for further organic synthesis but easily results in selectivity issues in the Pd- and Ni-catalyzed reaction. Interestingly, Ac2O plays an essential role in promoting the transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Ke Chen
- Coordination Chemistry Institute, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yan-Shang Kang
- Coordination Chemistry Institute, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hua-Jin Xu
- Coordination Chemistry Institute, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Coordination Chemistry Institute, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Coordination Chemistry Institute, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- Coordination Chemistry Institute, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei-Yin Sun
- Coordination Chemistry Institute, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Coordination Chemistry Institute, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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17
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18
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Bauer A, Maulide N. Chemoselective formal β-functionalization of substituted aliphatic amides enabled by a facile stereoselective oxidation event. Chem Sci 2019; 10:9836-9840. [PMID: 32015806 PMCID: PMC6977552 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03715b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aliphatic C-H functionalization is a topic of current intense interest in organic synthesis. Herein, we report that a facile and stereoselective dehydrogenation event enables the functionalization of aliphatic amides at different positions in a one-pot fashion. Derivatives of relevant pharmaceuticals were formally functionalized in the β-position in late-stage manner. A single-step synthesis of incrustoporine from a simple precursor further showcases the potential utility of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Bauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Vienna , Währinger Straße 38 , 1090 Vienna , Austria .
| | - Nuno Maulide
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Vienna , Währinger Straße 38 , 1090 Vienna , Austria .
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19
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Isley NA, Endo Y, Wu ZC, Covington BC, Bushin LB, Seyedsayamdost MR, Boger DL. Total Synthesis and Stereochemical Assignment of Streptide. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:17361-17369. [PMID: 31577142 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b09067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Streptide (1) is a peptide-derived macrocyclic natural product that has attracted considerable attention since its discovery in 2015. It contains an unprecedented post-translational modification that intramolecularly links the β-carbon (C3) of a residue 2 lysine with the C7 of a residue 6 tryptophan, thereby forming a 20-membered cyclic peptide. Herein, we report the first total synthesis of streptide that confirms the regiochemistry of the lysine-tryptophan cross-link and provides an unambiguous assignment of the stereochemistry (3R vs 3S) of the lysine-2 C3 center. Both the 3R and the originally assigned 3S lysine diastereomers were independently prepared by total synthesis, and it is the former, not the latter, that was found to correlate with the natural product. The approach enlists a powerful Pd(0)-mediated indole annulation for the key macrocyclization of the complex core peptide, utilizes an underdeveloped class of hypervalent iodine(III) aryl substrates in a palladium-catalyzed C-H activation/β-arylation reaction conducted on a lysine derivative, and provides access to material with which the role of streptide and related natural products may be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Isley
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Yusuke Endo
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Zhi-Chen Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Brett C Covington
- Department of Chemistry , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
| | - Leah B Bushin
- Department of Chemistry , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
| | | | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
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20
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Le KKA, Nguyen H, Daugulis O. 1-Aminopyridinium Ylides as Monodentate Directing Groups for sp 3 C-H Bond Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:14728-14735. [PMID: 31529954 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
1-Aminopyridinium ylides are efficient directing groups for palladium-catalyzed β-arylation and alkylation of sp3 C-H bonds in carboxylic acid derivatives. The efficiency of these directing groups depends on the substitution at the pyridine moiety. The unsubstituted pyridine-derived ylides allow functionalization of primary C-H bonds, while methylene groups are unreactive in the absence of external ligands. 4-Pyrrolidinopyridine-containing ylides are capable of C-H functionalization in acyclic methylene groups in the absence of external ligands, thus rivaling the efficiency of the aminoquinoline directing group. Preliminary mechanistic studies have been performed. A cyclopalladated intermediate has been isolated and characterized by X-ray crystallography, and its reactivity was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ky Khac Anh Le
- Department of Chemistry , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204-5003 , United States
| | - Hanh Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204-5003 , United States
| | - Olafs Daugulis
- Department of Chemistry , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204-5003 , United States
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21
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Park H, Li Y, Yu JQ. Utilizing Carbonyl Coordination of Native Amides for Palladium-Catalyzed C(sp 3 )-H Olefination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:11424-11428. [PMID: 31185132 PMCID: PMC6684442 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PdII -catalyzed C(sp3 )-H olefination of weakly coordinating native amides is reported. Three major drawbacks of previous C(sp3 )-H olefination protocols, 1) in situ cyclization of products, 2) incompatibility with α-H-containing substrates, and 3) installation of exogenous directing groups, are addressed by harnessing the carbonyl coordination ability of amides to direct C(sp3 )-H activation. The method enables direct C(sp3 )-H functionalization of a wide range of native amide substrates, including secondary, tertiary, and cyclic amides, for the first time. The utility of this process is demonstrated by diverse transformations of the olefination products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojoon Park
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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22
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Park H, Li Y, Yu J. Utilizing Carbonyl Coordination of Native Amides for Palladium‐Catalyzed C(sp
3
)−H Olefination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hojoon Park
- Department of ChemistryThe Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Yang Li
- Department of ChemistryThe Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Jin‐Quan Yu
- Department of ChemistryThe Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
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23
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Li W, Liu H, Chen X, Li S, Zheng R, Zhang C, Zheng X, Yuan M, Li R, Fu H, Chen H. Palladium-catalyzed direct ortho-alkynylation of aryl acetamides with low catalyst loading. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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24
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Sun J, Wang K, Wang P, Zheng G, Li X. Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed Oxidative Allylic C–H Indolylation via Nucleophilic Cyclization. Org Lett 2019; 21:4662-4666. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqiong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of MOE & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Kuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of MOE & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Peiyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of MOE & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Guangfan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of MOE & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Xingwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of MOE & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi’an 710062, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
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25
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Ting CP, Tschanen E, Jang E, Maimone TJ. Total synthesis of podophyllotoxin and select analog designs via C–H activation. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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26
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Ying F, Zhang Y, Xiang C, Song Z, Xie H, Bao W. Key Mechanistic Features in Palladium-Catalyzed Methylcyclopropanation of Norbornenes With Vinyl Bromides: Insights From DFT Calculations. Front Chem 2019; 7:169. [PMID: 30972329 PMCID: PMC6445852 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
DFT calculations were performed to elucidate mechanistic details of an unusual palladium-catalyzed methylcyclopropanation from [2 + 1] cycloadditions of (Z)-2-bromovinylbenzene and endo-N-(p-tolyl)-norbornenesuccinimide. The reaction proceeds via oxidative addition (OA), intermolecular alkene insertion, deprotonation/protonation, intramolecular alkene insertion, β-H elimination and reductive elimination (RE). Protonation is the rate-limiting step and requires an overall barrier of 28.5 kcal/mol. The sources of two protons for protonation and exchange have also been clarified and the calculations agree with experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ying
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
- Hangzhou Environmental Monitoring Center Station, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yutong Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuyue Xiang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhijun Song
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hujun Xie
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiliang Bao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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27
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Chowdhury S, Vaishnav R, Panwar N, Haq W. Regioselective β-Csp 3-Arylation of β-Alanine: An Approach for the Exclusive Synthesis of Diverse β-Aryl-β-amino Acids. J Org Chem 2019; 84:2512-2522. [PMID: 30714366 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An approach for the synthesis of a variety of new β-aryl-β-amino acids has been developed via a palladium-catalyzed auxiliary-directed regioselective Csp3-H arylation of the unactivated β-methylene bond of β-alanine. The use of 8-aminoquinoline amide as an auxiliary efficiently directs the desired regioselective β-Csp3-H functionalization. The developed protocol enables the easy and straightforward access to several high-value β-aryl-β-amino acids useful for peptide engineering, starting from inexpensive and readily available β-alanine precursors in moderate to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushobhan Chowdhury
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow - 226031 , India
| | - Roopal Vaishnav
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow - 226031 , India
| | - Namita Panwar
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow - 226031 , India
| | - Wahajul Haq
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow - 226031 , India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , New Delhi 11000 , India
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28
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Campeau LC, Hazari N. Cross-Coupling and Related Reactions: Connecting Past Success to the Development of New Reactions for the Future. Organometallics 2019; 38:3-35. [PMID: 31741548 PMCID: PMC6860378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cross-coupling reactions, which were discovered almost 50 years ago, are widely used in both industry and academia. Even though cross-coupling reactions now represent mature technology, there is still a significant amount of research in this area that aims to improve the scope of these reactions, develop more efficient catalysts, and make reactions more practical. In this tutorial, a brief background to cross-coupling reactions is provided, and then the major advances in cross-coupling research over the last 20 years are described. These include the development of improved ligands and precatalysts for cross-coupling and the extension of cross-coupling reactions to a much wider range of electrophiles. For example, cross-coupling reactions are now common with sp3-hybridized electrophiles as well as ester, amide, ether, and aziridine substrates. For many of these more modern substrates, traditional palladium-based catalysts are less efficient than systems based on first-row transition metals such as nickel. Conventional cross-coupling reactions have also inspired the development of a range of related reactions, such as cross-electrophile and decarboxylative couplings as well as couplings based on metallaphotoredox chemistry. The development of these new reactions is probably at the same stage as traditional cross-coupling reactions 30 years ago, and this tutorial highlights how many of the same strategies used to improve cross-coupling reactions may also be applicable to making the new reactions more practical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Charles Campeau
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Nilay Hazari
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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29
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Wang BX, Mao YJ, Hao HY, Wu QZ, Zhou K, Lou SJ, Xu DQ. Pd-catalysed selective C(sp 3)-H arylation and acetoxylation of alcohols. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:7049-7052. [PMID: 31143893 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc02911g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A palladium catalyzed selective C(sp3)-H arylation and acetoxylation of alcohols using a practical bidentate auxiliary were developed. Masked alcohols were selectively arylated at the β-position with diverse aryl iodides for the first time. Moreover, an efficient and site-selective acetoxylation of various primary methyl, methylene, and benzylic C(sp3)-H bonds was performed by using cheap K2S2O8 as the external oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Xin Wang
- Catalytic Hydrogenation Research Center, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
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30
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Kao IH, Wang CY, Chang YC, Wu CL, Chiu YJ, Hong FE. Palladium-catalyzed phosphination and amination through C H bond functionalization on biphenyl: Amido-substituent as directing group. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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31
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Tong HR, Zheng S, Li X, Deng Z, Wang H, He G, Peng Q, Chen G. Pd(0)-Catalyzed Bidentate Auxiliary Directed Enantioselective Benzylic C–H Arylation of 3-Arylpropanamides Using the BINOL Phosphoramidite Ligand. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Rong Tong
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Sujuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhiqiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Gang He
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qian Peng
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Gong Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300071, China
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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32
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Jia WL, Fernández-Ibáñez MÁ. Ligand-Enabled γ-C(sp3)-H Acetoxylation of Triflyl-Protected Amines. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Liang Jia
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - M. Ángeles Fernández-Ibáñez
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Wenjun Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
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34
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Mondal S, Chowdhury S. Recent Advances on Amino Acid Modifications via
C-H Functionalization and Decarboxylative Functionalization Strategies. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Mondal
- Department of Chemical Sciences; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research - Kolkata; Mohanpur, West Bengal India
| | - Sushobhan Chowdhury
- Department of Chemical Sciences; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research - Kolkata; Mohanpur, West Bengal India
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR - Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India
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35
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36
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Chen M, Liu F, Dong G. Direct Palladium-Catalyzed β-Arylation of Lactams. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:3815-3819. [PMID: 29424015 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201800958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A direct and catalytic method is reported here for β-arylation of N-protected lactams with simple aryl iodides. The transformation is enabled by merging soft enolization of lactams, palladium-catalyzed desaturation, Ar-X bond activation, and aryl conjugate addition. The reaction is operated under mild reaction conditions, is scalable, and is chemoselective. Application of this method to concise syntheses of pharmaceutically relevant compounds is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Feipeng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guangbin Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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37
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Liu Y, Yu H, Guo QX. DFT study on α-regioselectivity of photo-organocatalytic functionalization of aldehydes. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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38
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Deng C, Zhang JX, Lin Z. Theoretical Studies on Pd(II)-Catalyzed meta-Selective C–H Bond Arylation of Arenes. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b03588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Deng
- Department
of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-Xuan Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
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39
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Chu JCK, Rovis T. Complementary Strategies for Directed C(sp 3 )-H Functionalization: A Comparison of Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Activation, Hydrogen Atom Transfer, and Carbene/Nitrene Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:62-101. [PMID: 29206316 PMCID: PMC5853126 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 483] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The functionalization of C(sp3 )-H bonds streamlines chemical synthesis by allowing the use of simple molecules and providing novel synthetic disconnections. Intensive recent efforts in the development of new reactions based on C-H functionalization have led to its wider adoption across a range of research areas. This Review discusses the strengths and weaknesses of three main approaches: transition-metal-catalyzed C-H activation, 1,n-hydrogen atom transfer, and transition-metal-catalyzed carbene/nitrene transfer, for the directed functionalization of unactivated C(sp3 )-H bonds. For each strategy, the scope, the reactivity of different C-H bonds, the position of the reacting C-H bonds relative to the directing group, and stereochemical outcomes are illustrated with examples in the literature. The aim of this Review is to provide guidance for the use of C-H functionalization reactions and inspire future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C K Chu
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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40
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St John-Campbell S, Bull JA. Transient imines as ‘next generation’ directing groups for the catalytic functionalisation of C–H bonds in a single operation. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:4582-4595. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00926k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review describes recent developments in the use of catalytic transient directing groups, through imine linkages, which in combination with transition metal catalysts provide streamlined C–H functionalisation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James A. Bull
- Department of Chemistry
- Imperial College London
- South Kensington
- London
- UK
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41
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Liu B, Wang W, Huang R, Yan J, Wu J, Xue W, Yang S, Jin Z, Chi YR. Direct Activation of β-sp 3-Carbons of Saturated Carboxylic Esters as Electrophilic Carbons via Oxidative Carbene Catalysis. Org Lett 2017; 20:260-263. [PMID: 29239615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed oxidative LUMO activation of the β-cabons of saturated carboxylic esters is disclosed. This approach allows for efficient asymmetric access to lactams and lactones by directly installing functional groups to the typically inert β-sp3 carbons of saturated esters. The use of HOBt as an additive was found to significantly improve both yields and enantioselectivities of the reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University , Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Weihong Wang
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University , Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ruoyan Huang
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University , Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jiekuan Yan
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University , Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jichang Wu
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University , Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Wei Xue
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University , Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Song Yang
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University , Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhichao Jin
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University , Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University , Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China.,Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 637371, Singapore
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42
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Chu JCK, Rovis T. Komplementäre Strategien für die dirigierte C(sp3)-H-Funktionalisierung: ein Vergleich von übergangsmetallkatalysierter Aktivierung, Wasserstoffatomtransfer und Carben- oder Nitrentransfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John C. K. Chu
- Department of Chemistry; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry; Columbia University; 3000 Broadway New York NY 10027 USA
- Department of Chemistry; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
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43
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Hogg KF, Trowbridge A, Alvarez-Pérez A, Gaunt MJ. The α-tertiary amine motif drives remarkable selectivity for Pd-catalyzed carbonylation of β-methylene C-H bonds. Chem Sci 2017; 8:8198-8203. [PMID: 29568467 PMCID: PMC5855970 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03876c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The selective C-H carbonylation of methylene bonds in the presence of traditionally more reactive methyl C-H and C(sp2)-H bonds in α-tertiary amines is reported. The exceptional selectivity is driven by the bulky α-tertiary amine motif, which we hypothesise orientates the activating C-H bond proximal to Pd in order to avoid an unfavourable steric clash with a second α-tertiary amine on the Pd centre, promoting preferential cyclopalladation at the methylene position. The reaction tolerates a range of structurally interesting and synthetically versatile functional groups, delivering the corresponding β-lactam products in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten F Hogg
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , UK .
| | - Aaron Trowbridge
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , UK .
| | - Andrea Alvarez-Pérez
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , UK .
| | - Matthew J Gaunt
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , UK .
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44
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Gou Q, Liu G, Zhou L, Chen S, Qin J. Palladium-Catalyzed Base-Promoted Arylation of Unactivated C(sp3)-H Bonds by Aryl Iodides: A Practical Approach To Synthesize β-Aryl Carboxylic Acid Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Gou
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource; Ministry of Education; Yunnan University; 650091 School of Chemical Science and Technology P. R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource; Ministry of Education; Yunnan University; 650091 School of Chemical Science and Technology P. R. China
| | - Lanxiu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource; Ministry of Education; Yunnan University; 650091 School of Chemical Science and Technology P. R. China
| | - Suiyun Chen
- Plant Science Institute; School of Life Sciences; Yunnan University; 650091 Kunming P. R. China
| | - Jun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource; Ministry of Education; Yunnan University; 650091 School of Chemical Science and Technology P. R. China
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45
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Shen Y, Cindy Lee WC, Gutierrez DA, Li JJ. Palladium-Catalyzed Direct C(sp2)–H ortho-Arylation of Anilides Using 2-Aminophenylpyrazole as the Directing Group. J Org Chem 2017; 82:11620-11625. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, California 94117, United States
| | - Wan-Chen Cindy Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, California 94117, United States
| | - David A. Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry, University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, California 94117, United States
| | - Jie Jack Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, California 94117, United States
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46
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Jerhaoui S, Djukic JP, Wencel-Delord J, Colobert F. Stereoselective Sulfinyl Aniline-Promoted Pd-Catalyzed C−H Arylation and Acetoxylation of Aliphatic Amides. Chemistry 2017; 23:15594-15600. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soufyan Jerhaoui
- SynCat; Laboratoire de Chimie Moleculaire (UMR CNRS 7509); Universite de Strasbourg; ECPM; 25 Rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg France
| | - Jean-Pierre Djukic
- LCSOM, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg (UMR 7177); Universite de Strasbourg; 4 Rue Blaise Pascal 67070 Strasbourg Cedex France
| | - Joanna Wencel-Delord
- SynCat; Laboratoire de Chimie Moleculaire (UMR CNRS 7509); Universite de Strasbourg; ECPM; 25 Rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg France
| | - Françoise Colobert
- SynCat; Laboratoire de Chimie Moleculaire (UMR CNRS 7509); Universite de Strasbourg; ECPM; 25 Rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg France
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47
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Chen DF, Chu JCK, Rovis T. Directed γ-C(sp 3)-H Alkylation of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives through Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:14897-14900. [PMID: 29022709 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Visible light photoredox catalysis enables direct γ- C(sp3)-H alkylation of saturated aliphatic carbonyl compounds. Electron-deficient alkenes are used as the coupling partners in this reaction. Distinguished site selectivity is controlled by the predominant 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer of an amidyl radical generated in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian-Feng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - John C K Chu
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
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48
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Nanjo T, de Lucca EC, White MC. Remote, Late-Stage Oxidation of Aliphatic C-H Bonds in Amide-Containing Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:14586-14591. [PMID: 28921954 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Amide-containing molecules are ubiquitous in natural products, pharmaceuticals, and materials science. Due to their intermediate electron-richness, they are not amenable to any of the previously developed N-protection strategies known to enable remote aliphatic C-H oxidations. Using information gleaned from a systematic study of the main features that makes remote oxidations of amides in peptide settings possible, we developed an imidate salt protecting strategy that employs methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate as a reversible alkylating agent. The imidate salt strategy enables, for the first time, remote, nondirected, site-selective C(sp3)-H oxidation with Fe(PDP) and Fe(CF3PDP) catalysis in the presence of a broad scope of tertiary amides, anilide, 2-pyridone, and carbamate functionality. Secondary and primary amides can be masked as N-Ns amides to undergo remote oxidation. This novel imidate strategy facilitates late-stage oxidations in a broader scope of medicinally important molecules and may find use in other C-H oxidations and metal-mediated reactions that do not tolerate amide functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nanjo
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Emilio C de Lucca
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - M Christina White
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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49
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Modifying electron transfer between photoredox and organocatalytic units via framework interpenetration for β-carbonyl functionalization. Nat Commun 2017; 8:361. [PMID: 28842552 PMCID: PMC5572462 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00416-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Modifying electron transfer pathways is essential to controlling the regioselectivity of heterogeneous photochemical transformations relevant to saturated carbonyls, due to fixed catalytic sites. Here we show that the interpenetration of metal-organic frameworks that contain both photoredox and asymmetric catalytic units can adjust the separations and electron transfer process between them. The enforced close proximity between two active sites via framework interpenetration accelerates the electron transfer between the oxidized photosensitizer and enamine intermediate, enabling the generation of 5πe- β-enaminyl radicals before the intermediates couple with other active species, achieving β-functionalized carbonyl products. The enriched benzoate and iminium groups in the catalysts provide a suitable Lewis-acid/base environment to stabilize the active radicals, allowing the protocol described to advance the β-functionalization of saturated cyclic ketones with aryl ketones to deliver γ-hydroxyketone motifs. The homochiral environment of the pores within the recyclable frameworks provides additional spatial constraints to enhance the regioselectivity and enantioselectivity.Metal organic frameworks are promising catalysts due to their porous structure and the possible incorporation of multiple active sites. Here, the authors show that interpenetrated metal-organic frameworks containing both a photocatalyst and an organocatalyst catalyse the β-alkylation of carbonyl compounds.
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50
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Selective Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Carbonylation of Methylene β-C−H Bonds in Aliphatic Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:11958-11962. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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