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Yang C, Wang J, Xia X, Ding L, Wen Y, Zhao T, Ke X, Gong XQ, Wu XP, Ding W, Peng L. Can Subsurface Oxygen Species in Oxides Participate in Catalytic Reactions? An 17O Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study. J Phys Chem Lett 2024:8218-8223. [PMID: 39101894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
The impacts of subsurface species of catalysts on reaction processes are still under debate, largely due to a lack of characterization methods for distinguishing these species from the surface species and the bulk. By using 17O solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, which can distinguish subsurface oxygen ions in CeO2 (111) nanorods, we explore the effects of subsurface species of oxides in CO oxidation reactions. The intensities of the 17O NMR signals due to surface and subsurface oxygen ions decrease after the introduction of CO into CeO2 nanorods, with a more significant decrease observed for the latter, confirming the participation of subsurface oxygen species. Density functional theory calculations show that the reaction involves subsurface oxygen ions filling the surface oxygen vacancies created by the direct contact of surface oxygen with CO. This new approach can be extended to the study of the role of oxygen species in other catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changju Yang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Industrial Catalysis, Centre for Computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaoli Xia
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Liping Ding
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yujie Wen
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Taotao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaokang Ke
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xue-Qing Gong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xin-Ping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Industrial Catalysis, Centre for Computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Weiping Ding
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Luming Peng
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emissions Control, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling (FSC-CEMaC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
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Tang J, Wang X, Pan H, Zhou B. A first-principles study on Ni-decorated MoS 2 for efficient formaldehyde degradation over a wide temperature range. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:12672-12680. [PMID: 38602365 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00189c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The development of a high-efficiency, low-cost, and environmentally friendly catalyst for formaldehyde degradation is crucial for addressing the issue of indoor formaldehyde pollution. Given that modern individuals spend over 90% of their time indoors, effectively tackling indoor formaldehyde pollution holds significant importance. Therefore, this paper proposes an efficient catalyst for formaldehyde degradation: surface modification of MoS2 by single-atom Ni, which can convert formaldehyde into harmless H2O and CO2. The DFT method is employed to systematically investigate the oxidative degradation pathways of formaldehyde on the surface of Ni-doped MoS2. The research focuses on two common oxidative degradation pathways in both the L-H mechanism and E-R mechanism. Our findings demonstrate that these four reaction paths occur spontaneously within the temperature range of 300-800 K with a reaction equilibrium constant greater than 105. Moreover, even under extreme temperature conditions (100 K), the reaction rate remains favorable. Furthermore, our findings indicate that the minimum activation energy is merely 0.91 eV and H2O and CO2 only need to overcome an energy barrier of 0.71 eV for desorption from the catalyst surface. This substantiates its potential application both in indoor environments and under extreme temperature conditions. This theoretical research provides innovative ideas and strategies for effectively oxidizing formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Tang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Film Electronic & Communicate Devices, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Xiaocha Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Film Electronic & Communicate Devices, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Honggang Pan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Film Electronic & Communicate Devices, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Baozeng Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Film Electronic & Communicate Devices, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
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Conversion of Alcohols on Stoichiometric and Reduced Rutile TiO2 (110): Point Defects Meet Bifunctionality in Oxide (Photo-)Chemistry. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-022-04077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
AbstractOxidic (photo-)catalysts have the potential to play an important role to efficiently implement sustainable feedstocks and green energy sources into future energy technologies. They may be used not only for solar energy harvesting, but also for hydrogen production or being essential for the fabrication of fine chemicals. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a detailed understanding of how the atomistic environment of the catalyst can be designed in order to promote distinct reaction pathways to influence the final product distribution of chemical reactions. In this perspective article, we survey the surface (photo-)chemistry of methanol on rutile TiO2 surfaces and hybrid catalysts based thereon. Especially the role of the surface bifunctionality by Lewis acidic and basic sites combined with the strong impact of point defects such as reduced titanium sites (mainly Ti3+ interstitials) shall be illuminated. It is shown how the selective activation of either O–H, C–H or C–O bonds in the methanol molecule can be used to tune not only the overall conversion, but to switch between oxidative and reductive routes in favor of either deoxygenation, partial oxidation or C–C coupling reactions. Especially the latter ones are of particular interest to introduce methanol from green sources such as biomass as a sustainable feedstock into already existing petrochemical technologies.
Graphical Abstract
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4
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Schio L, Forrer D, Casarin M, Goldoni A, Rogero C, Vittadini A, Floreano L. On surface chemical reactions of free-base and titanyl porphyrins with r-TiO 2(110): a unified picture. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:12719-12744. [PMID: 35583960 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01073a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this Perspective we present a comprehensive study of the multiple reaction products of metal-free porphyrins (2H-Ps) in contact with the rutile TiO2(110) surface. In the absence of peripheral functionalization with specific linkers, the porphyrin adsorption is driven by the coordination of the two pyrrolic nitrogen atoms of the macrocycle to two consecutive oxygen atoms of the protruding Obr rows via hydrogen bonding. This chemical interaction favours the iminic nitrogen uptake of hydrogen from near surface layers at room temperature, thus yielding a stable acidic porphyrin (4H-P). In addition, a mild annealing (∼100 °C) triggers the incorporation of a Ti atom in the porphyrin macrocycle (self-metalation). We recently demonstrated that such a low temperature reaction is driven by a Lewis base iminic attack, which lowers the energy barriers for the outdiffusion of Ti interstitial atoms (Tiint) [Kremer et al., Appl. Surf. Sci., 2021, 564, 150403]. In the monolayer (ML) range, the porphyrin adsorption site, corresponding to a TiO-TPP configuration, is extremely stable and tetraphenyl-porphyrins (TPPs) may even undergo conformational distortion (flattening) by partial cyclo-dehydrogenation, while remaining anchored to the O rows up to 450 °C [Lovat et al., Nanoscale, 2017, 9, 11694]. Here we show that, upon self-metalation, isolated molecules at low coverage may jump atop the rows of five-fold coordinated Ti atoms (Ti5f). This configuration is associated with the formation of a new coordination complex, Ti-O-Ti5f, as determined by comparison with the deposition of pristine titanyl-porphyrin (TiO-TPP) molecules. The newly established Ti-O-Ti5f anchoring configuration is found to be stable also beyond the TPP flattening reaction. The anchoring of TiO-TPP to the Ti5f rows is, however, susceptible to the cross-talk between phenyls of adjacent molecules, which ultimately drives the TiO-TPP temperature evolution in the ML range along the same pathway followed by 2H-TPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Schio
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio TASC, Basovizza S.S. 14, Km 163.5, I-34149 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Daniel Forrer
- CNR-ICMATE and INSTM, via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Casarin
- CNR-ICMATE and INSTM, via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy. .,Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Goldoni
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza SS-14, Km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Celia Rogero
- Materials Physics Center MPC, Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU) and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), E-20018 San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Luca Floreano
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio TASC, Basovizza S.S. 14, Km 163.5, I-34149 Trieste, Italy.
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Xia GJ, Lee MS, Glezakou VA, Rousseau R, Wang YG. Diffusion and Surface Segregation of Interstitial Ti Defects Induced by Electronic Metal–Support Interactions on a Au/TiO 2 Nanocatalyst. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Jie Xia
- Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Mal-Soon Lee
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | | | - Roger Rousseau
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Yang-Gang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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Cao N, Riss A, Corral-Rascon E, Meindl A, Auwärter W, Senge MO, Ebrahimi M, Barth JV. Surface-confined formation of conjugated porphyrin-based nanostructures on Ag(111). NANOSCALE 2021; 13:19884-19889. [PMID: 34842889 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06451g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrin-based oligomers were synthesized from the condensation of adsorbed 4-benzaldehyde-substituted porphyrins through the formation of CC linkages, following a McMurry-type coupling scheme. Scanning tunneling microscopy, non-contact atomic force microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data evidence both the dissociation of aldehyde groups and the formation of CC linkages. Our approach provides a path for the on-surface synthesis of porphyrin-based oligomers coupled by CC bridges - as a means to create functional conjugated nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Cao
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, Garching D-85748, Germany
| | - Alexander Riss
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, Garching D-85748, Germany
| | | | - Alina Meindl
- School of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Willi Auwärter
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, Garching D-85748, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Technical University of Munich, Focus Group - Molecular and Interfacial Engineering of Organic Nanosystems, Lichtenberg-Str. 2a, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Mathias O Senge
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Technical University of Munich, Focus Group - Molecular and Interfacial Engineering of Organic Nanosystems, Lichtenberg-Str. 2a, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Maryam Ebrahimi
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, Garching D-85748, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada, M. E. is a Tier 2 Canada Research Chair in Low-Dimensional Nanomaterials.
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, Garching D-85748, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Technical University of Munich, Focus Group - Molecular and Interfacial Engineering of Organic Nanosystems, Lichtenberg-Str. 2a, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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7
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Mohrhusen L, Al-Shamery K. Conversion of methanol on rutile TiO 2 (110) and tungsten oxide clusters: 1. population of defect-dependent thermal reaction pathways. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:12137-12147. [PMID: 34013928 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01175h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tungsten oxide clusters deposited on rutile TiO2 (110) single crystals were used as a model system for heterogenous oxide-oxide bifunctional catalysts. The population of different thermal reaction routes in methanol conversion in the presence of preadsorbed oxygen was probed under UHV conditions. By temperature programmed reaction spectroscopy, we have identified three thermal reaction channels, namely the deoxygenation under formation of methane, the partial oxidation forming formaldehyde and the condensation route under desorption of ethane and dimethyl ether. The specific local reaction environment at the oxidic surface was found to be key for the population of the different reaction channels as exhibited by the introduction of Lewis acidic and basic sites (especially (WO3)n clusters) and available charge carriers such as Ti3+. Especially the amount of bulk Ti3+ interstitials, that can partially transfer charge towards the tungsten oxide clusters at the TiO2 surface, was found to be a key parameter that enables a relatively high methanol conversion in thermal reactions. It turned out that the deoxygenation is by far the most dominant reaction followed by the partial oxidation. The condensation is observed only in low amounts under special conditions, but is an interesting example for reactivity at defect sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Mohrhusen
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Strasse 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Katharina Al-Shamery
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Strasse 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany.
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8
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Soni V, Goel V, Singh P, Garg A. Abatement of formaldehyde with photocatalytic and catalytic oxidation: a review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL REACTOR ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/ijcre-2020-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Formaldehyde is one of the vital chemicals produced by industries, transports, and domestic products. Formaldehyde emissions adversely affect human health and it is well known for causing irritation and nasal tumors. The major aim of the modern indoor formaldehyde control study is in view of energy capacity, product selectivity, security, and durability for efficient removal of formaldehyde. The two important methods to control this harmful chemical in the indoor environments are photocatalytic oxidation and catalytic oxidation with noble metals and transition metal oxides. By harmonizing different traditional photocatalytic and catalytic oxidation technologies that have been evolved already, here we give a review of previously developed efforts to degrade indoor formaldehyde. The major concern in this article is based on getting the degradation of formaldehyde at ambient temperature. In this article, different aspects of these two methods with their merits and demerits are discussed. The possible effects of operating parameters like preparation methods, support, the effect of light intensity in photocatalytic oxidation, relative humidity, etc. have been discussed comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Soni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , National Institute of Technology , Hamirpur , H.P. 177005 , India
| | - Varun Goel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , National Institute of Technology , Hamirpur , H.P. 177005 , India
| | - Paramvir Singh
- Combustion Research Laboratory , Aerospace Engineering Department , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Alok Garg
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Institute of Technology , Hamirpur , H.P. 177005 , India
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9
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Kolmer M, Steiner AK, Izydorczyk I, Ko W, Engelund M, Szymonski M, Li AP, Amsharov K. Rational synthesis of atomically precise graphene nanoribbons directly on metal oxide surfaces. Science 2020; 369:571-575. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abb8880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Atomically precise graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) attract great interest because of their highly tunable electronic, optical, and transport properties. However, on-surface synthesis of GNRs is typically based on metal surface–assisted chemical reactions, where metallic substrates strongly screen their designer electronic properties and limit further applications. Here, we present an on-surface synthesis approach to forming atomically precise GNRs directly on semiconducting metal oxide surfaces. The thermally triggered multistep transformations preprogrammed in our precursors’ design rely on highly selective and sequential activations of carbon-bromine (C-Br) and carbon-fluorine (C-F) bonds and cyclodehydrogenation. The formation of planar armchair GNRs terminated by well-defined zigzag ends is confirmed by scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, which also reveal weak interaction between GNRs and the rutile titanium dioxide substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Kolmer
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Ann-Kristin Steiner
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Strasse 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Irena Izydorczyk
- Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Wonhee Ko
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Mads Engelund
- Espeem S.A.R.L. (espeem.com), 9 rue de Haut-Fournaux, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Marek Szymonski
- Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - An-Ping Li
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Konstantin Amsharov
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Strasse 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, 06120 Halle, Germany
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10
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Li G, Wang B, Resasco DE. Water Promotion (or Inhibition) of Condensation Reactions Depends on Exposed Cerium Oxide Catalyst Facets. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gengnan Li
- Center for Interfacial Reaction Engineering, School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, 100 East Boyd Street, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Bin Wang
- Center for Interfacial Reaction Engineering, School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, 100 East Boyd Street, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Daniel E. Resasco
- Center for Interfacial Reaction Engineering, School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, 100 East Boyd Street, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
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11
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12
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Ji YY, Zheng Y, Ma XC, Cui XF, Wang B. Role of reduced defects for coupling reactions of acetaldehyde on anatase TiO2(001)-(1 × 4) surface. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp1901017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-yuan Ji
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiao-chuan Ma
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xue-feng Cui
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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13
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Mosier AM, Larson HLW, Webster ER, Ivos M, Tian F, Benz L. Low-Temperature Adsorption and Diffusion of Methanol in ZIF-8 Nanoparticle Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:2947-2954. [PMID: 26950797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b04455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of methanol by a zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) nanoparticle thin film was studied in situ using temperature-programmed desorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy under low-temperature, low-pressure conditions. Partial pore penetration was observed at 90 K, but upon increasing the exposure temperature of the film to 130 K pore penetration was significantly enhanced. Although many studies exist involving bulk powders, this is the first work to our knowledge that demonstrates the ability to control and monitor the entry of a molecule into a metal organic framework (MOF) film in situ using temperature. In this case, nanoparticle films of ZIF-8 were prepared and studied in ultrahigh vacuum. The ability to control and monitor surface adsorption versus pore adsorption in situ is key to future fundamental study of MOFs, for example, in the identification of active sites in reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber M Mosier
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of San Diego , San Diego, California 92110, United States
| | - Hanna L W Larson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of San Diego , San Diego, California 92110, United States
| | - Elizabeth R Webster
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of San Diego , San Diego, California 92110, United States
| | - Mia Ivos
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of San Diego , San Diego, California 92110, United States
| | - Fangyuan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, California State University , Long Beach, California 90840, United States
| | - Lauren Benz
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of San Diego , San Diego, California 92110, United States
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14
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Guo Q, Zhou C, Ma Z, Ren Z, Fan H, Yang X. Elementary photocatalytic chemistry on TiO2surfaces. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:3701-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00448a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we review the recent advances in the photoreactions of small molecules with model TiO2surfaces, and propose a photocatalytical model based on nonadiabatic dynamics and ground state surface reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Dalian 116023
- P. R. China
| | - Chuanyao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Dalian 116023
- P. R. China
| | - Zhibo Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Dalian 116023
- P. R. China
| | - Zefeng Ren
- International Center for Quantum Materials and School of Physics
- Peking University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter
| | - Hongjun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Dalian 116023
- P. R. China
| | - Xueming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Dalian 116023
- P. R. China
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15
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Yu JJ, Cao ZQ, Zhang Q, Yang S, Qu DH, Tian H. Photo-powered stretchable nano-containers based on well-defined vesicles formed by an overcrowded alkene switch. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:12056-12059. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc06458b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel photo-responsive nano-container was successfully constructed based on well-defined vesicles formed by an amphiphilic overcrowded alkene switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Yu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Zhan-Qi Cao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Shun Yang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Da-Hui Qu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - He Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
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16
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Arado OD, Mönig H, Franke JH, Timmer A, Held PA, Studer A, Fuchs H. On-surface reductive coupling of aldehydes on Au(111). Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:4887-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09634g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A reductive process allows to covalently couple aldehydes on a Au(111) surface. While oxygen desorbs completely during the reaction, a strongly interlinked polyphenylene vinylene derivative is formed, remaining weakly adsorbed on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Díaz Arado
- Physikalisches Institut
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech)
| | - Harry Mönig
- Physikalisches Institut
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech)
| | | | - Alexander Timmer
- Physikalisches Institut
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech)
| | - Philipp Alexander Held
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Physikalisches Institut
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech)
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17
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Clawin PM, Friend CM, Al-Shamery K. Defects in surface chemistry--reductive coupling of benzaldehyde on rutile TiO₂(110). Chemistry 2014; 20:7665-9. [PMID: 24825761 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The surface chemistry of oxygen and oxygenates on Rutile TiO2(110) is of great interest for various applications such as heterogeneous catalysis and photo catalysis. Though it is generally accepted that surface defects are active sites, the role of subsurface defects is under debate. We have therefore investigated the influence of the bulk defect density on the reductive coupling of benzaldehyde to stilbene as a model system. Using IRRAS we identify stilbene diolate as a reduction intermediate. The concentration of this intermediate is proportional to the bulk defect density, whereas adsorption of benzaldehyde at lower temperatures is not affected, which indicates a dominant role of Ti interstitials at temperatures above 400 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Clawin
- Institute for Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Strasse 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg (Germany), Fax: (+49) 441 709 2809
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18
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Jensen SC, Friend CM. The Dynamic Roles of Interstitial and Surface Defects on Oxidation and Reduction Reactions on Titania. Top Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-013-0135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Henderson MA, Lyubinetsky I. Molecular-Level Insights into Photocatalysis from Scanning Probe Microscopy Studies on TiO2(110). Chem Rev 2013; 113:4428-55. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300315m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Henderson
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999,
MS K8-87 Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Igor Lyubinetsky
- Environmental Molecular Sciences
Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MS K8-93 Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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20
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Vela J. Molecular Chemistry to the Fore: New Insights into the Fascinating World of Photoactive Colloidal Semiconductor Nanocrystals. J Phys Chem Lett 2013; 4:653-668. [PMID: 26281882 DOI: 10.1021/jz302100r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals possess unique properties that are unmatched by other chromophores such as organic dyes or transition-metal complexes. These versatile building blocks have generated much scientific interest and found applications in bioimaging, tracking, lighting, lasing, photovoltaics, photocatalysis, thermoelectrics, and spintronics. Despite these advances, important challenges remain, notably how to produce semiconductor nanostructures with predetermined architecture, how to produce metastable semiconductor nanostructures that are hard to isolate by conventional syntheses, and how to control the degree of surface loading or valence per nanocrystal. Molecular chemists are very familiar with these issues and can use their expertise to help solve these challenges. In this Perspective, we present our group's recent work on bottom-up molecular control of nanoscale composition and morphology, low-temperature photochemical routes to semiconductor heterostructures and metastable phases, solar-to-chemical energy conversion with semiconductor-based photocatalysts, and controlled surface modification of colloidal semiconductors that bypasses ligand exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Vela
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, and Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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21
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Li Z, Kay BD, Dohnálek Z. Dehydration and dehydrogenation of ethylene glycol on rutile TiO2(110). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:12180-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp50687h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjun Li
- Physical Sciences Directorate and Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA 99352, USA
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22
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Zhou W, Guo YJ, Qu DH. Photodriven Clamlike Motion in a [3]Rotaxane with Two [2]Rotaxane Arms Bridged by an Overcrowded Alkene Switch. J Org Chem 2012; 78:590-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo302426c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Jing Guo
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Da-Hui Qu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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23
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Lackinger M, Janson MS, Ho W. Localized interaction of single porphyrin molecules with oxygen vacancies on TiO2(110). J Chem Phys 2012; 137:234707. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4771904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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24
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Vohs JM. Site requirements for the adsorption and reaction of oxygenates on metal oxide surfaces. Chem Rev 2012. [PMID: 23181433 DOI: 10.1021/cr300328u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John M Vohs
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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25
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Zhang Z, Yates JT. Band bending in semiconductors: chemical and physical consequences at surfaces and interfaces. Chem Rev 2012; 112:5520-51. [PMID: 22783915 DOI: 10.1021/cr3000626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 822] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
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26
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Benz L, Park A, Corey JR, Mezher MP, Park VC. Interaction of petroleum-relevant organosulfur compounds with TiO2(110). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:10209-10216. [PMID: 22694143 DOI: 10.1021/la301811q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of two sets of structurally related molecules, thiophenol/thioanisole, and thiophene/tetrahydrothiophene, with vacuum-annealed and ion-bombarded TiO(2)(110) surfaces has been studied using a combination of temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). All thioethers studied were observed to adsorb and desorb from both surfaces without producing reaction products, while thiophenol, the only species studied containing a S-H bond, reacted with both surfaces. Approximately 25% of surface bound thiophenol decomposed over the vacuum-annealed surface. On the bombarded surface, thiophenol both decomposed into surface-bound C(x)H(y)/S fragments, and reacted to form benzene, which desorbed from the surface at 400 K. We propose that phenylthiolate formation on the bombarded surface leads to the observed production of benzene. These results highlight the importance of defects in the reactivity of titania, and lay the foundation for the study of larger, refractory sulfur compounds present in fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Benz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of San Diego, San Diego, California 92110, United States.
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27
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Bonanni S, Aït-Mansour K, Harbich W, Brune H. Effect of the TiO2 Reduction State on the Catalytic CO Oxidation on Deposited Size-Selected Pt Clusters. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:3445-50. [DOI: 10.1021/ja2098854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Bonanni
- Institute
of Condensed Matter Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL),CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kamel Aït-Mansour
- Institute
of Condensed Matter Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL),CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Harbich
- Institute
of Condensed Matter Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL),CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harald Brune
- Institute
of Condensed Matter Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL),CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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28
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Kong JH, Kim YK. Photoemission Study on the Adsorption of Ethanol on Chemically Modified TiO2(001) Surfaces. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.8.2531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Jensen SC, Haubrich J, Shank A, Friend CM. Carbonyl Coupling: Defects and O2 Make or Break the Essential Reaction Intermediate on Titanium Dioxide. Chemistry 2011; 17:8309-12. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Lira E, Wendt S, Huo P, Hansen JØ, Streber R, Porsgaard S, Wei Y, Bechstein R, Lægsgaard E, Besenbacher F. The Importance of Bulk Ti3+ Defects in the Oxygen Chemistry on Titania Surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:6529-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ja200884w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Estephania Lira
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Stefan Wendt
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Peipei Huo
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jonas Ø. Hansen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Regine Streber
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Søren Porsgaard
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Yinying Wei
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ralf Bechstein
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Erik Lægsgaard
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Flemming Besenbacher
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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31
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The Role of Surface and Subsurface Point Defects for Chemical Model Studies on TiO
2
: A First‐Principles Theoretical Study of Formaldehyde Bonding on Rutile TiO
2
(110). Chemistry 2011; 17:4496-506. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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32
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Benz L, Haubrich J, Jensen SC, Friend CM. Molecular imaging of reductive coupling reactions: interstitial-mediated coupling of benzaldehyde on reduced TiO2(110). ACS NANO 2011; 5:834-843. [PMID: 21229961 DOI: 10.1021/nn103144u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report the first visualization of a reactive intermediate formed from coupling two molecules on a surface-a diolate formed from benzaldehyde coupling on TiO(2)(110). The diolate, imaged using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), is reduced to gaseous stilbene upon heating to ∼400 K, leaving behind two oxygen atoms that react with reduced Ti interstitials that migrate to the surface, contrary to the popular expectation that strong bonds in oxygenated molecules react only with oxygen vacancies at the surface. Our work further provides both experimental and theoretical evidence that Ti interstitials drive the formation of diolate intermediates. Initially mobile monomers migrate together to form paired features, identified as diolates that bond over two adjacent five-coordiante Ti atoms on the surface. Our work is of broad importance because it demonstrates the possibility of imaging the distribution and bonding configurations of reactant species on a molecular scale, which is a critical part of understanding surface reactions and the development of surface morphology during the course of reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Benz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of San Diego, San Diego, California 92110, USA
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33
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Haubrich J, Quiller RG, Benz L, Liu Z, Friend CM. In situ ambient pressure studies of the chemistry of NO2 and water on rutile TiO2(110). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:2445-2451. [PMID: 20070108 DOI: 10.1021/la904141k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of NO(2) on the rutile TiO(2)(110) surface has been studied at room temperature in the pressure range from approximately 10(-8) torr to 200 mtorr using ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS). Atomic nitrogen, chemisorbed NO(2), and NO(3) were formed, each of which saturates at pressures below approximately 10(-6) torr NO(2). Atomic nitrogen originates from decomposition of the NO(x) species. For pressures of up to 10(-3) torr, no significant change in the NO(x) surface species occurred, suggesting that environmentally relevant conditions with typical NO(2) partial pressures in the 1-100 ppb range can be modeled by ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) studies. The chemisorbed surface species can be removed by in situ annealing in UHV: all of the NO(x) species disappear around 400 K, whereas the N 1s signal associated with atomic nitrogen diminishes around 580 K. At higher pressures of NO(2) (p(NO(2)) > or = 10(-6) torr), physisorbed NO(2) and adsorbed water, which was likely due to displacement from the chamber walls, appeared. The water coverage grew significantly above approximately 10(-3) torr. Concurrently with co-condensation of water and NO(2), the population of NO(3) species grew strongly. From this, we conclude that the presence of NO(2) and water leads to the formation of multilayers of nitric acid. In contrast, pure water exposure after saturation of the surface with 200 mtorr NO(2) did not lead to a growth of the NO(3) signals, implying that HNO(3) formation requires weakly adsorbed NO(2) species. These findings have important implications for environmental processes, since they confirm that oxides may facilitate nitric acid formation under ambient humidity conditions encountered in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Haubrich
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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