1
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Jin Y, Feng W, Zheng D, Dong Z. Interaction Mechanism between Slags and Alkali Silicate Activators: An Approach Based on the Al Phases. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7032. [PMID: 37959628 PMCID: PMC10667997 DOI: 10.3390/ma16217032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the early-stage interaction of three types of slag and six activators with different chemical compositions. To determine the degree of hydration (DOH) and hydrate assemblage in alkali-activated slag (AAS), we employed EDX, XRD, and NMR analyses. We found that with increasing silicate concentration in the activator, the DOH in the AAS varied, whereas the proportion of C-(N)-A-S-H increased and the other Al-containing phase decreased. When examining the impact of the activator on glass dissolution, it is apparent that an index based on the degree of depolymerization of the glass structure correlates with the DOH and the proportion of hydrotalcite in the AAS. Coupled with the activator's modulus, this index can be utilised to elucidate the dissolution-reprecipitation mechanism that governs the interaction between the activator and slag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin
- Institute of Technology for Marine Civil Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518172, China; (Y.J.); (W.F.)
| | - Weipeng Feng
- Institute of Technology for Marine Civil Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518172, China; (Y.J.); (W.F.)
| | - Dapeng Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Resilient Infrastructures of Coastal Cities (MOE), College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
| | - Zhijun Dong
- Institute of Technology for Marine Civil Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518172, China; (Y.J.); (W.F.)
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2
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Wang B, Li J, Zhou X, Hao W, Zhang S, Lan C, Wang X, Wang Z, Xu J, Zhang JN, Li X, Yan W. Facile activation of lithium slag for the hydrothermal synthesis of zeolite A with commercial quality and high removal efficiency for the isotope of radioactive 90Sr. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qi01492g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Zeolite A with commercial quality and high removal efficiency for Sr2+ was hydrothermally synthesized from lithium slag after mild and facile activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jing Li
- Research Institute of Jilin Petrochemical Company, PetroChina, Jilin 132001, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Wenfeng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Shaoqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Chang Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jun Xu
- National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jia-Nan Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Nuclear and Radiation Safety Center of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Wenfu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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3
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Jardón-Álvarez D, Kahn N, Houben L, Leskes M. Oxygen Vacancy Distribution in Yttrium-Doped Ceria from 89Y- 89Y Correlations via Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Solid-State NMR. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:2964-2969. [PMID: 33730494 PMCID: PMC8006133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Comprehending the oxygen vacancy distribution in oxide ion conductors requires structural insights over various length scales: from the local coordination preferences to the possible formation of agglomerates comprising a large number of vacancies. In Y-doped ceria, 89Y NMR enables differentiation of yttrium sites by quantification of the oxygen vacancies in their first coordination sphere. Because of the extremely low sensitivity of 89Y, longer-range information was so far not available from NMR. Herein, we utilize metal ion-based dynamic nuclear polarization, where polarization from Gd(III) dopants provides large sensitivity enhancements homogeneously throughout the bulk of the sample. This enables following 89Y-89Y homonuclear dipolar correlations and probing the local distribution of yttrium sites, which show no evidence of the formation of oxygen vacancy rich regions. The presented approach can provide valuable structural insights for designing oxide ion conductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jardón-Álvarez
- Department
of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Nitzan Kahn
- Department
of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Lothar Houben
- Department
of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Michal Leskes
- Department
of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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4
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Real S, Carriço A, Bogas JA, Guedes M. Influence of the Treatment Temperature on the Microstructure and Hydration Behavior of Thermoactivated Recycled Cement. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3937. [PMID: 32899578 PMCID: PMC7558280 DOI: 10.3390/ma13183937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper intends to contribute to a better knowledge of the production and rehydration of thermoactivated recycled cement and its incorporation in cement-based materials. To this end, the influence of the treatment temperature on the properties of recycled cements and recycled cement pastes was assessed by means of a wide array of tests. Anhydrous recycled cement as well as the resulting pastes were characterized through density and particle size, water demand and setting time, thermogravimetry, X-ray diffraction, field emission gun scanning electron microscopy, isothermal calorimetry, 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, flowability, mechanical strength, mercury intrusion porosimetry and scanning electron microscopy. The treatment temperature had a significant influence on the dehydration and hydration of recycled cement, essentially resulting in the formation of C2S polymorphs of varying reactivity, which led to pastes of different fresh and hardened behaviors. The high water demand and the pre-hydration of recycled cement resulted in high setting times and low compressive strengths. The highest mechanical strength was obtained for a treatment temperature of 650 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Real
- Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.C.); (J.A.B.)
| | - Ana Carriço
- Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.C.); (J.A.B.)
| | - José Alexandre Bogas
- Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.C.); (J.A.B.)
| | - Mafalda Guedes
- Center for Product Development and Technology Transfer and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Setúbal School of Technology, Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, 2910-761 Setúbal, Portugal;
- Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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5
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Kunhi Mohamed A, Moutzouri P, Berruyer P, Walder BJ, Siramanont J, Harris M, Negroni M, Galmarini SC, Parker SC, Scrivener KL, Emsley L, Bowen P. The Atomic-Level Structure of Cementitious Calcium Aluminate Silicate Hydrate. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:11060-11071. [PMID: 32406680 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite use of blended cements containing significant amounts of aluminum for over 30 years, the structural nature of aluminum in the main hydration product, calcium aluminate silicate hydrate (C-A-S-H), remains elusive. Using first-principles calculations, we predict that aluminum is incorporated into the bridging sites of the linear silicate chains and that at high Ca:Si and H2O ratios, the stable coordination number of aluminum is six. Specifically, we predict that silicate-bridging [AlO2(OH)4]5- complexes are favored, stabilized by hydroxyl ligands and charge balancing calcium ions in the interlayer space. This structure is then confirmed experimentally by one- and two-dimensional dynamic nuclear polarization enhanced 27Al and 29Si solid-state NMR experiments. We notably assign a narrow 27Al NMR signal at 5 ppm to the silicate-bridging [AlO2(OH)4]5- sites and show that this signal correlates to 29Si NMR signals from silicates in C-A-S-H, conflicting with its conventional assignment to a "third aluminate hydrate" (TAH) phase. We therefore conclude that TAH does not exist. This resolves a long-standing dilemma about the location and nature of the six-fold-coordinated aluminum observed by 27Al NMR in C-A-S-H samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslam Kunhi Mohamed
- Laboratory of Construction Materials, Institut des Matériaux, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute for Building Materials, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pinelopi Moutzouri
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierrick Berruyer
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Brennan J Walder
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jirawan Siramanont
- Laboratory of Construction Materials, Institut des Matériaux, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,SCG CEMENT Co., Ltd., Saraburi 18260, Thailand
| | - Maya Harris
- Laboratory of Construction Materials, Institut des Matériaux, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mattia Negroni
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sandra C Galmarini
- Building Energy Materials and Components, EMPA, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Stephen C Parker
- Computational Solid State Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Karen L Scrivener
- Laboratory of Construction Materials, Institut des Matériaux, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Bowen
- Laboratory of Construction Materials, Institut des Matériaux, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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6
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Engel EA, Anelli A, Hofstetter A, Paruzzo F, Emsley L, Ceriotti M. A Bayesian approach to NMR crystal structure determination. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:23385-23400. [PMID: 31631196 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04489b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is particularly well suited to determine the structure of molecules and materials in powdered form. Structure determination usually proceeds by finding the best match between experimentally observed NMR chemical shifts and those of candidate structures. Chemical shifts for the candidate configurations have traditionally been computed by electronic-structure methods, and more recently predicted by machine learning. However, the reliability of the determination depends on the errors in the predicted shifts. Here we propose a Bayesian framework for determining the confidence in the identification of the experimental crystal structure, based on knowledge of the typical errors in the electronic structure methods. We demonstrate the approach on the determination of the structures of six organic molecular crystals. We critically assess the reliability of the structure determinations, facilitated by the introduction of a visualization of the similarity between candidate configurations in terms of their chemical shifts and their structures. We also show that the commonly used values for the errors in calculated 13C shifts are underestimated, and that more accurate, self-consistently determined uncertainties make it possible to use 13C shifts to improve the accuracy of structure determinations. Finally, we extend the recently-developed ShiftML model to render it more efficient, accurate, and, most importantly, to evaluate the uncertainties in its predictions. By quantifying the confidence in structure determinations based on ShiftML predictions we further substantiate that it provides a valid replacement for first-principles calculations in NMR crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar A Engel
- Laboratory of Computational Science and Modeling, Institut des Matériaux, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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7
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Hughes CE, Walkley B, Gardner LJ, Walling SA, Bernal SA, Iuga D, Provis JL, Harris KDM. Exploiting in-situ solid-state NMR spectroscopy to probe the early stages of hydration of calcium aluminate cement. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2019. [PMID: 30772677 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtadv.2019.100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We report a high-field in-situ solid-state NMR study of the hydration of CaAl2O4 (the most important hydraulic phase in calcium aluminate cement), based on time-resolved measurements of solid-state 27Al NMR spectra during the early stages of the reaction. A variant of the CLASSIC NMR methodology, involving alternate recording of direct-excitation and MQMAS 27Al NMR spectra, was used to monitor the 27Al species present in both the solid and liquid phases as a function of time. Our results provide quantitative information on the changes in the relative amounts of 27Al sites with tetrahedral coordination (the anhydrous reactant phase) and octahedral coordination (the hydrated product phases) as a function of time, and reveal significantly different kinetic and mechanistic behaviour of the hydration reaction at the different temperatures (20 °C and 60 °C) studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colan E Hughes
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, Wales, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Brant Walkley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Laura J Gardner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Samuel A Walling
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Susan A Bernal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK; School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Dinu Iuga
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - John L Provis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Kenneth D M Harris
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, Wales, CF10 3AT, UK.
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8
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Hou D, Hu C, Li Z. Molecular Simulation of the Ions Ultraconfined in the Nanometer-Channel of Calcium Silicate Hydrate: Hydration Mechanism, Dynamic Properties, and Influence on the Cohesive Strength. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:1881-1896. [PMID: 28151682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reactive force field molecular dynamics was utilized to investigate the structure, dynamics, and mechanical nature of different cations solvated in the nanometer-channel of highly disordered calcium silicate hydrate. The local structures of different cations bonded with hydroxyl groups are characterized by the long spatial correlation, bond angel distribution preference, and featured coordinated number, resembling those of the tetra-/penta-/octahedron for cation-oxygen structure in the defective region of the silicate glass. Al atoms in the interlayer region play a role in bridging the defective silicate chains and enhance the connectivity of the silicate skeleton. Dynamically, the mobility of ultraconfined water molecules and cations is significantly influenced by the ionic chemistry: the residence time for water molecules in the hydration shell of Al and Mg ions is longer than that in the environment of Na and Ca ions. Furthermore, uniaxial tension simulation provides insight that while both the stiffness and cohesive strength of the C-S-H gels are significantly improved due to the silicate-aluminate branch structure formation, sodium ions with unstable Na-O connection weaken the loading resistance of the C-S-H gels. During the tensile process, the hydrolytic reaction is also affected by the cationic type: water molecules coordinated with Al and Mg cations at high stress state are likely to decompose, but those aggregated with sodium ions are hard to be stretched broken due to the low failure stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongshuai Hou
- Department of Civil Engineering, Qingdao Technological University , Qingdao, China 266000
| | - Chuanlin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan, China 430000
| | - Zongjin Li
- The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China 999077
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9
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Moran RF, Dawson DM, Ashbrook SE. Exploiting NMR spectroscopy for the study of disorder in solids. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2017.1256604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert F. Moran
- School of Chemistry, EaStCHEM and St Andrews Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Daniel M. Dawson
- School of Chemistry, EaStCHEM and St Andrews Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Sharon E. Ashbrook
- School of Chemistry, EaStCHEM and St Andrews Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
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10
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Giraudo N, Bergdolt S, Wohlgemuth J, Welle A, Schuhmann R, Königer F, Thissen P. Calcium Silicate Phases Explained by High-Temperature-Resistant Phosphate Probe Molecules. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:13577-13584. [PMID: 27973852 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, high-temperature-resistant phosphate molecules are applied to characterize ultrathin (100 nm) calcium silicate (C-S) phases. These C-S phases are synthesized on silicon wafers, and the interaction of phosphates with the C-S phases is studied by means of in situ transmission Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. At room temperature, the chemistry of the system is dominated by the formation of calcium phosphates (C-P). In the case of temperature rising to 1000 °C, the C-S phases are regenerated. FTIR results are analyzed on the basis of first-principles calculations and further supported by complementary time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) experiments. This study provides a detailed and self-consistent picture of the chemical and structural properties of interfaces such as the one between the atmosphere and ultrathin C-S phases (gas/C-S) and the one between them and silicon wafers (C-S/Si bulk). The material combination of ultrathin C-S phases grown on silicon wafers might in the future have great potential in selective chemistry, catalysis, and sensing technology as well as in semiconductor manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Giraudo
- Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IFG), ‡Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), and §Competence Center for Material Moisture, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Samuel Bergdolt
- Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IFG), ‡Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), and §Competence Center for Material Moisture, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jonas Wohlgemuth
- Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IFG), ‡Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), and §Competence Center for Material Moisture, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Alexander Welle
- Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IFG), ‡Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), and §Competence Center for Material Moisture, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Rainer Schuhmann
- Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IFG), ‡Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), and §Competence Center for Material Moisture, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Franz Königer
- Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IFG), ‡Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), and §Competence Center for Material Moisture, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Peter Thissen
- Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IFG), ‡Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), and §Competence Center for Material Moisture, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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11
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Brückner SI, Donets S, Dianat A, Bobeth M, Gutiérrez R, Cuniberti G, Brunner E. Probing Silica-Biomolecule Interactions by Solid-State NMR and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:11698-11705. [PMID: 27759396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular interactions between inorganic phases such as silica and organic material is fundamental for chromatographic applications, for tailoring silica-enzyme interactions, and for elucidating the mechanisms of biomineralization. The formation, structure, and properties of the organic/inorganic interface is crucial in this context. Here, we investigate the interaction of selectively 13C-labeled choline with 29Si-labeled monosilicic acid/silica at the molecular level. Silica/choline nanocomposites were analyzed by solid-state NMR spectroscopy in combination with extended molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to understand the silica/organic interface. Cross-polarization magic angle spinning (CP MAS)-based NMR experiments like 1H-13C CP-REDOR (rotational-echo double resonance), 1H-13C HETCOR (heteronuclear correlation), and 1H-29Si-1H double CP are employed to determine spatial parameters. The measurement of 29Si-13C internuclear distances for selectively 13C-labeled choline provides an experimental parameter that allows the direct verification of MD simulations. Atomistic modeling using classical MD methodologies is performed using the INTERFACE force field. The modeling results are in excellent agreement with the experimental data and reveal the relevant molecular conformations as well as the nature and interplay of the interactions between the choline cation and the silica surface. Electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding are both important and depend strongly on the hydration level as well as the charge state of the silica surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Ingmar Brückner
- Chair for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sergii Donets
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, TU Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Arezoo Dianat
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, TU Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Manfred Bobeth
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, TU Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Rafael Gutiérrez
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, TU Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, TU Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science (DCMS), TU Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, TU Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Eike Brunner
- Chair for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
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12
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Pustovgar E, Sangodkar RP, Andreev AS, Palacios M, Chmelka BF, Flatt RJ, d'Espinose de Lacaillerie JB. Understanding silicate hydration from quantitative analyses of hydrating tricalcium silicates. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10952. [PMID: 27009966 PMCID: PMC4820784 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicate hydration is prevalent in natural and technological processes, such as, mineral weathering, glass alteration, zeolite syntheses and cement hydration. Tricalcium silicate (Ca3SiO5), the main constituent of Portland cement, is amongst the most reactive silicates in water. Despite its widespread industrial use, the reaction of Ca3SiO5 with water to form calcium-silicate-hydrates (C-S-H) still hosts many open questions. Here, we show that solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance measurements of (29)Si-enriched triclinic Ca3SiO5 enable the quantitative monitoring of the hydration process in terms of transient local molecular composition, extent of silicate hydration and polymerization. This provides insights on the relative influence of surface hydroxylation and hydrate precipitation on the hydration rate. When the rate drops, the amount of hydroxylated Ca3SiO5 decreases, thus demonstrating the partial passivation of the surface during the deceleration stage. Moreover, the relative quantities of monomers, dimers, pentamers and octamers in the C-S-H structure are measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta Pustovgar
- Institute for Building Materials, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Rahul P Sangodkar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Andrey S Andreev
- Soft Matter Science and Engineering Laboratory, UMR CNRS 7615, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris 75005, France
| | - Marta Palacios
- Institute for Building Materials, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Bradley F Chmelka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Robert J Flatt
- Institute for Building Materials, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Baptiste d'Espinose de Lacaillerie
- Institute for Building Materials, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich 8093, Switzerland.,Soft Matter Science and Engineering Laboratory, UMR CNRS 7615, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris 75005, France
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13
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Tonelli M, Martini F, Calucci L, Fratini E, Geppi M, Ridi F, Borsacchi S, Baglioni P. Structural characterization of magnesium silicate hydrate: towards the design of eco-sustainable cements. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:3294-304. [PMID: 26781557 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt03545g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium-based cement is one of the most interesting eco-sustainable alternatives to standard cementitious binders. The reasons for the interest towards this material are twofold: (i) its production process, using magnesium silicates, brine or seawater, dramatically reduces CO2 emissions with respect to Portland cement production, and (ii) it is very well suited to applications in radioactive waste encapsulation. In spite of its potential, assessment of the structural properties of its binder phase (magnesium silicate hydrate or M-S-H) is far from complete, especially because of its amorphous character. In this work, a comprehensive structural characterization of M-S-H was obtained using a multi-technique approach, including a detailed solid-state NMR investigation and, in particular, for the first time, quantitative (29)Si solid-state NMR data. M-S-H was prepared through room-temperature hydration of highly reactive MgO and silica fume and was monitored for 28 days. The results clearly evidenced the presence in M-S-H of "chrysotile-like" and "talc-like" sub-nanometric domains, which are approximately in a 1 : 1 molar ratio after long-time hydration. Both these kinds of domains have a high degree of condensation, corresponding to the presence of a small amount of silanols in the tetrahedral sheets. The decisive improvement obtained in the knowledge of M-S-H structure paves the way for tailoring the macroscopic properties of eco-sustainable cements by means of a bottom-up approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tonelli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" & CSGI, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Florence, Italy.
| | - F Martini
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - CNR U.O.S. di Pisa, Pisa 56124, Italy.
| | - L Calucci
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - CNR U.O.S. di Pisa, Pisa 56124, Italy.
| | - E Fratini
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" & CSGI, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Florence, Italy.
| | - M Geppi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - F Ridi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" & CSGI, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Florence, Italy.
| | - S Borsacchi
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - CNR U.O.S. di Pisa, Pisa 56124, Italy.
| | - P Baglioni
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" & CSGI, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Florence, Italy.
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14
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Sangodkar RP, Smith BJ, Gajan D, Rossini AJ, Roberts LR, Funkhouser GP, Lesage A, Emsley L, Chmelka BF. Influences of Dilute Organic Adsorbates on the Hydration of Low-Surface-Area Silicates. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:8096-112. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul P. Sangodkar
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Benjamin J. Smith
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - David Gajan
- Centre
de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Institut de Sciences Analytiques
(CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1), Université de Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Aaron J. Rossini
- Centre
de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Institut de Sciences Analytiques
(CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1), Université de Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lawrence R. Roberts
- Roberts Consulting Group, 44
Windsor Avenue, Acton, Massachusetts 01720, United States
| | - Gary P. Funkhouser
- Halliburton, 3000 North
Sam Houston Parkway East, Houston, Texas 77032, United States
| | - Anne Lesage
- Centre
de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Institut de Sciences Analytiques
(CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1), Université de Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Centre
de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Institut de Sciences Analytiques
(CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1), Université de Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Institut
des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bradley F. Chmelka
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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15
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Hou D, Li Z, Zhao T. Reactive force field simulation on polymerization and hydrolytic reactions in calcium aluminate silicate hydrate (C–A–S–H) gel: structure, dynamics and mechanical properties. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10645h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tensile strength and mean chain length evolution with Al/Ca ratio. Yellow-red chains represent the silicate species and purple-red chains are the aluminate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongshuai Hou
- Qingdao Technological University
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Engineering Construction and Safety in Shandong Blue Economic Zone
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Zongjin Li
- Qingdao Technological University
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Engineering Construction and Safety in Shandong Blue Economic Zone
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Tiejun Zhao
- Qingdao Technological University
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Engineering Construction and Safety in Shandong Blue Economic Zone
- Qingdao
- China
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16
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Sáez del Bosque IF, Martínez-Ramírez S, Blanco-Varela M. Combined Effect of Amorphous Nanosilica and Temperature on White Portland Cement Hydration. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie401318j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel F. Sáez del Bosque
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Construcción Eduardo Torroja (IETcc-CSIC), c/Serrano Galvache 4, Madrid 28033, Spain
| | - Sagrario Martínez-Ramírez
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Construcción Eduardo Torroja (IETcc-CSIC), c/Serrano Galvache 4, Madrid 28033, Spain
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (IEM-CSIC), c/Serrano 123, Madrid 28006,
Spain
| | - MaríaTeresa Blanco-Varela
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Construcción Eduardo Torroja (IETcc-CSIC), c/Serrano Galvache 4, Madrid 28033, Spain
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17
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Brykov AS, Vasil’ev AS, Mokeev MV. Hydration of Portland cement in the presence of high activity aluminum hydroxides. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427212120014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Ravarian R, Wei H, Rawal A, Hook J, Chrzanowski W, Dehghani F. Molecular interactions in coupled PMMA–bioglass hybrid networks. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:1835-1845. [DOI: 10.1039/c2tb00251e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Laurencin D, Smith ME. Development of (43)Ca solid state NMR spectroscopy as a probe of local structure in inorganic and molecular materials. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 68:1-40. [PMID: 23398971 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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20
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Smith BJ, Roberts LR, Funkhouser GP, Gupta V, Chmelka BF. Reactions and surface interactions of saccharides in cement slurries. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:14202-14217. [PMID: 22834946 DOI: 10.1021/la3015157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Glucose, maltodextrin, and sucrose exhibit significant differences in their alkaline reaction properties and interactions in aluminate/silicate cement slurries that result in diverse hydration behaviors of cements. Using 1D solution- and solid-state (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), the structures of these closely related saccharides are identified in aqueous cement slurry solutions and as adsorbed on inorganic oxide cement surfaces during the early stages of hydration. Solid-state 1D (29)Si and 2D (27)Al{(1)H} and (13)C{(1)H} NMR techniques, including the use of very high magnetic fields (18.8 T), allow the characterization of the hydrating silicate and aluminate surfaces, where interactions with adsorbed organic species influence hydration. These measurements establish the molecular features of the different saccharides that account for their different adsorption behaviors in hydrating cements. Specifically, sucrose is stable in alkaline cement slurries and exhibits selective adsorption at hydrating silicate surfaces but not at aluminate surfaces in cements. In contrast, glucose degrades into linear saccharinic or other carboxylic acids that adsorb relatively weakly and nonselectively on nonhydrated and hydrated cement particle surfaces. Maltodextrin exhibits intermediate reaction and sorption properties because of its oligomeric glucosidic structure that yields linear carboxylic acids and stable ring-containing degradation products that are similar to those of the glucose degradation products and sucrose, respectively. Such different reaction and adsorption behaviors provide insight into the factors responsible for the large differences in the rates at which aluminate and silicate cement species hydrate in the presence of otherwise closely related saccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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21
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Brown SP. Applications of high-resolution 1H solid-state NMR. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2012; 41:1-27. [PMID: 22177472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the large increase in applications of high-resolution (1)H magic-angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR, in particular two-dimensional heteronuclear and homonuclear (double-quantum and spin-diffusion NOESY-like exchange) experiments, in the last five years. These applications benefit from faster MAS frequencies (up to 80 kHz), higher magnetic fields (up to 1 GHz) and pulse sequence developments (e.g., homonuclear decoupling sequences applicable under moderate and fast MAS). (1)H solid-state NMR techniques are shown to provide unique structural insight for a diverse range of systems including pharmaceuticals, self-assembled supramolecular structures and silica-based inorganic-organic materials, such as microporous and mesoporous materials and heterogeneous organometallic catalysts, for which single-crystal diffraction structures cannot be obtained. The power of NMR crystallography approaches that combine experiment with first-principles calculations of NMR parameters (notably using the GIPAW approach) are demonstrated, e.g., to yield quantitative insight into hydrogen-bonding and aromatic CH-π interactions, as well as to generate trial three-dimensional packing arrangements. It is shown how temperature-dependent changes in the (1)H chemical shift, linewidth and DQ-filtered signal intensity can be analysed to determine the thermodynamics and kinetics of molecular level processes, such as the making and breaking of hydrogen bonds, with particular application to proton-conducting materials. Other applications to polymers and biopolymers, inorganic compounds and bioinorganic systems, paramagnetic compounds and proteins are presented. The potential of new technological advances such as DNP methods and new microcoil designs is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Brown
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
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22
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Origins of saccharide-dependent hydration at aluminate, silicate, and aluminosilicate surfaces. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:8949-54. [PMID: 21562207 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1104526108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugar molecules adsorbed at hydrated inorganic oxide surfaces occur ubiquitously in nature and in technologically important materials and processes, including marine biomineralization, cement hydration, corrosion inhibition, bioadhesion, and bone resorption. Among these examples, surprisingly diverse hydration behaviors are observed for oxides in the presence of saccharides with closely related compositions and structures. Glucose, sucrose, and maltodextrin, for example, exhibit significant differences in their adsorption selectivities and alkaline reaction properties on hydrating aluminate, silicate, and aluminosilicate surfaces that are shown to be due to the molecular architectures of the saccharides. Solid-state (1)H, (13)C, (29)Si, and (27)Al nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy measurements, including at very high magnetic fields (19 T), distinguish and quantify the different molecular species, their chemical transformations, and their site-specific adsorption on different aluminate and silicate moieties. Two-dimensional NMR results establish nonselective adsorption of glucose degradation products containing carboxylic acids on both hydrated silicates and aluminates. In contrast, sucrose adsorbs intact at hydrated silicate sites and selectively at anhydrous, but not hydrated, aluminate moieties. Quantitative surface force measurements establish that sucrose adsorbs strongly as multilayers on hydrated aluminosilicate surfaces. The molecular structures and physicochemical properties of the saccharides and their degradation species correlate well with their adsorption behaviors. The results explain the dramatically different effects that small amounts of different types of sugars have on the rates at which aluminate, silicate, and aluminosilicate species hydrate, with important implications for diverse materials and applications.
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23
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Lelli M, Gajan D, Lesage A, Caporini MA, Vitzthum V, Miéville P, Héroguel F, Rascón F, Roussey A, Thieuleux C, Boualleg M, Veyre L, Bodenhausen G, Coperet C, Emsley L. Fast Characterization of Functionalized Silica Materials by Silicon-29 Surface-Enhanced NMR Spectroscopy Using Dynamic Nuclear Polarization. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:2104-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja110791d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moreno Lelli
- Centre de RMN à Très
Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1), 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - David Gajan
- Institut de Chimie de Lyon,
C2P2, UMR 5265, Université de Lyon (CNRS−Université Lyon 1−ESCPE Lyon), ESCPE
Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Department of Chemistry, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich,
Switzerland
| | - Anne Lesage
- Centre de RMN à Très
Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1), 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marc A. Caporini
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Veronika Vitzthum
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Miéville
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florent Héroguel
- Institut de Chimie de Lyon,
C2P2, UMR 5265, Université de Lyon (CNRS−Université Lyon 1−ESCPE Lyon), ESCPE
Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Department of Chemistry, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich,
Switzerland
| | - Fernando Rascón
- Institut de Chimie de Lyon,
C2P2, UMR 5265, Université de Lyon (CNRS−Université Lyon 1−ESCPE Lyon), ESCPE
Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Department of Chemistry, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich,
Switzerland
| | - Arthur Roussey
- Institut de Chimie de Lyon,
C2P2, UMR 5265, Université de Lyon (CNRS−Université Lyon 1−ESCPE Lyon), ESCPE
Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Chloé Thieuleux
- Institut de Chimie de Lyon,
C2P2, UMR 5265, Université de Lyon (CNRS−Université Lyon 1−ESCPE Lyon), ESCPE
Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Malika Boualleg
- Institut de Chimie de Lyon,
C2P2, UMR 5265, Université de Lyon (CNRS−Université Lyon 1−ESCPE Lyon), ESCPE
Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laurent Veyre
- Institut de Chimie de Lyon,
C2P2, UMR 5265, Université de Lyon (CNRS−Université Lyon 1−ESCPE Lyon), ESCPE
Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Geoffrey Bodenhausen
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Département
de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
- CNRS, UMR 7203, and Université de Pierre-et-Marie Curie, 75005 Paris,
France
| | - Christophe Coperet
- Institut de Chimie de Lyon,
C2P2, UMR 5265, Université de Lyon (CNRS−Université Lyon 1−ESCPE Lyon), ESCPE
Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Department of Chemistry, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich,
Switzerland
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Centre de RMN à Très
Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1), 69100 Villeurbanne, France
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