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Sun C, Wang Z, Yang Y, Wang M, Jing X, Li G, Yan J, Zhao L, Nie L, Wang Y, Zhong Y, Liu Y. Characteristics, secondary transformation and odor activity evaluation of VOCs emitted from municipal solid waste incineration power plant. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 326:116703. [PMID: 36399882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from municipal solid waste incineration power plant (MSWIPP) plays a significant role in the formation of O3 and PM2.5 and odor pollution. Field test was performed on four MSWIPPs in an area of the North China Plain. Nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and 102 VOCs were identified and quantified. Ozone formation potential (OFP), secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP), and odor activity of the detected VOCs were evaluated. Results showed that the average concentration of NMHCs and VOCs were 1648.6 ± 1290.4 μg/m3 and 635.3 ± 588.8 μg/m3, respectively. Aromatics (62.1%), O-VOCs (16.0%), and halo hydrocarbons (10.0%) were the main VOCs groups in the MSWIPP exhaust gas. VOCs emission factor of MSWIPP was 2.43 × 103 ± 2.27 × 103 ng/g-waste. The OFP and SOAFP of MSWIPP were 960.18 ± 2158.17 μg/m3 and 1.57 ± 3.38 μg/m3, respectively. Acrolein as the dominant VOC species was the major odor contributor with a percentage of odor contribution of 65.9%. Benzene and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene as the dominant VOC species were the main contributors of O3 formation potentials, in which 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene was also the main contributors of SOA formation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyi Sun
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control and Application, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, PR China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control and Application, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, PR China.
| | - Yong Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control and Application, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, PR China
| | - Minyan Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control and Application, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, PR China
| | - Xianglong Jing
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control and Application, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, PR China
| | - Guoao Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control and Application, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, PR China
| | - Jing Yan
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control and Application, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, PR China
| | - Liyun Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control and Application, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, PR China
| | - Lei Nie
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control and Application, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, PR China
| | - Yiqi Wang
- Department of Environment Systems, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha 5-1-5, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8563, Japan
| | - Yuxi Zhong
- School of Materials Science&Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Galimova GR, Mebel AM, Goettl SJ, Yang Z, Kaiser RI. A crossed molecular beams and computational study on the unusual reactivity of banana bonds of cyclopropane (c-C 3H 6; ) through insertion by ground state carbon atoms (C( 3P j)). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:22453-22463. [PMID: 36102937 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03293g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism and chemical dynamics of the reaction of ground electronic state atomic carbon C(3Pj) with cyclopropane c-C3H6 have been explored by combining crossed molecular beams experiments with electronic structure calculations of the pertinent triplet C4H6 potential energy surface and statistical computations of product branching ratios under single-collision conditions. The experimental findings suggest that the reaction proceeds via indirect scattering dynamics through triplet C4H6 reaction intermediate(s) leading to C4H5 product(s) plus atomic hydrogen via a tight exit transition state, with the overall reaction exoergicity evaluated as 231 ± 52 kJ mol-1. The calculations indicate that C(3Pj) can easily insert into one of the three equivalent C-C 'banana' bonds of cyclopropane overcoming a low barrier of only 2 kJ mol-1 following the formation of a van der Waals reactant complex stabilized by 15 kJ mol-1. The carbon atom insertion into one of the six C-H bonds is also feasible via a slightly higher barrier of 5 kJ mol-1. These results highlight an unusual reactivity of cyclopropane's banana C-C bonds, which behave more like unsaturated C-C bonds with a π-character than saturated σ C-C bonds, which are known to be generally unreactive toward the ground electronic state atomic carbon such as in ethane (C2H6). The statistical theory predicts the overall product branching ratios at the experimental collision energy as 50% for 1-butyn-4-yl, 33% for 1,3-butadien-2-yl, i-C4H5, and 11% for 1,3-butadien-1-yl, n-C4H5, with i-C4H5 (230 kJ mol-1 below the reactants) favored by the C-C insertion providing the best match with the experimentally observed reaction exoergicity. The C(3Pj) + c-C3H6 reaction is predicted to be a source of C4H5 radicals under the conditions where its low entrance barriers can be overcome, such as in planetary atmospheres or in circumstellar envelopes but not in cold molecular clouds. Both i- and n-C4H5 can further react with acetylene eventually producing the first aromatic ring and hence, the reaction of the atomic carbon with c-C3H6 can be considered as an initial step toward the formation of benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galiya R Galimova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Alexander M Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Shane J Goettl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | - Zhenghai Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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3
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Lukianova MA, Feldman VI. Radiation-induced closure of the second aromatic ring: Possible way to PAH starting from a styrene-acetylene complex. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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He C, Thomas AM, Galimova GR, Mebel AM, Kaiser RI. Gas-Phase Formation of 1-Methylcyclopropene and 3-Methylcyclopropene via the Reaction of the Methylidyne Radical (CH; X 2Π) with Propylene (CH 3CHCH 2; X 1A'). J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:10543-10555. [PMID: 31718184 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b09815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The crossed molecular beam reactions of the methylidyne radical (CH; X2Π) with propylene (CH3CHCH2; X1A') along with (partially) substituted reactants were conducted at collision energies of 19.3 kJ mol-1. Combining our experimental data with ab initio electronic structure and statistical calculations, the methylidyne radical is revealed to add barrierlessly to the carbon-carbon double bond of propylene reactant resulting in a cyclic doublet C4H7 intermediate with a lifetime longer than its rotation period. These adducts undergo a nonstatistical unimolecular decomposition via atomic hydrogen loss through tight exit transition states forming the cyclic products 1-methylcyclopropene and 3-methylcyclopropene with overall reaction exoergicities of 168 ± 25 kJ mol-1. These C4H6 isomers are predicted to exist even in low-temperature environments such as cold molecular clouds like TMC-1, since the reaction is barrierless and exoergic, all transition states are below the energy of the separated reactants, and both the methylidyne radical (CH; X2Π) and propylene reactant were detected in cold molecular clouds such as TMC-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao He
- Department of Chemistry , University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu , Hawaii 96822 , United States
| | - Aaron M Thomas
- Department of Chemistry , University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu , Hawaii 96822 , United States
| | - Galiya R Galimova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida International University , Miami , Florida 33199 , United States.,Samara National Research University , Samara 443086 , Russia
| | - Alexander M Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida International University , Miami , Florida 33199 , United States
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry , University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu , Hawaii 96822 , United States
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He C, Zhao L, Thomas AM, Morozov AN, Mebel AM, Kaiser RI. Elucidating the Chemical Dynamics of the Elementary Reactions of the 1-Propynyl Radical (CH3CC; X2A1) with Methylacetylene (H3CCCH; X1A1) and Allene (H2CCCH2; X1A1). J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:5446-5462. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b03746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Long Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Aaron M. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Alexander N. Morozov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Alexander M. Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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Abplanalp MJ, Góbi S, Kaiser RI. On the formation and the isomer specific detection of methylacetylene (CH 3CCH), propene (CH 3CHCH 2), cyclopropane (c-C 3H 6), vinylacetylene (CH 2CHCCH), and 1,3-butadiene (CH 2CHCHCH 2) from interstellar methane ice analogues. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:5378-5393. [PMID: 30221272 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03921f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pure methane (CH4) ices processed by energetic electrons under ultra-high vacuum conditions to simulate secondary electrons formed via galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) penetrating interstellar ice mantles have been shown to produce an array of complex hydrocarbons with the general formulae: CnH2n+2 (n = 4-8), CnH2n (n = 3-9), CnH2n-2 (n = 3-9), CnH2n-4 (n = 4-9), and CnH2n-6 (n = 6-7). By monitoring the in situ chemical evolution of the ice combined with temperature programmed desorption (TPD) studies and tunable single photon ionization coupled to a reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer, specific isomers of C3H4, C3H6, C4H4, and C4H6 were probed. These experiments confirmed the synthesis of methylacetylene (CH3CCH), propene (CH3CHCH2), cyclopropane (c-C3H6), vinylacetylene (CH2CHCCH), 1-butyne (HCCC2H5), 2-butyne (CH3CCCH3), 1,2-butadiene (H2CCCH(CH3)), and 1,3-butadiene (CH2CHCHCH2) with yields of 2.17 ± 0.95 × 10-4, 3.7 ± 1.5 × 10-3, 1.23 ± 0.77 × 10-4, 1.28 ± 0.65 × 10-4, 4.01 ± 1.98 × 10-5, 1.97 ± 0.98 × 10-4, 1.90 ± 0.84 × 10-5, and 1.41 ± 0.72 × 10-4 molecules eV-1, respectively. Mechanistic studies exploring the formation routes of methylacetylene, propene, and vinylacetylene were also conducted, and revealed the additional formation of the 1,2,3-butatriene isomer. Several of the above isomers, methylacetylene, propene, vinylacetylene, and 1,3-butadiene, have repeatedly been shown to be important precursors in the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), but until now their interstellar synthesis has remained elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Abplanalp
- W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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Thomas AM, Lucas M, Zhao L, Liddiard J, Kaiser RI, Mebel AM. A combined crossed molecular beams and computational study on the formation of distinct resonantly stabilized C 5H 3 radicals via chemically activated C 5H 4 and C 6H 6 intermediates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018. [PMID: 29537029 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp00357b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The crossed molecular beams technique was utilized to explore the formation of three isomers of resonantly stabilized (C5H3) radicals along with their d2-substituted counterparts via the bimolecular reactions of singlet/triplet dicarbon [C2(X1Σ+g/a3Πu)] with methylacetylene [CH3CCH(X1A1)], d3-methylacetylene [CD3CCH(X1A1)], and 1-butyne [C2H5CCH(X1A')] at collision energies up to 26 kJ mol-1via chemically activated singlet/triplet C5H4/C5D3H and C6H6 intermediates. These studies exploit a newly developed supersonic dicarbon [C2(X1Σ+g/a3Πu)] beam generated via photolysis of tetrachloroethylene [C2Cl4(X1Ag)] by excluding interference from carbon atoms, which represent the dominating (interfering) species in ablation-based dicarbon sources. We evaluated the performance of the dicarbon [C2(X1Σ+g/a3Πu)] beam in reactions with methylacetylene [CH3CCH(X1A1)] and d3-methylacetylene [CD3CCH(X1A1)]; the investigations demonstrate that the reaction dynamics match previous studies in our laboratory utilizing ablation-based dicarbon sources involving the synthesis of 1,4-pentadiynyl-3 [HCCCHCCH(X2B1)] and 2,4-pentadiynyl-1 [H2CCCCCH(X2B1)] radicals via hydrogen (deuterium) atom elimination. Considering the C2(X1Σ+g/a3Πu)-1-butyne [C2H5CCH(X1A')] reaction, the hitherto elusive methyl-loss pathway was detected. This channel forms the previously unknown resonantly stabilized penta-1-yn-3,4-dienyl-1 [H2CCCHCC(X2A)] radical along with the methyl radical [CH3(X2A2'')] and is open exclusively on the triplet surface with an overall reaction energy of -86 ± 10 kJ mol-1. The preferred reaction pathways proceed first by barrierless addition of triplet dicarbon to the π-electronic system of 1-butyne, either to both acetylenic carbon atoms or to the sterically more accessible carbon atom, to form the methyl-bearing triplet C6H6 intermediates [i41b] and [i81b], respectively, with the latter decomposing via a tight exit transition state to penta-1-yn-3,4-dienyl-1 [(H2CCCHCC(X2A)] plus the methyl radical [CH3(X2A2'')]. The successful unraveling of this methyl-loss channel - through collaborative experimental and computational efforts - underscores the viability of the photolytically generated dicarbon beam as an unprecedented tool to access reaction dynamics underlying the formation of resonantly stabilized free radicals (RSFR) that are vital to molecular mass growth processes that ultimately lead to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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8
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Abplanalp MJ, Jones BM, Kaiser RI. Untangling the methane chemistry in interstellar and solar system ices toward ionizing radiation: a combined infrared and reflectron time-of-flight analysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:5435-5468. [PMID: 28972622 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05882a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pure methane (CH4/CD4) ices were exposed to three ionizing radiation sources at 5.5 K under ultrahigh vacuum conditions to compare the complex hydrocarbon spectrum produced across several interstellar environments. These irradiation sources consisted of energetic electrons to simulate secondary electrons formed in the track of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), Lyman α (10.2 eV; 121.6 nm) photons simulated the internal VUV field in a dense cloud, and broadband (112.7-169.8 nm; 11.0-7.3 eV) photons which mimic the interstellar ultra-violet field. The in situ chemical evolution of the ices was monitored via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and during heating via mass spectrometry utilizing a quadrupole mass spectrometer with an electron impact ionization source (EI-QMS) and a reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer with a photoionization source (PI-ReTOF-MS). The FTIR analysis detected six small hydrocarbon products from the three different irradiation sources: propane [C3H8(C3D8)], ethane [C2H6(C2D6)], the ethyl radical [C2H5(C2D5)], ethylene [C2H4(C2D4)], acetylene [C2H2(C2D2)], and the methyl radical [CH3(CD3)]. The sensitive PI-ReTOF-MS analysis identified a complex array of products with different products being detected between experiments with general formulae: CnH2n+2 (n = 4-8), CnH2n (n = 3-9), CnH2n-2 (n = 3-9), CnH2n-4 (n = 4-9), and CnH2n-6 (n = 6-7) from electron irradiation and CnH2n+2 (n = 4-8), CnH2n (n = 3-10), CnH2n-2 (n = 3-11), CnH2n-4 (n = 4-11), CnH2n-6 (n = 5-11), and CnH2n-8 (n = 6-11) from broadband photolysis and Lyman α photolysis. These experiments show that even the simplest hydrocarbon can produce important complex hydrocarbons such as C3H4 and C4H6 isomers. Distinct isomers from these groups have been shown to be important reactants in the synthesis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons like indene (C9H8) and naphthalene (C10H8) under interstellar conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Abplanalp
- W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, HI 96822, USA.
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9
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Parker DSN, Kaiser RI. On the formation of nitrogen-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) in circumstellar and interstellar environments. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:452-463. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00714g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The chemical evolution of extraterrestrial environments leads to the formation of nitrogen substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) via gas phase radical mediated aromatization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Hawai’i at Manoa
- Honolulu
- USA
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10
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Ince A, Carstensen H, Sabbe M, Reyniers M, Marin GB. Group additive modeling of substituent effects in monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon radicals. AIChE J 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.15588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alper Ince
- Laboratory for Chemical TechnologyGhent University, Technologypark 914GhentB‐9052 Belgium
| | | | - Maarten Sabbe
- Laboratory for Chemical TechnologyGhent University, Technologypark 914GhentB‐9052 Belgium
| | | | - Guy B. Marin
- Laboratory for Chemical TechnologyGhent University, Technologypark 914GhentB‐9052 Belgium
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Yang T, Dangi BB, Kaiser RI, Bertels LW, Head-Gordon M. A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study on the Formation of the 2-Methyl-1-silacycloprop-2-enylidene Molecule via the Crossed Beam Reactions of the Silylidyne Radical (SiH; X(2)Π) with Methylacetylene (CH3CCH; X(1)A1) and D4-Methylacetylene (CD3CCD; X(1)A1). J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:4872-83. [PMID: 26837568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The bimolecular gas-phase reactions of the ground-state silylidyne radical (SiH; X(2)Π) with methylacetylene (CH3CCH; X(1)A1) and D4-methylacetylene (CD3CCD; X(1)A1) were explored at collision energies of 30 kJ mol(-1) under single-collision conditions exploiting the crossed molecular beam technique and complemented by electronic structure calculations. These studies reveal that the reactions follow indirect scattering dynamics, have no entrance barriers, and are initiated by the addition of the silylidyne radical to the carbon-carbon triple bond of the methylacetylene molecule either to one carbon atom (C1; [i1]/[i2]) or to both carbon atoms concurrently (C1-C2; [i3]). The collision complexes [i1]/[i2] eventually isomerize via ring-closure to the c-SiC3H5 doublet radical intermediate [i3], which is identified as the decomposing reaction intermediate. The hydrogen atom is emitted almost perpendicularly to the rotational plane of the fragmenting complex resulting in a sideways scattering dynamics with the reaction being overall exoergic by -12 ± 11 kJ mol(-1) (experimental) and -1 ± 3 kJ mol(-1) (computational) to form the cyclic 2-methyl-1-silacycloprop-2-enylidene molecule (c-SiC3H4; p1). In line with computational data, experiments of silylidyne with D4-methylacetylene (CD3CCD; X(1)A1) depict that the hydrogen is emitted solely from the silylidyne moiety but not from methylacetylene. The dynamics are compared to those of the related D1-silylidyne (SiD; X(2)Π)-acetylene (HCCH; X(1)Σg(+)) reaction studied previously in our group, and from there, we discovered that the methyl group acts primarily as a spectator in the title reaction. The formation of 2-methyl-1-silacycloprop-2-enylidene under single-collision conditions via a bimolecular gas-phase reaction augments our knowledge of the hitherto poorly understood silylidyne (SiH; X(2)Π) radical reactions with small hydrocarbon molecules leading to the synthesis of organosilicon molecules in cold molecular clouds and in carbon-rich circumstellar envelopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Beni B Dangi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Luke W Bertels
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Mebel AM, Kaiser RI. Formation of resonantly stabilised free radicals via the reactions of atomic carbon, dicarbon, and tricarbon with unsaturated hydrocarbons: theory and crossed molecular beams experiments. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2015.1075280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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Tokoyama H, Yamakado H, Maeda S, Ohno K. Isomers of Benzene on Its Global Network of Reaction Pathways. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2015. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20150088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Koichi Ohno
- Institute for Quantum Chemical Exploration
- Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University
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Kaiser RI, Parker DS, Mebel AM. Reaction Dynamics in Astrochemistry: Low-Temperature Pathways to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Interstellar Medium. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2015; 66:43-67. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-040214-121502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822;
| | - Dorian S.N. Parker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822;
| | - Alexander M. Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199
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Cole-Filipiak NC, Shapero M, Negru B, Neumark DM. Revisiting the photodissociation dynamics of the phenyl radical. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:104307. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4894398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Neil C. Cole-Filipiak
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Mark Shapero
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Bogdan Negru
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Daniel M. Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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An experimental and theoretical investigation of the formation of C7H7 isomers in the bimolecular reaction of dicarbon molecules with 1,3-pentadiene. Chem Phys Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Tokoyama H, Yamakado H, Maeda S, Ohno K. Exploration of Isomers of Benzene by GRRM/SCC-DFTB. CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.140024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Koichi Ohno
- Institute for Quantum Chemical Exploration
- Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University
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18
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Dangi BB, Parker DSN, Yang T, Kaiser RI, Mebel AM. Gas-Phase Synthesis of the Benzyl Radical (C 6H 5CH 2). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201310612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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19
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Dangi BB, Parker DSN, Yang T, Kaiser RI, Mebel AM. Gas-Phase Synthesis of the Benzyl Radical (C6H5CH2). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:4608-13. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201310612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Trogolo D, Maranzana A, Ghigo G, Tonachini G. First Ring Formation by Radical Addition of Propargyl to But-1-ene-3-yne in Combustion. Theoretical Study of the C7H7 Radical System. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:427-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4082905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Trogolo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Corso Massimo
D’Azeglio 48, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Maranzana
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Corso Massimo
D’Azeglio 48, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ghigo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Corso Massimo
D’Azeglio 48, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Glauco Tonachini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Corso Massimo
D’Azeglio 48, I-10125 Torino, Italy
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21
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Parker DSN, Maity S, Dangi BB, Kaiser RI, Landera A, Mebel AM. Understanding the chemical dynamics of the reactions of dicarbon with 1-butyne, 2-butyne, and 1,2-butadiene – toward the formation of resonantly stabilized free radicals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:12150-63. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00639a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Experimental and electronic structure investigation of the reactions of dicarbon with C4H6 isomers and their isomer specific reaction routes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Surajit Maity
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Hawai'i at Manoa
- Honolulu, USA
| | - Beni B. Dangi
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Hawai'i at Manoa
- Honolulu, USA
| | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Hawai'i at Manoa
- Honolulu, USA
| | - Alexander Landera
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- Florida International University
- Miami, USA
| | - Alexander M. Mebel
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- Florida International University
- Miami, USA
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22
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Parker DDSN, Zhang DF, Kaiser DRI, Kislov DVV, Mebel DAM. Indene Formation under Single-Collision Conditions from the Reaction of Phenyl Radicals with Allene and Methylacetylene-A Crossed Molecular Beam and Ab Initio Study. Chem Asian J 2011; 6:3035-47. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201100535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Kaiser RI, Goswami M, Maksyutenko P, Zhang F, Kim YS, Landera A, Mebel AM. A Crossed Molecular Beams and Ab Initio Study on the Formation of C6H3 Radicals. An Interface between Resonantly Stabilized and Aromatic Radicals. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:10251-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp205795h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - M. Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - P. Maksyutenko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - F. Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Y. S. Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Alexander Landera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Alexander M. Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
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24
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Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and related species have been suggested to play a key role in the astrochemical evolution of the interstellar medium, but the formation mechanism of even their simplest building block--the aromatic benzene molecule--has remained elusive for decades. Here we demonstrate in crossed molecular beam experiments combined with electronic structure and statistical calculations that benzene (C(6)H(6)) can be synthesized via the barrierless, exoergic reaction of the ethynyl radical and 1,3-butadiene, C(2)H + H(2)CCHCHCH(2) → C(6)H(6) + H, under single collision conditions. This reaction portrays the simplest representative of a reaction class in which aromatic molecules with a benzene core can be formed from acyclic precursors via barrierless reactions of ethynyl radicals with substituted 1,3-butadiene molecules. Unique gas-grain astrochemical models imply that this low-temperature route controls the synthesis of the very first aromatic ring from acyclic precursors in cold molecular clouds, such as in the Taurus Molecular Cloud. Rapid, subsequent barrierless reactions of benzene with ethynyl radicals can lead to naphthalene-like structures thus effectively propagating the ethynyl-radical mediated formation of aromatic molecules in the interstellar medium.
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25
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Jones B, Zhang F, Maksyutenko P, Mebel AM, Kaiser RI. Crossed molecular beam study on the formation of phenylacetylene and its relevance to Titan's atmosphere. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:5256-62. [PMID: 20369875 DOI: 10.1021/jp912054p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The crossed molecular beam experiment of the deuterated ethynyl radical (C(2)D; X(2)Sigma(+)) with benzene [C(6)H(6)(X(1)A(1g))] and its fully deuterated analog [C(6)D(6)(X(1)A(1g))] was conducted at a collision energy of 58.1 kJ mol(-1). Our experimental data suggest the formation of the phenylacetylene-d(6) via indirect reactive scattering dynamics through a long-lived reaction intermediate; the reaction is initiated by a barrierless addition of the ethynyl-d(1) radical to benzene-d(6). This initial collision complex was found to decompose via a tight exit transition state located about 42 kJ mol(-1) above the separated products; here, the deuterium atom is ejected almost perpendicularly to the rotational plane of the decomposing intermediate and almost parallel to the total angular momentum vector. The overall experimental exoergicity of the reaction is shown to be 121 +/- 10 kJ mol(-1); this compares nicely with the computed reaction energy of -111 kJ mol(-1). Even though the experiment was conducted at a collisional energy higher than equivalent temperatures typically found in the atmosphere of Titan (94 K and higher), the reaction may proceed in Titan's atmosphere as it involves no entrance barrier, all transition states involved are below the energy of the separated reactants, and the reaction is exoergic. Further, the phenylacetylene was found to be the sole reaction product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brant Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
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26
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Kaiser RI, Maksyutenko P, Ennis C, Zhang F, Gu X, Krishtal SP, Mebel AM, Kostko O, Ahmed M. Untangling the chemical evolution of Titan's atmosphere and surface–from homogeneous to heterogeneous chemistry. Faraday Discuss 2010; 147:429-78; discussion 527-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c003599h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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