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Wester R. Fifty years of nucleophilic substitution in the gas phase. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 41:627-644. [PMID: 34060119 PMCID: PMC9291629 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution ( S N 2 ) reactions have become a model system for the investigation of structure-reactivity relationships, stereochemistry, solvent influences, and detailed atomistic dynamics. In this review, the progress during five decades of experimental and theoretical research on gas phase S N 2 reactions is discussed. Many advancements of the employed methods have led to a tremendous increase in our understanding of the properties and the dynamics of these reactions. For reactions involving six atoms a quantitative agreement of the differential reactive scattering cross sections has already been achieved, in the future it is expected that even larger polyatomic reactions systems become tractable. Furthermore, studies with higher precision, improved reactant control, and a more accurate theoretical treatment of quantum effects are envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Wester
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020 InnsbruckAustria
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2
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Brydon SC, Ren Z, da Silva G, Lim SF, Khairallah GN, Rathjen MJ, White JM, O'Hair RAJ. Experimental and DFT Studies on the Identity Exchange Reactions between Phenyl Chalcogen Iranium Ions and Alkenes. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:8200-8207. [PMID: 31512874 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b06004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The gas-phase ion-molecule identity exchange reactions of phenyl chalcogen iranium ions with alkenes have been examined experimentally in a linear ion trap mass spectrometer by isotope labeling experiments. The nature of both the alkene and the chalcogen play crucial roles, with the bimolecular rates for π-ligand exchange following the order: [PhTe(c-C6H10)]+ + c-C6D10 > [PhTe(C2D4)]+ + C2H4 > [PhSe(c-C6H10)]+ + c-C6D10, with no reaction being observed for [PhSe(C2D4)]+ + C2H4, [PhS(C2D4)]+ + C2H4, and [PhS(c-C6H10)]+ + c-C6D10. The experimental results correlate with RRKM modeling and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which also demonstrates that these reactions proceed via associative mechanisms. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis reveals a shift in the association complexes from a σ-hole interaction to ones mirroring the π-p+ and n-π* at the transition state in accordance with the rates of reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Brydon
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Zhonghua Ren
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Gabriel da Silva
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - S Fern Lim
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - George N Khairallah
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia.,Accurate Mass Scientific Pty Ltd. , P.O. Box 92, Keilor VIC 3036 , Australia
| | - Michael J Rathjen
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Jonathan M White
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Richard A J O'Hair
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia
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3
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de Paul N. Nziko V, Scheiner S. Effects of Angular Deformation on the Energetics of the S N2 Reaction. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Utah State University; 84322-0300 Logan UT USA
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Ahmadi AA, Fattahi A. Influence of a β-OH substituent on SN2 reactions of fluoroethane: Intramolecular hydrogen bonding catalysis or inhibition? A theoretical study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Otto R, Brox J, Trippel S, Stei M, Best T, Wester R. Exit Channel Dynamics in a Micro-Hydrated SN2 Reaction of the Hydroxyl Anion. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:8139-44. [DOI: 10.1021/jp401347p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Otto
- Institut für
Ionenphysik
und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - J. Brox
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße
3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - S. Trippel
- Center for Free-Electron Laser
Science, DESY, Notke-Straße 85, 22706
Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. Stei
- Institut für
Ionenphysik
und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - T. Best
- Institut für
Ionenphysik
und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - R. Wester
- Institut für
Ionenphysik
und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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7
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Badu-Tawiah AK, Campbell DI, Cooks RG. Reactions of microsolvated organic compounds at ambient surfaces: droplet velocity, charge state, and solvent effects. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:1077-84. [PMID: 22427191 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0365-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The exposure of charged microdroplets containing organic ions to solid-phase reagents at ambient surfaces results in heterogeneous ion/surface reactions. The electrosprayed droplets were driven pneumatically in ambient air and then electrically directed onto a surface coated with reagent. Using this reactive soft landing approach, acid-catalyzed Girard condensation was achieved at an ambient surface by directing droplets containing Girard T ions onto a dry keto-steroid. The charged droplet/surface reaction was much more efficient than the corresponding bulk solution-phase reaction performed on the same scale. The increase in product yield is ascribed to solvent evaporation, which causes moderate pH values in the starting droplet to reach extreme values and increases reagent concentrations. Comparisons are made with an experiment in which the droplets were pneumatically accelerated onto the ambient surface (reactive desorption electrospray ionization, DESI). The same reaction products were observed but differences in spatial distribution were seen associated with the "splash" of the high velocity DESI droplets. In a third type of experiment, the reactions of charged droplets with vapor phase reagents were examined by allowing electrosprayed droplets containing a reagent to intercept the headspace vapor of an analyte. Deposition onto a collector surface and mass analysis showed that samples in the vapor phase were captured by the electrospray droplets, and that instantaneous derivatization of the captured sample is possible in the open air. The systems examined under this condition included the derivatization of cortisone vapor with Girard T and that of 4-phenylpyridine N-oxide and 2-phenylacetophenone vapors with ethanolamine.
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Wester R, Bragg AE, Davis AV, Neumark DM. Time-resolved study of the symmetric SN2-reaction I−+CH3I. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1618220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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9
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Pagliai M, Raugei S, Cardini G, Schettino V. Intramolecular solvation effects in the SN2 reaction Cl−+Cl(CH2)nCN. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1613940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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10
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Pagliai M, Raugei S, Cardini G, Schettino V. Thermal effects on the Cl−+ClCH2CN reaction by Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1489904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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11
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Norrman K, McMahon TB. Intramolecular Solvation of Carboxylate Anions in the Gas Phase. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9908202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Norrman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - T. B. McMahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
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12
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Remenar JF, Collum DB. Chelation-Based Stabilization of the Transition Structure in a Lithium Diisopropylamide Mediated Dehydrobromination: Avoiding the “Universal Ground State” Assumption. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja970030a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julius F. Remenar
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
| | - David B. Collum
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
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Zheng YJ, Ornstein RL. Mechanism of Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of 1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene by Glutathione in the Gas Phase and in Solution. Implications for the Mode of Action of Glutathione S-Transferases. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja963177v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jun Zheng
- Contribution from the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Rick L. Ornstein
- Contribution from the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352
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