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Casella G, Carlotto S, Lanero F, Mozzon M, Sgarbossa P, Bertani R. Cyclo- and Polyphosphazenes for Biomedical Applications. Molecules 2022; 27:8117. [PMID: 36500209 PMCID: PMC9736570 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic and polyphosphazenes are extremely interesting and versatile substrates characterized by the presence of -P=N- repeating units. The chlorine atoms on the P atoms in the starting materials can be easily substituted with a variety of organic substituents, thus giving rise to a huge number of new materials for industrial applications. Their properties can be designed considering the number of repetitive units and the nature of the substituent groups, opening up to a number of peculiar properties, including the ability to give rise to supramolecular arrangements. We focused our attention on the extensive scientific literature concerning their biomedical applications: as antimicrobial agents in drug delivery, as immunoadjuvants in tissue engineering, in innovative anticancer therapies, and treatments for cardiovascular diseases. The promising perspectives for their biomedical use rise from the opportunity to combine the benefits of the inorganic backbone and the wide variety of organic side groups that can lead to the formation of nanoparticles, polymersomes, or scaffolds for cell proliferation. In this review, some aspects of the preparation of phosphazene-based systems and their characterization, together with some of the most relevant chemical strategies to obtain biomaterials, have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girolamo Casella
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 22, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Silvia Carlotto
- Department of Chemical Sciences (DiSC), University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy (ICMATE), National Research Council (CNR), c/o Department of Chemical Sciences (DiSC), University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Lanero
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Mirto Mozzon
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Sgarbossa
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Roberta Bertani
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Chen K, Demir B. A Computational Procedure for Atomistic Modelling of Polyphosphazenes towards Better Capturing Molecular-Level Structuring and Thermo-Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:1451. [PMID: 35406324 PMCID: PMC9002744 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(phosphazenes)(PZ) are versatile polymers due to their tunable properties that can be tailored for specific applications. Despite extensive experimental research, not all properties are tested, and the list of PZs studied via molecular simulations is limited. Further, a general procedure to generate and test PZ systems is lacking. We present an in situ polymerization procedure developed to make, test, and tune the thermo-mechanical properties of four PZs-poly(dichlorophosphazene)(PZ-DC), poly[bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)]phosphazene (PZ-TFE), poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy-5,6-diazidohexanoxy) phosphazene (PZ-Azido), and poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy-5,6-dinitratohexanoxy)phosphazene (PZ-Nitrato) via molecular dynamics simulations. The predicted thermo-mechanical properties (i.e., density and glass transition temperature) agreed with experimental values when a direct comparison of PZ systems was possible. This demonstrates the reproducibility and reliability of our procedure which will help understand the behaviour of PZs at the molecular scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Chen
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Baris Demir
- Centre for Defence Chemistry, Cranfield University, Defence Academy of United Kingdom, Shrivenham SN6 8LA, UK
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Molecular Science, The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Pistarà V, Lombardo GM, Rescifina A, Bacchi A, D’Andrea F, Punzo F. Experimental and in silico characterization of a biologically active inosose. Struct Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-013-0221-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Kroger JL, Fried JR. Molecular Simulations of Polyphosphazenes for Biomedical Applications. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-012-9706-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lombardo GM, Portalone G, Chiacchio U, Rescifina A, Punzo F. Potassium caffeate/caffeic acid co-crystal: the rat race between the catecholic and carboxylic moieties in an atypical co-crystal. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:14337-44. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt31092a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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From the X-rays to a reliable “low cost” computational structure of caffeic acid: DFT, MP2, HF and integrated molecular dynamics–X-ray diffraction approach to condensed phases. J Mol Struct 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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García Álvarez JL, Amato ME, Lombardo GM, Carriedo GA, Punzo F. Self-Organization by Chiral Recognition Based on ad hoc Chiral Pockets in Cyclotriphosphazenes with Binaphthoxy and Biphenoxy Substituents: An X-ray, NMR and Computational Study. Eur J Inorg Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201000586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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D'Abramo M, Caminiti R, Di Nola A, Amadei A. What can we learn by comparing experimental and theoretical-computational X-ray scattering data? J Mol Liq 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2008.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Step-by-step synthesis of multifunctionalized linear oligophosphazenes: X-ray crystal structures of compounds issued from the first steps. Polyhedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2007.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Caminiti R, Ballirano P, Carbone M. Polyethylene Structure as a Function of Temperature: An EDXD Investigation. J MACROMOL SCI B 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00222340600735106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Caminiti
- a Dip. di Chimica , Università La Sapienza , Roma, Italy
| | - P. Ballirano
- b Dip. di Scienze della Terra , Università La Sapienza , Roma, Italy
| | - M. Carbone
- c Dip. di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche , Università Tor Vergata , Roma, Italy
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Lombardo GM, Pappalardo GC, Punzo F, Costantino F, Costantino U, Sisani M. A Novel Integrated X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) and Molecular Dynamics (MD) Approach for Modelling Mixed-Metal (Zn, Al) Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs). Eur J Inorg Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200500666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Amato ME, Caminiti R, Carriedo GA, Garcia-Alonso FJ, García-Alvarez JL, Lombardo GM, Pappalardo GC. Structural features and molecular assembly of amorphous phosphazenic materials in the bulk--combined theoretical and experimental techniques: Tris-(2,2'-dioxy-1,1'-binaphthyl)cyclotriphosphazen. Chemistry 2001; 7:1486-94. [PMID: 11330903 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20010401)7:7<1486::aid-chem1486>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The structure and the assembly of tris-(2,2'-dioxy-binaphthyl)cyclotriphosphazene [(+)-[NP3(O2C20H12)3], DBNP, in the solid amorphous state was studied using molecular dynamics (MD) including ad hoc quantum mechanically derived force field (FF) parameters, in combination with the energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXD) technique. The atom-atom radial distribution function (RDF) curve obtained through the EDXD experiment revealed low intensity peaks not attributable to the intramolecular distances of the single molecule, but clearly featuring a low energy state of long-distance three-dimensional assembly. The radial distribution functions (RDF) were calculated for various models of DBNP submitted to theoretical MD simulations. Based on the comparison of theoretically calculated RDFs and those obtained from the EDXD experiment, the predominant structural motif of the material in the bulk was found to have DBNP molecules laid one upon the other to form tubular nanostructures. These contain eight DBNP units each (length ca. 46 A) with two and three of these units aligned in parallel and held together. The material can be represented as a bulk of tubular snake-like chains undergoing distortions with a step of eight DBNP units. The bending angles, that vary randomly, attain limited values sufficient to induce disorder and thus nonperiodic structure. The present application of MD simulations combined with EDXD data appear to be a general approach to solve for the first time otherwise intractable issues concerning structural features and assembly of molecular materials in the bulk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Amato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Catania, Italy.
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Yashima E, Maeda K, Yamanaka T. Helicity Induction and Conformational Dynamics of Poly(bis(4-carboxyphenoxy)phosphazene) with Optically Active Amines. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja994156e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Yashima
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Form and Function, PRESTO, JST Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Maeda
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Form and Function, PRESTO, JST Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Toshio Yamanaka
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Form and Function, PRESTO, JST Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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Tarazona M, Saiz E. A conformational model for poly(dichlorophosphazene) derived from molecular dynamics simulations. POLYMER 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(99)00515-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Alberti G, Grassi A, Lombardo GM, Pappalardo GC, Vivani R. Derivation of Force Field Parameters, and Force Field and Quantum Mechanical Studies of Layered α- and γ-Zirconium Phosphates. Inorg Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ic9903937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Alberti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Cattedra di Chimica Generale, Facoltà di Farmacia, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Grassi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Cattedra di Chimica Generale, Facoltà di Farmacia, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe M. Lombardo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Cattedra di Chimica Generale, Facoltà di Farmacia, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe C. Pappalardo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Cattedra di Chimica Generale, Facoltà di Farmacia, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Riccardo Vivani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Cattedra di Chimica Generale, Facoltà di Farmacia, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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Ballirano P, Caminiti R, Ercolani C, Maras A, Orrù MA. X-ray Powder Diffraction Structure Reinvestigation of the α and β Forms of Cobalt Phthalocyanine and Kinetics of the α → β Phase Transition. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja973815p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ballirano
- Contribution from the Dipartimento di Chimica, INFM Istituto Nazionale di Fisica della Materia, Università degli studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Ruggero Caminiti
- Contribution from the Dipartimento di Chimica, INFM Istituto Nazionale di Fisica della Materia, Università degli studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Claudio Ercolani
- Contribution from the Dipartimento di Chimica, INFM Istituto Nazionale di Fisica della Materia, Università degli studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Adriana Maras
- Contribution from the Dipartimento di Chimica, INFM Istituto Nazionale di Fisica della Materia, Università degli studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Orrù
- Contribution from the Dipartimento di Chimica, INFM Istituto Nazionale di Fisica della Materia, Università degli studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
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