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Fan J, Lemmens AK, Sanders H, Hilbers M, Roeterdink W, Jan Buma W. Urocanic acid as a novel scaffold for next-gen nature-inspired sunscreens: I. electronic laser spectroscopy under isolated conditions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024. [PMID: 39007338 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp02087a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Urocanic acid is a naturally occurring UV-A and UV-B absorbing compound found in the skin. Its use in artificial sunscreens has been abandoned because of health risks associated with the cis isomer. Here we report laser spectroscopic studies on urocanic acid and various substituted derivatives under supersonically cooled conditions. We find that the spectroscopy and excited-state dynamics of urocanic acid are dominantly determined by the nearly degenerate 1nπ* and 1ππ* electronically excited states. These properties are only affected to a minor extent by esterification of the carboxylic acid group or NH alkylation of the N3H tautomer. Tautomerization, on the other hand, has a much more profound influence and leads-from a photoprotective point of view-to more favorable excited-state dynamics. The approach presented here paves the way to tailoring the photoactive properties of urocanic acid for specific applications amongst which their use as safe UV filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayun Fan
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Alexander K Lemmens
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Sanders
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Michiel Hilbers
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Wim Roeterdink
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Wybren Jan Buma
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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2
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Kumar N, Murli C, Varma M, Poswal HK, Thomas S, Kshirsagar RJ. High pressure Raman investigation on trans-urocanic acid. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 266:120438. [PMID: 34627016 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Trans-urocanic acid (t-UCA) is an important epidermal UV protector predominantly found in human skin. Exposure of UV radiation triggers photoisomerization of t-UCA into its other conformer, cis-urocanic acid (cis-UCA), which has been shown to be a mediator of UV-induced immune-suppression leading to skin cancer. In this report, we present the investigation of molecular changes of t-UCA under high pressures by in-situ high pressure Raman spectroscopy. The study indicates onset of ring opening polymerization of t-UCA at pressure above 1.4 GPa. At pressures beyond 5 GPa, a well discernible characteristic vibrational mode (CC stretch) accompanied by several other spectral features such as δ CO2- and δ NH modes of cis-UCA point towards the isomerization of residual t-UCA monomers into cis-UCA. The content of cis-UCA gradually increased with increase in pressure. On release to ambient conditions, the spectrum of the quenched sample showed Raman modes of polymer and cis-UCA indicating that the changes are irreversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar
- Infrared Laser Spectroscopy Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 85, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 94, India.
| | - C Murli
- High Pressure & Synchrotron Radiation Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 85, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 94, India
| | - Meera Varma
- High Pressure & Synchrotron Radiation Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 85, India
| | - H K Poswal
- High Pressure & Synchrotron Radiation Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 85, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 94, India
| | - S Thomas
- High Pressure & Synchrotron Radiation Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 85, India.
| | - R J Kshirsagar
- Infrared Laser Spectroscopy Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 85, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 94, India
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Malollari KG, Delparastan P, Sobek C, Vachhani SJ, Fink TD, Zha RH, Messersmith PB. Mechanical Enhancement of Bioinspired Polydopamine Nanocoatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:43599-43607. [PMID: 31644269 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the catechol and amine-rich adhesive proteins of mussels, polydopamine (pDA) has become one of the most widely employed methods for functionalizing material surfaces, powered in part by the versatility and simplicity of pDA film deposition that takes place spontaneously on objects immersed in an alkaline aqueous solution of dopamine monomer. Despite the widespread adoption of pDA as a multifunctional coating for surface modification, it exhibits poor mechanical performance. Attempts to modify the physical properties of pDA by incorporation of oxidizing agents, cross-linkers, or carbonization of the films at ultrahigh temperatures have been reported; however, improving mechanical properties with mild post-treatments without sacrificing the functionality and versatility of pDA remains a challenge. Here, we demonstrate thermal annealing at a moderate temperature (130 °C) as a facile route to enhance mechanical robustness of pDA coatings. Chemical spectroscopy, X-ray scattering, molecular force spectroscopy, and bulk mechanical analyses indicate that monomeric and oligomeric species undergo further polymerization during thermal annealing, leading to fundamental changes in molecular and bulk mechanical behavior of pDA. Considerable improvements in scratch resistance were noted in terms of both penetration depth (32% decrease) and residual depth (74% decrease) for the annealed pDA coating, indicating the enhanced ability of the annealed coating to resist mechanical deformations. Thermal annealing resulted in significant enhancement in the intermolecular and cohesive interactions between the chains in the pDA structure, attributed to cross-linking and increased entanglements, preventing desorption and detachment of the chains from the coating. Importantly, improvements in pDA mechanical performance through thermal annealing did not compromise the ability of pDA to support secondary coating reactions as evidenced by electroless deposition of a metal film adlayer on annealed pDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina G Malollari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Peyman Delparastan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Caroline Sobek
- College of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | | | - Tanner D Fink
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
| | - R Helen Zha
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12180 , United States
| | - Phillip B Messersmith
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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4
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Tuna D, Spörkel L, Barbatti M, Thiel W. Nonadiabatic dynamics simulations of photoexcited urocanic acid. Chem Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2018.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Zhao L, Zhou PW, Zhao GJ. Non-adiabatic dynamics investigation of the radiationless decay mechanism of trans-urocanic acid in the S2 state. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:044316. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4959131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pan-Wang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Guang-Jiu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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6
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Tuna D, Sobolewski AL, Domcke W. Photochemical Mechanisms of Radiationless Deactivation Processes in Urocanic Acid. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:976-85. [DOI: 10.1021/jp411818j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Tuna
- Department
of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr.
4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Andrzej L. Sobolewski
- Institute
of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wolfgang Domcke
- Department
of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr.
4, 85747 Garching, Germany
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7
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Horikoshi S, Sato T, Sakamoto K, Abe M, Serpone N. Microwave discharge electrodeless lamps (MDEL). Part VII. Photo-isomerization of trans-urocanic acid in aqueous media driven by UV light from a novel Hg-free Dewar-like microwave discharge thermally-insulated electrodeless lamp (MDTIEL). Performance evaluation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1239-48. [PMID: 21523270 DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05059a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel mercury-free Dewar-like (double-walled structure) microwave discharge thermally-insulated electrodeless lamp (MDTIEL) was fabricated and its performance evaluated using the photo-isomerization of trans-urocanic acid (trans-UA) in aqueous media as a test process driven by the emitted UV light when ignited with microwave radiation. The photo-isomerization processes trans-UA → cis-UA and cis-UA → trans-UA were re-visited using light emitted from a conventional high-pressure Hg light source and examined for the influence of UV light irradiance and solution temperature; the temperature dependence of the trans → cis process displayed a negative activation energy, E(a) = -1.3 cal mol(-1). To control the photo-isomerization of urocanic acid from the heat usually dissipated by a microwave discharge electrodeless lamp (single-walled MDEL), it was necessary to suppress the microwave-initiated heat. For comparison, the gas-fill in the MDEL lamp, which typically consists of a mixture of Hg and Ar, was changed to the more eco-friendly N(2) gas in the novel MDTIEL device. The dynamics of the photo-isomerization of urocanic acid driven by the UV wavelengths of the N(2)-MDTIEL light source were compared to those from the more conventional single-walled N(2)-MDEL and Hg/Ar-MDEL light sources, and with those from the Hg lamp used to irradiate, via a fiber optic, the photoreactor located in the wave-guide of the microwave apparatus. The heating efficiency of a solution with the double-walled N(2)-MDTIEL was compared to the efficiency from the single-walled N(2)-MDEL device. Advantages of N(2)-MDTIEL are described from a comparison of the dynamics of the trans-UA → cis-UA process on the basis of unit surface area of the lamp and unit power consumption. The considerably lower temperature on the external surface of the N(2)-MDTIEL light source should make it attractive in carrying out photochemical reactions that may be heat-sensitive such as the photothermochromic urocanic acid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Horikoshi
- Department of Material & Life Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioicho, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan.
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8
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Barbatti M. The role of tautomers in the UV absorption of urocanic acid. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:4686. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02142c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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9
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Tiwari S, Chand Mishra P. Urocanic acid as an efficient hydroxyl radical scavenger: a quantum theoretical study. J Mol Model 2010; 17:59-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-010-0699-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Rand AA, Barclay LRC. Photo-oxidations initiated by UV radiation of urocanic acid and its methyl ester in solution, micelles, and lipid bilayers: TYPE I (free radical) or TYPE II (singlet oxygen) mechanisms depend on the medium. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2009.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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12
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13
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Ijland SAJ, Noonan FP, Ceryak S, Steenvoorden DPT, Bouscarel B, Hug D, Beijersbergen van Henegouwen GMJ, De Fabot† EC. Urocanic Acid Does not Photobind to DNA in Mice Irradiated with Immunosuppressive Doses of UVB*. Photochem Photobiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1998.tb05190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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14
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15
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Barclay LRC, Basque MC, Stephenson VC, Vinqvist MR. Photooxidations Initiated or Sensitized by Biological Molecules: Singlet Oxygen Versus Radical Peroxidation in Micelles and Human Blood Plasma ¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)0780248piosbb2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Menon EL, Morrison H. Formation of Singlet Oxygen by Urocanic Acid by UVA Irradiation and Some Consequences Thereof¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0750565fosobu2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Hanson KM, Clegg RM. Observation and Quantification of Ultraviolet-induced Reactive Oxygen Species in Ex Vivo Human Skin¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0760057oaqoui2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Menon EL, Perera R, Kuhn RJ, Morrison H. Reactive Oxygen Species Formation by UV-A Irradiation of Urocanic Acid and the Role of Trace Metals in This Chemistry¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)0780567rosfbu2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Wallis RA, Smith GJ, Dunford CL. The Effect of Molecular Environment on the Photoisomerization of Urocanic Acid¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2004.tb00080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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20
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Dmitrenko O, Reischl W, Bach RD, Spanget-Larsen J. TD-DFT Computational Insight into the Origin of Wavelength-Dependent E/Z Photoisomerization of Urocanic Acid. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0499530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Dmitrenko
- Brown Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, and Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Roskilde University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Reischl
- Brown Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, and Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Roskilde University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Robert D. Bach
- Brown Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, and Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Roskilde University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jens Spanget-Larsen
- Brown Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, and Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Roskilde University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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21
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Wallis RA, Smith GJ, Dunford CL. The Effect of Molecular Environment on the Photoisomerization of Urocanic Acid¶. Photochem Photobiol 2004. [DOI: 10.1562/2004-05-11-ra-163.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Barclay LR, Basque MC, Stephenson VC, Vinqvist MR. Photooxidations Initiated or Sensitized by Biological Molecules: Singlet Oxygen Versus Radical Peroxidation in Micelles and Human Blood Plasma¶. Photochem Photobiol 2003; 78:248-55. [PMID: 14556311 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)078<0248:piosbb>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Biomolecules common in blood plasma, including 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (vitamin K-0, 2), 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (ubiquinone-0, 3), bilirubin, 4, and urocanic acid, 5, were used as photoactivators for the photooxidation of methyl linoleate (ML) in 0.50 M sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles to mimic a bioenvironment. UV irradiation of 2 in this system initiated H-atom abstraction from ML (Type-I mechanism). The evidence includes kinetics of oxygen uptake, inhibition of oxidation by an antioxidant ((R)-(+)-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [Trolox], 7) and the analysis of four geometric hydroperoxides formed (cis, trans to trans, trans ratio of 0.5). In contrast, irradiation with a singlet-oxygen sensitizer, 3,5-di-t-butyl-1,2-benzoquinone, 1, formed six isomers by a Type-II mechanism, yielding a cis, trans to trans, trans isomer ratio of 6. Peroxidation activated by 3 or 4 with visible light occurred by a singlet-oxygen pathway (Type-II mechanism), as shown by kinetics of oxygen uptake and the effect of quenchers. In contrast, peroxidation in the presence of 5 in this system initiated H-atom abstraction from ML as shown by oxygen uptake and inhibition by Trolox. A comparison of thermal free-radical peroxidation with direct photooxidation of human blood plasma samples showed important differences. Blood plasma resisted thermal peroxidation because of natural antioxidants or on the addition of Trolox. In contrast, direct photooxidation involved singlet oxygen, according to the effect of quenchers and the lack of inhibition by antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ross Barclay
- Department of Chemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada, E4L 1G8.
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Menon EL, Perera R, Kuhn RJ, Morrison H. Reactive Oxygen Species Formation by UV-A Irradiation of Urocanic Acid and the Role of Trace Metals in This Chemistry¶. Photochem Photobiol 2003; 78:567-75. [PMID: 14743864 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)078<0567:rosfbu>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have extended our study of the decomposition of urocanic acid (UCA) with ultraviolet A radiation (UV-A) by the self-sensitized generation of singlet oxygen (see Photochem. Photobiol. 75, 565 [2002]). The chemistry has been found to be partially dependent on the presence of trace metal, most likely iron. Rigorous removal of metal impurities from the reaction mixture, using Chelex, retarded (but did not eliminate) the UV-A-initiated UCA degradation. The addition of small amounts of ferric chloride to the Chelex-treated solutions restored reactivity. Chelex treatment had a modest effect on the previously reported ability of UCA photoproducts to photonick supercoiled plasmid DNA. Also, photoinactivation of Sindbis virus on irradiation with the UCA photoproducts is now reported. Inactivation of the virus by a photoproduct mixture derived from a UCA solution that had been pretreated with Chelex was less rapid and gave better behaved time-course plots than was observed for photoproducts from non-Chelex treated solutions. These results are particularly noteworthy in light of the ubiquitous presence of both UCA and iron in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elton L Menon
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47097-2084, USA
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24
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Mohammad T. Laser-induced in vitro isomerization of urocanic acid in UVA region and the origin of excited triplet state. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)02210-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Tatsuma T, Okamura K, Komori K, Fujishima A. Interference-based electrochemical biosensor for the measurement of the concentration and isomer ratio of urocanic acid. Anal Chem 2002; 74:5154-6. [PMID: 12380843 DOI: 10.1021/ac0256336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Urocanic acid (UCA) is known to be synthesized as the trans isomer (trans-UCA) in the skin, and trans-UCA is transformed by UV light to the cis isomer (cis-UCA), which may be involved in photoimmunosuppression. An electrochemical method has been developed for the measurement of the concentration and isomer ratio of UCA. A heme peptide-modified electrode (HP electrode) reduces hydrogen peroxide at +150 mV vs Ag/AgCl, and the reduction current is inhibited by UCA. Since cis-UCA is a stronger inhibitor than trans-UCA, irradiation of a sample solution with UV light increases the percent inhibition. The concentration and isomer ratio of UCA in the sample solution can be estimated from the values of percent inhibition before and after the UV irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsu Tatsuma
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Japan.
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26
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DANIELSSON JONAS, SÖDERHÄLL JARVID, LAAKSONEN AATTO. Hydration structure and conformational dynamics of urocanic acid: a computer simulation study. Mol Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970210125340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Abstract
Singlet oxygen-initiated decomposition of urocanic acid (UCA) (3-(1H-imidazol-4(5)-yl)-2-propenoic acid) was used to successfully confirm the report that UCA generates singlet oxygen when irradiated with ultraviolet A light (UVA). The UCA-generated singlet oxygen converts UCA to one or more products that then catalyze the further destruction of the UCA with UVA light by singlet oxygen formation. Some nicking of the phiX-174 supercoiled plasmid DNA was observed when UCA was irradiated with UVA to complete destruction of the starting material, and the product mixture was then mixed with the plasmid in the dark. More extensive nicking was seen when the photoproduct mixture and the plasmid were irradiated with UVA light. An "aged" (4 days) solution of UCA photoproduct no longer caused nicking in the dark but retained the capability to nick the plasmid when irradiated. There is evidence for the presence of hydroperoxides in the UCA photolysis product mixture, and the quenching studies with 2-propanol indicate that free radicals are involved in the plasmid-nicking photochemistry. Singlet oxygen does not appear to play a role in the nicking of the plasmid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elton L Menon
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47097-1393, USA
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28
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Brookman J, Chacón JN, Sinclair RS. Some photophysical studies of cis- and trans-urocanic acid. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2002; 1:327-32. [PMID: 12653471 DOI: 10.1039/b201621d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Urocanic acid, an important human skin chromophore, undergoes a variety of photochemical transformations when exposed to the near-UV portion of sunlight and natural daylight, the principal reaction being the transformation from the stable trans- or (E)-form of the chromophore (trans-UA) to the biologically active cis- or (Z)-form (cis-UA), which is claimed to induce immunosuppression linked to the onset of skin cancer. This study is concerned with the comparative photophysical behaviour of the two urocanic acid isomers in aqueous solution using both continuous irradiation and pulsed irradiation techniques. The UV absorption maximum for both isomers occurs in the region of 270 nm with the absorption shape varying characteristically with pH, the cis-isomer showing a lower overall molar absorptivity. Both isomers exhibit weak fluorescence (quantum yields estimated to be less than 10(-4)) with each isomer showing small differences in the way in which pH and excitation wavelength influence the fluorescence emission characteristics. Pulsed nanosecond laser irradiation at 266 nm of aqueous solutions at pH 7 shows that both isomers undergo photo-ionisation with a quantum yield of 0.02 for the hydrated electron production, a quantum yield value comparable with that for photoisomerisation at this wavelength. Laser flash studies also show that the photo-ionised species reacts efficiently with oxygen (quenching rate kQ = 1.3 x 10(9) M(-1) s(-1)), while some preliminary experiments indicate that both cis- and trans-urocanic acids react with the semiquinone radical of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) with a fast reaction rate constant of approximately 5 x 10(7) M(-1) s(-1). The photophysical characteristics of trans-UA and cis-UA reported here are discussed in the context of other recent pulsed irradiation studies on urocanic acid over nanosecond and picosecond time scales, in an attempt to clarify the complex photo-behaviour of this interesting biomolecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Brookman
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Paisley, High Street, Paisley Renfrewshire, Scotland, UK
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Haralampus-Grynaviski N, Ransom C, Ye T, Rôzanowska M, Wrona M, Sarna T, Simon JD. Photogeneration and quenching of reactive oxygen species by urocanic acid. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:3461-8. [PMID: 11916432 DOI: 10.1021/ja016902x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Urocanic acid, UCA, is characterized by two electronic transitions in the UV-B (280-320 nm) which comprise its broad absorption spectrum and give rise to wavelength-dependent isomerization quantum yields. The absorption spectrum of UCA extends into the UV-A (320-400 nm). Given the UV-A component of sunlight is significantly greater than the UV-B component it is hypothesized even weak UV-A photochemistry of UCA could be important for in vivo responses to UV radiation. Degenerate pump-probe experiments performed on t-UCA at several wavelengths in the UV-A reveal an excited-state absorption that undergoes a rapid, approximately 1 ps decay. Photoacoustic experiments performed on both the cis and trans isomers reveal the formation of a long-lived intermediate following UV-A excitation. The efficiency and action spectra for this latter photoactive process are presented and are similar for both isomers of UCA. Cholesterol hydroperoxide assays designed to investigate the nature of the UV-A photoreactivity of t-UCA confirm the production of reactive oxygen species. The bimolecular rate constant for the quenching of singlet oxygen by t-UCA is determined to be 3.5 x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1). Taking into consideration recent theoretical calculations and jet expansion studies of the electronic structure of gas-phase t-UCA, a model is proposed to explain the isomerization and photoreactivity of t-UCA in solution over the UV-A region.
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30
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Danielsson J, Ulicný J, Laaksonen A. A TD-DFT study of the photochemistry of urocanic acid in biologically relevant ionic, rotameric, and protomeric forms. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:9817-21. [PMID: 11583543 DOI: 10.1021/ja0158051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The photochemistry of Urocanic acid, a chromophore present in human skin and linked to photoimmunosuppression and skin cancer, is investigated theoretically by means of time-dependent density functional theory. Extensive calculations are carried out for different ionic, rotameric, and protomeric forms of both the trans and cis form. Inclusion of solvation effects, here accounted for by means of a continuum solvent model, are found to be crucial for the correct description of the biologically relevant zwitterionic forms of the molecule. For the trans zwitterionic form, it is found that the planar form usually assumed in the literature is not stable, and that a realistic charge separation cannot be achieved in the gas phase. Calculated vertical excitation energies are in excellent agreement with available experimental data, with a weakly absorbing n --> pi transition around 4.0 eV, and strongly absorbing pi --> pi transitions at 4.5-4.9 eV. The debated intramolecular hydrogen bond is predicted to have a modest impact on the vertical spectra in solution, but improves agreement with experiment when included. In general, we also predict that different rotameric forms have very similar absorption spectra. In addition, we find a candidate absorbing state to link trans-urocanic acid to singlet oxygen production and subsequent photoaging of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Danielsson
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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31
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Ryan WL, Levy DH. Electronic spectroscopy and photoisomerization of trans-urocanic acid in a supersonic jet. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:961-6. [PMID: 11456631 DOI: 10.1021/ja003261h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
trans-Urocanic acid (trans-UA), a component of the epidermal layer of skin, exhibits wavelength-dependent photochemistry. The quantum efficiency of isomerization to cis-UA is greatest when the molecule is excited on the long wavelength tail of its absorption profile in solution (300-320 nm). However, exciting the molecule where it absorbs UV light most efficiently (260-285 nm) causes almost no isomerization. We have used fluorescence excitation and dispersed emission methods in a supersonic jet to investigate the electronic states involved in this complex and interesting photochemistry. Three distinct regions are present in the excitation spectrum. Region I, which is below the isomerization barrier, contains sharp, well-resolved peaks that upon excitation emit from the S(1) state of trans-UA. Region II exhibits peaks that increase in broadness and decrease in intensity with increasing excitation energy. Upon excitation these peaks produce dual emission from the S(1) states of both trans- and cis-UA. The trans to cis isomerization barrier is estimated to be 1400 cm(-1). Region III exhibits excitation to the S(2) electronic state and has a broad structure that spans 3000 cm(-1) and occurs 4000 cm(-1) above S(1). S(2) excitation results in essentially no trans to cis isomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Ryan
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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32
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Floyd JS, Haralampus-Grynaviski N, Ye T, Zheng B, Simon JD, Edington MD. Time-Resolved Spectroscopic Studies of Radiationless Decay Processes in Photoexcited Hemocyanins. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp003123e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James S. Floyd
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | | | - Tong Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - Bo Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - John D. Simon
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
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33
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Metzler DE, Metzler CM, Sauke DJ. Light and Life. Biochemistry 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012492543-4/50026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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34
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Page CS, Olivucci M, Merchán M. A Theoretical Study of the Low-Lying States of the Anionic and Protonated Ionic Forms of Urocanic Acid. J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp001667a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S. Page
- Departamento de Quìmica Fìsica, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, E-46100 València, Spain
| | - Massimo Olivucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Siena,via Aldo Moro, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Manuela Merchán
- Departamento de Quìmica Fìsica, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, E-46100 València, Spain
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35
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Simon JD. Spectroscopic and dynamic studies of the epidermal chromophores trans-urocanic acid and eumelanin. Acc Chem Res 2000; 33:307-13. [PMID: 10813875 DOI: 10.1021/ar970250t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photoaging and skin cancer can result from the exposure of skin to ultraviolet A (UV-A, 320-400 nm) radiation. The detailed chemical mechanisms by which these processes occur are not known, but they must begin with the absorption of a UV-A photon by one or more photoreceptor(s) within the skin. The situation is complicated by the lack of understanding of the photoreactions of many of the UV-A-absorbing molecules in skin. In this Account, we describe recent research efforts directed at elucidating the UV-A-induced photoreactivity of two light-absorbing epidermal photoreceptors: trans-urocanic acid and eumelanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Simon
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, and Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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36
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Nofsinger JB, Forest SE, Simon JD. Explanation for the Disparity among Absorption and Action Spectra of Eumelanin. J Phys Chem B 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp992640y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Brian Nofsinger
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, and Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Susan E. Forest
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, and Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - John D. Simon
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, and Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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37
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Page CS, Merchán M, Serrano-Andrés L, Olivucci M. A Theoretical Study of the Low-Lying Excited States of trans- and cis-Urocanic Acid. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp991657d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S. Page
- Departamento de Química Física, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, E-46100 València, Spain
| | - Manuela Merchán
- Departamento de Química Física, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, E-46100 València, Spain
| | - Luis Serrano-Andrés
- Departamento de Química Física, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, E-46100 València, Spain
| | - Massimo Olivucci
- Istituto di Chimica Organica, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro, I-53100 Siena, Italy
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38
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Rampey ME, Halkyard CE, Williams AR, Angel AJ, Hurst DR, Townsend JD, Finefrock AE, Beam CF, Studer-Martinez SL. A New Series of Proton/Charge Transfer Molecules: Synthesis and Spectral Studies of 2-(5-Aryl-1-carbomethoxy-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)phenols. Photochem Photobiol 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1999.tb07987.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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39
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Hanson KM, Simon JD. Epidermal trans-urocanic acid and the UV-A-induced photoaging of the skin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:10576-8. [PMID: 9724745 PMCID: PMC27936 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.18.10576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/1998] [Accepted: 07/06/1998] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The premature photoaging of the skin is mediated by the sensitization of reactive oxygen species after absorption of ultraviolet radiation by endogenous chromophores. Yet identification of UV-A-absorbing chromophores in the skin that quantitatively account for the action spectra of the physiological responses of photoaging has remained elusive. This paper reports that the in vitro action spectrum for singlet oxygen generation after excitation of trans-urocanic acid mimics the in vivo UV-A action spectrum for the photosagging of mouse skin. The data presented provide evidence suggesting that the UV-A excitation of trans-urocanic acid initiates chemical processes that result in the photoaging of skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0341, USA
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40
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Percy E, Singh M, Takahashi T, Takeuchi Y, Kirk KL. Synthesis of E- and Z-α-fluorourocanic acids as potential inhibitors of urocanase. J Fluor Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1139(98)00196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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41
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Hanson KM, Simon JD. The Origin of the Wavelength-Dependent Photoreactivity of Trans-Urocanic Acid. Photochem Photobiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1998.tb09090.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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42
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Hanson KM, Simon JD. The Photochemical Isomerization Kinetics of Urocanic Acid and Their Effects upon the in vitro and in vivo Photoisomerization Action Spectra. Photochem Photobiol 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb03230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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