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Asad K, Stergiou A, Kourtellaris A, Tagmatarchis N, Chronakis N. First Synthesis of the Inherently Chiral Trans-4' Bisadduct of C 59 N Azafullerene by Using Cyclo-[2]-dodecylmalonate as a Tether. Chemistry 2021; 27:13879-13886. [PMID: 34291513 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The multiaddition chemistry of azafullerene C59 N has been scarcely explored, and the isolation of pure bisadducts is in its infancy. Encouraged by the recent regioselective synthesis of the inherently chiral equatorialface bisadduct of C59 N, we focused on the isolation of the first trans-4 bisadduct in a simple two-step approach. The first regioselective synthesis of the trans-4 bisadduct of C59 N by using cyclo-[2]-dodecylmalonate as a tether is now reported. The newly synthesized bisadduct has C1 symmetry, as evidenced by 13 C NMR, while X-ray crystallography validated the trans-4' addition pattern. Furthermore, the inherently chiral trans-4' C59 N bisadduct was enantiomerically resolved, and the mirror-image relation of the two enantiomers was probed by circular dichroism spectroscopy. Finally, UV-Vis and redox assays suggested that the addition pattern has a reflection in the light-harvesting and redox properties of the bisadduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karam Asad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, University str. 1, Building No. 13, 2109, Aglantzia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Anastasios Stergiou
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Kourtellaris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, University str. 1, Building No. 13, 2109, Aglantzia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Nikos Tagmatarchis
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos Chronakis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, University str. 1, Building No. 13, 2109, Aglantzia, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Yokoi H, Hiroto S, Shinokubo H. Reversible σ-Bond Formation in Bowl-Shaped π-Radical Cations: The Effects of Curved and Planar Structures. J Am Chem Soc 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yokoi
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Satoru Hiroto
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
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Eigler R, Heinemann FW, Hirsch A. Hydro-aza-(C59N)fullerenes: Formation Mechanism and Hydrogen Substitution. Chemistry 2016; 22:13575-81. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201505115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Regina Eigler
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Henkestrasse 42 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Frank W. Heinemann
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Henkestrasse 42 91054 Erlangen Germany
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Martín-Gomis L, Rotas G, Ohkubo K, Fernández-Lázaro F, Fukuzumi S, Tagmatarchis N, Sastre-Santos Á. Does a nitrogen matter? Synthesis and photoinduced electron transfer of perylenediimide donors covalently linked to C59N and C60 acceptors. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:7437-7444. [PMID: 25828965 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr00308c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The first perylenediimide (PDI) covalently linked to an azafullerene (C59N) is described. PDI-C59N and PDI-C60 dyads where PDI acts as an electron-donor moiety have been synthesized by connection of the balls to the PDI 1-bay position. Photoexcitation of the PDI unit in both systems results in formation of the charge-separated state by photoinduced electron transfer from the singlet excited state of the PDI moiety to the C59N or to the C60 moiety. The charge-separated state has a lifetime of 400 ps in the case of PDI-C59N and 120 ps for the PDI-C60 dyad in benzonitrile at 298 K. This result has significant implications for the design of organic solar cells based on covalent donor-acceptor systems using C59N as an electron acceptor, indicating that longer-lived charge-separated states can be attained using C59N systems instead of C60 systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Martín-Gomis
- Área de Química Orgánica Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain.
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Cambarau W, Fritze UF, Viterisi A, Palomares E, von Delius M. Increased short circuit current in an azafullerene-based organic solar cell. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:1128-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08094g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report azafullerene monoadduct DPC59N, which in organic solar cells outperforms benchmark acceptor PC60BM in respect to JSC and EQE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werther Cambarau
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)
- Tarragona 43007
- Spain
| | - Urs F. Fritze
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- 91054 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Aurélien Viterisi
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)
- Tarragona 43007
- Spain
| | - Emilio Palomares
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)
- Tarragona 43007
- Spain
| | - Max von Delius
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- 91054 Erlangen
- Germany
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Tzirakis MD, Orfanopoulos M. Radical reactions of fullerenes: from synthetic organic chemistry to materials science and biology. Chem Rev 2013; 113:5262-321. [PMID: 23570603 DOI: 10.1021/cr300475r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manolis D Tzirakis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Voutes, Heraklion, Greece.
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Roubelakis MM, Vougioukalakis GC, Nye LC, Drewello T, Orfanopoulos M. Exploring the photoinduced electron transfer reactivity of aza[60]fullerene iminium cation. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Vougioukalakis GC, Roubelakis MM, Orfanopoulos M. Radical Reactivity of Aza[60]fullerene: Preparation of Monoadducts and Limitations. J Org Chem 2010; 75:4124-30. [DOI: 10.1021/jo100277v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kabe Y, Hachiya H, Saito T, Shimizu D, Ishiwata M, Suzuki K, Yakushigawa Y, Ando W. Diastereoselective syntheses and oxygenation of silyl fulleroids. J Organomet Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2009.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Li Y, Kaneko T, Kong J, Hatakeyama R. Photoswitching in Azafullerene Encapsulated Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube FET Devices. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:3412-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja810086g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan, and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Toshiro Kaneko
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan, and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Jing Kong
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan, and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Rikizo Hatakeyama
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan, and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaojie Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Lawrence J. Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
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von Delius M, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Evaluation of an Intramolecular Approach for the Synthesis of the Elusive C58N2Heterofullerene Family. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200800423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Vostrowsky
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Hauke F, Vostrowsky O, Hirsch A, Quaranta A, Leibl W, Leach S, Edge R, Navaratnam S, Bensasson RV. Monomeric Azaheterofullerene Derivatives RC59N: Influence of the R Moiety on Spectroscopic and Photophysical Properties. Chemistry 2006; 12:4813-20. [PMID: 16619315 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200501536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We have synthesised nine monomeric azaheterofullerene (AZA) derivatives, RC(59)N, with a wide variety of different side chains R and investigated their spectroscopic and photophysical properties in toluene and o-dichlorobenzene (ODCB). Measurements include their ground-state absorption spectra, molar absorption coefficient (epsilon(G)), fluorescence spectra, fluorescence quantum yields (Phi(F)), singlet-state lifetimes (tau(F)), triplet-state absorption spectra, triplet molar absorption coefficients (epsilon(T)), singlet oxygen (Phi(Delta)), and triplet state (Phi(T)) quantum yields. The replacement of a carbon by a nitrogen atom in the C(60) sphere strongly affects most of the spectroscopic and photophysical properties. The chemical nature of the R moiety has definite effects on these properties in contrast with minor effects on the chemical nature of the addends in [6,6]-ring bridged monoadduct methano[60]fullerene derivatives. These effects concern properties of the ground state, singlet excited state, and triplet states of our nine RC(59)N derivatives and in particular the values of photophysical parameters epsilon(G), epsilon(T), Phi(Delta), and Phi(T), which are significantly lower than those of analogous monoadduct [6,6]-ring bridged methano[60]fullerene derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Hauke
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Hauke F, Hirsch A, Atalick S, Guldi D. Quantitative Transduction of Excited-State Energy inFluorophore-Heterofullerene Conjugates. European J Org Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200400771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Yamada M, Feng L, Wakahara T, Tsuchiya T, Maeda Y, Lian Y, Kako M, Akasaka T, Kato T, Kobayashi K, Nagase S. Synthesis and Characterization of Exohedrally Silylated M@C82 (M = Y and La). J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:6049-51. [PMID: 16851664 DOI: 10.1021/jp050647b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The silylation of endohedral mono-metallofullerenes (Y@C(82) and La@C(82)) and isolation of the corresponding adducts by HPLC separation have been accomplished. The redox properties of the silylated mono-metallofullerene were first clarified by CV and DPV measurements, indicating that the bis-silylated mono-metallofullerenes have lower oxidation and higher reduction potentials than the parent mono-metallofullerenes. These results reveal that bis-silylation is very effective for producing the electronegatively mono-metallofullerene derivatives as well as empty fullerenes.
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Xie RH, Bryant GW, Sun G, Nicklaus MC, Heringer D, Frauenheim T, Manaa MR, Smith VH, Araki Y, Ito O. Excitations, optical absorption spectra, and optical excitonic gaps of heterofullerenes. I. C60, C59N+, and C48N12: Theory and experiment. J Chem Phys 2004; 120:5133-47. [PMID: 15267383 DOI: 10.1063/1.1647532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-energy excitations and optical absorption spectrum of C(60) are computed by using time-dependent (TD) Hartree-Fock, TD-density functional theory (TD-DFT), TD DFT-based tight-binding (TD-DFT-TB), and a semiempirical Zerner intermediate neglect of diatomic differential overlap method. A detailed comparison of experiment and theory for the excitation energies, optical gap, and absorption spectrum of C(60) is presented. It is found that electron correlations and correlation of excitations play important roles in accurately assigning the spectral features of C(60), and that the TD-DFT method with nonhybrid functionals or a local spin density approximation leads to more accurate excitation energies than with hybrid functionals. The level of agreement between theory and experiment for C(60) justifies similar calculations of the excitations and optical absorption spectrum of a monomeric azafullerene cation C(59)N(+), to serve as a spectroscopy reference for the characterization of carborane anion salts. Although it is an isoelectronic analogue to C(60), C(59)N(+) exhibits distinguishing spectral features different from C(60): (1) the first singlet is dipole-allowed and the optical gap is redshifted by 1.44 eV; (2) several weaker absorption maxima occur in the visible region; (3) the transient triplet-triplet absorption at 1.60 eV (775 nm) is much broader and the decay of the triplet state is much faster. The calculated spectra of C(59)N(+) characterize and explain well the measured ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and transient absorption spectra of the carborane anion salt [C(59)N][Ag(CB(11)H(6)Cl(6))(2)] [Kim et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 4024 (2003)]. For the most stable isomer of C(48)N(12), we predict that the first singlet is dipole-allowed, the optical gap is redshifted by 1.22 eV relative to that of C(60), and optical absorption maxima occur at 585, 528, 443, 363, 340, 314, and 303 nm. We point out that the characterization of the UV-vis and transient absorption spectra of C(48)N(12) isomers is helpful in distinguishing the isomer structures required for applications in molecular electronics. For C(59)N(+) and C(48)N(12) as well as C(60), TD-DFT-TB yields reasonable agreement with TD-DFT calculations at a highly reduced cost. Our study suggests that C(60), C(59)N(+), and C(48)N(12), which differ in their optical gaps, have potential applications in polymer science, biology, and medicine as single-molecule fluorescent probes, in photovoltaics as the n-type emitter and/or p-type base of a p-n junction solar cell, and in nanoelectronics as fluorescence-based sensors and switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Hua Xie
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8423, USA.
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Vougioukalakis GC, Orfanopoulos M. Functionalization of azafullerene C59N. Radical reactions with 9-substituted fluorenes. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2003.09.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Guldi DM, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Fullerenes (C60) versus heteroazafullerenes (C59N); a photophysical comparison of their monoadducts and hexaadducts. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2002. [DOI: 10.1163/15685670260469438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hauke F, Hirsch A, Liu SG, Echegoyen L, Swartz A, Luo C, Guldi DM. Evidence of pronounced electronic coupling in a directly bonded fullerene--ferrocene dyad. Chemphyschem 2002; 3:195-205. [PMID: 12503126 DOI: 10.1002/1439-7641(20020215)3:2<195::aid-cphc195>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A new donor-acceptor dyad (7) involving a ferrocene moiety as donor and an azafullerene as acceptor has been synthesized by treating bisazafullerenyl (1) with ferrocenium hexafluorophosphate. This compound represents the first example of a fullerene-based dyad where two electroactive groups are connected by only a single sigma-bond. The cyclic voltammetry of 7, in comparison to the corresponding reference systems, clearly reveals strong electronic coupling between the ferrocene and the azafullerene moiety in the ground state. For example, the Fc-based, reversible, one electron oxidation wave is significantly positively shifted by 183 mV with respect to that of the parent ferrocene. This indicates the existence of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) from the donating Fc to the accepting azafullerenyl group. Photophysical studies on 7 were carried out by means of emission and transient absorption spectroscopy. An instantaneous deactivation of the fullerene singlet excited-state results in the formation of the charge-separated (C59N.-)-(Fc.+) radical pair. From the charge-transfer dynamics with a lower limit of > or = 5 x 10(10) s-1, we infer strong electronic coupling (V) between the azafullerene and the ferrocene moiety of the order of 60 cm-1 in benzonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Hauke
- Institut für Organische Chemie Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Krause M, Baes-Fischlmair S, Pfeiffer R, Plank W, Pichler T, Kuzmany H, Tagmatarchis N, Prassides K. Thermal Stability and High Temperature Graphitization of Bisazafullerene (C59N)2As Studied by IR and Raman Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp012186+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chen Z, Zhao X, Tang A. Theoretical Studies of the Substitution Patterns in Heterofullerenes C60-xNxand C60-xBx(x= 2−8). J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9908707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hummelen JC, Bellavia-Lund C, Wudl F. Heterofullerenes. FULLERENES AND RELATED STRUCTURES 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-68117-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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