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Cinelli MA, Jones AD. Alkaloids of the Genus Datura: Review of a Rich Resource for Natural Product Discovery. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092629. [PMID: 33946338 PMCID: PMC8124590 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Datura (Solanaceae) contains nine species of medicinal plants that have held both curative utility and cultural significance throughout history. This genus’ particular bioactivity results from the enormous diversity of alkaloids it contains, making it a valuable study organism for many disciplines. Although Datura contains mostly tropane alkaloids (such as hyoscyamine and scopolamine), indole, beta-carboline, and pyrrolidine alkaloids have also been identified. The tools available to explore specialized metabolism in plants have undergone remarkable advances over the past couple of decades and provide renewed opportunities for discoveries of new compounds and the genetic basis for their biosynthesis. This review provides a comprehensive overview of studies on the alkaloids of Datura that focuses on three questions: How do we find and identify alkaloids? Where do alkaloids come from? What factors affect their presence and abundance? We also address pitfalls and relevant questions applicable to natural products and metabolomics researchers. With both careful perspectives and new advances in instrumentation, the pace of alkaloid discovery—from not just Datura—has the potential to accelerate dramatically in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maris A. Cinelli
- Correspondence: or (M.A.C.); (A.D.J.); Tel.: +1-906-360-8177 (M.A.C.); +1-517-432-7126 (A.D.J.)
| | - A. Daniel Jones
- Correspondence: or (M.A.C.); (A.D.J.); Tel.: +1-906-360-8177 (M.A.C.); +1-517-432-7126 (A.D.J.)
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Huang JP, Wang YJ, Tian T, Wang L, Yan Y, Huang SX. Tropane alkaloid biosynthesis: a centennial review. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:1634-1658. [PMID: 33533391 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00076k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 1917 to 2020Tropane alkaloids (TAs) are a remarkable class of plant secondary metabolites, which are characterized by an 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane (nortropane) ring. Members of this class, such as hyoscyamine, scopolamine, and cocaine, are well known for their long history as poisons, hallucinogens, and anaesthetic agents. Since the structure of the tropane ring system was first elucidated in 1901, organic chemists and biochemists have been interested in how these mysterious tropane alkaloids are assembled in vitro and in vivo. However, it was only in 2020 that the complete biosynthetic route of hyoscyamine and scopolamine was clarified, and their de novo production in yeast was also achieved. The aim of this review is to present the innovative ideas and results in exploring the story of tropane alkaloid biosynthesis in plants from 1917 to 2020. This review also highlights that Robinson's classic synthesis of tropinone, which is one hundred years old, is biomimetic, and underscores the importance of total synthesis in the study of natural product biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China. and State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yong-Jiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China.
| | - Tian Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China. and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China.
| | - Yijun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China.
| | - Sheng-Xiong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China. and State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
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Arroo RRJ, Bhambra AS, Hano C, Renda G, Ruparelia KC, Wang MF. Analysis of plant secondary metabolism using stable isotope-labelled precursors. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2021; 32:62-68. [PMID: 32706176 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Analysis of biochemical pathways typically involves feeding a labelled precursor to an organism, and then monitoring the metabolic fate of the label. Initial studies used radioisotopes as a label and then monitored radioactivity in the metabolic products. As analytical equipment improved and became more widely available, preference shifted the use stable 'heavy' isotopes like deuterium (2 H)-, carbon-13 (13 C)- and nitrogen-15 (15 N)-atoms as labels. Incorporation of the labels could be monitored by mass spectrometry (MS), as part of a hyphenated tool kits, e.g. Liquid chromatography (LC)-MS, gas chromatography (GC)-MS, LC-MS/MS. MS offers great sensitivity but the exact location of an isotope label in a given metabolite cannot always be unambiguously established. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) can also be used to pick up signals of stable isotopes, and can give information on the precise location of incorporated label in the metabolites. However, the detection limit for NMR is quite a bit higher than that for MS. OBJECTIVES A number of experiments involving feeding stable isotope-labelled precursors followed by NMR analysis of the metabolites is presented. The aim is to highlight the use of NMR analysis in identifying the precise fate of isotope labels after precursor feeding experiments. As more powerful NMR equipment becomes available, applications as described in this review may become more commonplace in pathway analysis. CONCLUSION AND PROSPECTS NMR is a widely accepted tool for chemical structure elucidation and is now increasingly used in metabolomic studies. In addition, NMR, combined with stable isotope feeding, should be considered as a tool for metabolic flux analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randolph R J Arroo
- Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Avninder S Bhambra
- Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Gülin Renda
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Karadeniz Technical University, Ortahisar/Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Ketan C Ruparelia
- Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Meng F Wang
- Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
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Restrepo DA, Saenz E, Jara-Muñoz OA, Calixto-Botía IF, Rodríguez-Suárez S, Zuleta P, Chavez BG, Sanchez JA, D'Auria JC. Erythroxylum in Focus: An Interdisciplinary Review of an Overlooked Genus. Molecules 2019; 24:E3788. [PMID: 31640255 PMCID: PMC6833119 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Erythroxylum contains species used by indigenous people of South America long before the domestication of plants. Two species, E. coca and E. novogranatense, have been utilized for thousands of years specifically for their tropane alkaloid content. While abuse of the narcotic cocaine has impacted society on many levels, these species and their wild relatives contain untapped resources for the benefit of mankind in the form of foods, pharmaceuticals, phytotherapeutic products, and other high-value plant-derived metabolites. In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge of members within the genus and the recent advances in the realm of molecular biology and biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Restrepo
- Centro de Estudios sobre Seguridad y Drogas, Facultad de Economía, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota 111711, Colombia.
| | - Ernesto Saenz
- Departamento Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota 111711, Colombia.
| | | | - Iván F Calixto-Botía
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia.
| | - Sioly Rodríguez-Suárez
- Centro de Estudios sobre Seguridad y Drogas, Facultad de Economía, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota 111711, Colombia.
| | - Pablo Zuleta
- Centro de Estudios sobre Seguridad y Drogas, Facultad de Economía, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota 111711, Colombia.
| | - Benjamin G Chavez
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany.
| | - Juan A Sanchez
- Centro de Estudios sobre Seguridad y Drogas, Facultad de Economía, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota 111711, Colombia.
- Departamento Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota 111711, Colombia.
| | - John C D'Auria
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany.
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Huang JP, Fang C, Ma X, Wang L, Yang J, Luo J, Yan Y, Zhang Y, Huang SX. Tropane alkaloids biosynthesis involves an unusual type III polyketide synthase and non-enzymatic condensation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4036. [PMID: 31492848 PMCID: PMC6731253 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11987-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeleton of tropane alkaloids is derived from ornithine-derived N-methylpyrrolinium and two malonyl-CoA units. The enzymatic mechanism that connects N-methylpyrrolinium and malonyl-CoA units remains unknown. Here, we report the characterization of three pyrrolidine ketide synthases (PYKS), AaPYKS, DsPYKS, and AbPYKS, from three different hyoscyamine- and scopolamine-producing plants. By examining the crystal structure and biochemical activity of AaPYKS, we show that the reaction mechanism involves PYKS-mediated malonyl-CoA condensation to generate a 3-oxo-glutaric acid intermediate that can undergo non-enzymatic Mannich-like condensation with N-methylpyrrolinium to yield the racemic 4-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-3-oxobutanoic acid. This study therefore provides a long sought-after biosynthetic mechanism to explain condensation between N-methylpyrrolinium and acetate units and, more importantly, identifies an unusual plant type III polyketide synthase that can only catalyze one round of malonyl-CoA condensation. Tropane alkaloids are medicinally significant plant metabolites generated by an unusual condensation of ornithine-derived and malonyl-CoA precursors. Here, Huang et al. show that pyrrolidine ketide synthase catalyzes a single round of condensation, which is followed by a non-enzymatic Mannich-like condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Chengli Fang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong, 643000, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jianying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yijun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Sheng-Xiong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
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Bedewitz MA, Jones AD, D'Auria JC, Barry CS. Tropinone synthesis via an atypical polyketide synthase and P450-mediated cyclization. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5281. [PMID: 30538251 PMCID: PMC6290073 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07671-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropinone is the first intermediate in the biosynthesis of the pharmacologically important tropane alkaloids that possesses the 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane core bicyclic structure that defines this alkaloid class. Chemical synthesis of tropinone was achieved in 1901 but the mechanism of tropinone biosynthesis has remained elusive. In this study, we identify a root-expressed type III polyketide synthase from Atropa belladonna (AbPYKS) that catalyzes the formation of 4-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-3-oxobutanoic acid. This catalysis proceeds through a non-canonical mechanism that directly utilizes an unconjugated N-methyl-Δ1-pyrrolinium cation as the starter substrate for two rounds of malonyl-Coenzyme A mediated decarboxylative condensation. Subsequent formation of tropinone from 4-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-3-oxobutanoic acid is achieved through cytochrome P450-mediated catalysis by AbCYP82M3. Silencing of AbPYKS and AbCYP82M3 reduces tropane levels in A. belladonna. This study reveals the mechanism of tropinone biosynthesis, explains the in planta co-occurrence of pyrrolidines and tropanes, and demonstrates the feasibility of tropane engineering in a non-tropane producing plant. Tropinone is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of tropane alkaloids. Here, the authors discovered the enzymes AbPYKS and AbCYP82M3, a non-canonical polyketide synthase and a cytochrome P450, that work sequentially to form tropinone from N-methyl-Δ1-pyrrolinium cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Bedewitz
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - A Daniel Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - John C D'Auria
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Cornelius S Barry
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Setzer WN. The Phytochemistry of Cherokee Aromatic Medicinal Plants. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 5:E121. [PMID: 30424560 PMCID: PMC6313439 DOI: 10.3390/medicines5040121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Native Americans have had a rich ethnobotanical heritage for treating diseases, ailments, and injuries. Cherokee traditional medicine has provided numerous aromatic and medicinal plants that not only were used by the Cherokee people, but were also adopted for use by European settlers in North America. Methods: The aim of this review was to examine the Cherokee ethnobotanical literature and the published phytochemical investigations on Cherokee medicinal plants and to correlate phytochemical constituents with traditional uses and biological activities. Results: Several Cherokee medicinal plants are still in use today as herbal medicines, including, for example, yarrow (Achillea millefolium), black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa), American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), and blue skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora). This review presents a summary of the traditional uses, phytochemical constituents, and biological activities of Cherokee aromatic and medicinal plants. Conclusions: The list is not complete, however, as there is still much work needed in phytochemical investigation and pharmacological evaluation of many traditional herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- William N Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA.
- Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 102, Lehi, UT 84043, USA.
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Fowble KL, Teramoto K, Cody RB, Edwards D, Guarrera D, Musah RA. Development of “Laser Ablation Direct Analysis in Real Time Imaging” Mass Spectrometry: Application to Spatial Distribution Mapping of Metabolites Along the Biosynthetic Cascade Leading to Synthesis of Atropine and Scopolamine in Plant Tissue. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3421-3429. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L. Fowble
- State University of New York at Albany, Department
of Chemistry, 1400 Washington
Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Kanae Teramoto
- JEOL Ltd., 3-1-2 Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo, Japan 196-8558
| | - Robert B. Cody
- JEOL USA Inc., 11 Dearborn Road, Peabody, Massachusetts 01960, United States
| | - David Edwards
- JEOL USA Inc., 11 Dearborn Road, Peabody, Massachusetts 01960, United States
| | - Donna Guarrera
- JEOL USA Inc., 11 Dearborn Road, Peabody, Massachusetts 01960, United States
| | - Rabi A. Musah
- State University of New York at Albany, Department
of Chemistry, 1400 Washington
Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
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Kim N, Estrada O, Chavez B, Stewart C, D'Auria JC. Tropane and Granatane Alkaloid Biosynthesis: A Systematic Analysis. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21111510. [PMID: 27845728 PMCID: PMC6274040 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tropane and granatane alkaloids belong to the larger pyrroline and piperidine classes of plant alkaloids, respectively. Their core structures share common moieties and their scattered distribution among angiosperms suggest that their biosynthesis may share common ancestry in some orders, while they may be independently derived in others. Tropane and granatane alkaloid diversity arises from the myriad modifications occurring to their core ring structures. Throughout much of human history, humans have cultivated tropane- and granatane-producing plants for their medicinal properties. This manuscript will discuss the diversity of their biological and ecological roles as well as what is known about the structural genes and enzymes responsible for their biosynthesis. In addition, modern approaches to producing some pharmaceutically important tropanes via metabolic engineering endeavors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neill Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA.
| | - Olga Estrada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA.
| | - Benjamin Chavez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA.
| | - Charles Stewart
- Office of Biotechnology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1079, USA.
| | - John C D'Auria
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA.
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Romek KM, Remaud GS, Silvestre V, Paneth P, Robins RJ. Non-statistical 13C Fractionation Distinguishes Co-incident and Divergent Steps in the Biosynthesis of the Alkaloids Nicotine and Tropine. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:16620-9. [PMID: 27288405 PMCID: PMC4974377 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.734087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
During the biosynthesis of natural products, isotopic fractionation occurs due to the selectivity of enzymes for the heavier or lighter isotopomers. As only some of the positions in the molecule are implicated in a given reaction mechanism, position-specific fractionation occurs, leading to a non-statistical distribution of isotopes. This can be accessed by isotope ratio monitoring (13)C NMR spectrometry. The solanaceous alkaloids S-(-)-nicotine and hyoscyamine (atropine) are related in having a common intermediate, but downstream enzymatic steps diverge, providing a relevant test case to: (a) elucidate the isotopic affiliation between carbon atoms in the alkaloids and those in the precursors; (b) obtain information about the kinetic isotope effects of as yet undescribed enzymes, thus to make predictions as to their possible mechanism(s). We show that the position-specific (13)C/(12)C ratios in the different moieties of these compounds can satisfactorily be related to their known precursors and to the known kinetic isotope effects of enzymes involved in their biosynthesis, or to similar reaction mechanisms. Thus, the pathway to the common intermediate, N-methyl-Δ(1)-pyrrolinium, is seen to introduce similar isotope distribution patterns in the two alkaloids independent of plant species, whereas the remaining atoms of each target compound, which are of different origins, reflect their specific metabolic ancestry. We further demonstrate that the measured (13)C distribution pattern can be used to deduce aspects of the reaction mechanism of enzymes still to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna M Romek
- From the Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, Interdisciplinary Chemistry: Synthesis, Analysis, Modeling, CNRS-University of Nantes UMR6230, F-44322 Nantes, France and the Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Łodź University of Technology, ul. Stefana Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Gérald S Remaud
- From the Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, Interdisciplinary Chemistry: Synthesis, Analysis, Modeling, CNRS-University of Nantes UMR6230, F-44322 Nantes, France and
| | - Virginie Silvestre
- From the Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, Interdisciplinary Chemistry: Synthesis, Analysis, Modeling, CNRS-University of Nantes UMR6230, F-44322 Nantes, France and
| | - Piotr Paneth
- the Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Łodź University of Technology, ul. Stefana Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Richard J Robins
- From the Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, Interdisciplinary Chemistry: Synthesis, Analysis, Modeling, CNRS-University of Nantes UMR6230, F-44322 Nantes, France and
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Nguyen TKO, Jamali A, Lanoue A, Gontier E, Dauwe R. Unravelling the architecture and dynamics of tropane alkaloid biosynthesis pathways using metabolite correlation networks. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 116:94-103. [PMID: 25823585 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The tropane alkaloid spectrum in Solanaceae is highly variable within and between species. Little is known about the topology and the coordination of the biosynthetic pathways leading to the variety of tropine and pseudotropine derived esters in the alkaloid spectrum, or about the metabolic dynamics induced by tropane alkaloid biosynthesis stimulating conditions. A good understanding of the metabolism, including all ramifications, is however necessary for the development of strategies to increase the abundance of pharmacologically interesting compounds such as hyoscyamine and scopolamine. The present study explores the tropane alkaloid metabolic pathways in an untargeted approach involving a correlation-based network analysis. Using GC-MS metabolite profiling, the variation and co-variation among tropane alkaloids and primary metabolites was monitored in 60 Datura innoxia Mill. individuals, of which half were exposed to tropane alkaloid biosynthesis stimulating conditions by co-culture with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Considerable variation was evident in the relative proportions of the tropane alkaloids. Remodeling of the tropane alkaloid spectrum under co-culture with A. rhizogenes involved a specific and strong increase of hyoscyamine production and revealed that the accumulation of hyoscyamine, 3-tigloyloxy-6,7-epoxytropane, and 3-methylbutyryloxytropane was controlled independently of the majority of tropane alkaloids. Based on correlations between metabolites, we propose a biosynthetic origin of hygrine, the order of esterification of certain di-oxygenated tropanes, and that the rate of acetoxylation contributes to control of hyoscyamine production. Overall, this study shows that the biosynthesis of tropane alkaloids may be far more complex and finely controlled than previously expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Kieu-Oanh Nguyen
- EA3900 BioPI, University of Picardy Jules Verne, UFR Sciences, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens cedex, France.
| | - Arash Jamali
- EA3900 BioPI, University of Picardy Jules Verne, UFR Pharmacie, 1 rue des Louvels, 80039 Amiens cedex, France.
| | - Arnaud Lanoue
- Laboratoire de biologie cellulaire et biochimie végétale, University of Tours, UFR de Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France.
| | - Eric Gontier
- EA3900 BioPI, University of Picardy Jules Verne, UFR Sciences, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens cedex, France.
| | - Rebecca Dauwe
- EA3900 BioPI, University of Picardy Jules Verne, UFR Sciences, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens cedex, France.
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Bhoite SP, Kamble RB, Suryavanshi GM. An enantioselective synthesis of (+)-hygroline and (+)-pseudohygroline via Keck allylation and CBS reduction. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Schmidt GW, Jirschitzka J, Porta T, Reichelt M, Luck K, Torre JCP, Dolke F, Varesio E, Hopfgartner G, Gershenzon J, D'Auria JC. The last step in cocaine biosynthesis is catalyzed by a BAHD acyltransferase. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:89-101. [PMID: 25406120 PMCID: PMC4281001 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.248187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The esterification of methylecgonine (2-carbomethoxy-3β-tropine) with benzoic acid is the final step in the biosynthetic pathway leading to the production of cocaine in Erythoxylum coca. Here we report the identification of a member of the BAHD family of plant acyltransferases as cocaine synthase. The enzyme is capable of producing both cocaine and cinnamoylcocaine via the activated benzoyl- or cinnamoyl-Coenzyme A thioesters, respectively. Cocaine synthase activity is highest in young developing leaves, especially in the palisade parenchyma and spongy mesophyll. These data correlate well with the tissue distribution pattern of cocaine as visualized with antibodies. Matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization mass spectral imaging revealed that cocaine and cinnamoylcocaine are differently distributed on the upper versus lower leaf surfaces. Our findings provide further evidence that tropane alkaloid biosynthesis in the Erythroxylaceae occurs in the above-ground portions of the plant in contrast with the Solanaceae, in which tropane alkaloid biosynthesis occurs in the roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Wolfgang Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, D-07745 Jena, Germany (G.W.S., J.J., M.R., K.L., J.C.P.T., F.D., J.G., J.C.D.); andLife Sciences Mass Spectrometry Research Unit, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland (T.P., E.V., G.H.)
| | - Jan Jirschitzka
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, D-07745 Jena, Germany (G.W.S., J.J., M.R., K.L., J.C.P.T., F.D., J.G., J.C.D.); andLife Sciences Mass Spectrometry Research Unit, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland (T.P., E.V., G.H.)
| | - Tiffany Porta
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, D-07745 Jena, Germany (G.W.S., J.J., M.R., K.L., J.C.P.T., F.D., J.G., J.C.D.); andLife Sciences Mass Spectrometry Research Unit, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland (T.P., E.V., G.H.)
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, D-07745 Jena, Germany (G.W.S., J.J., M.R., K.L., J.C.P.T., F.D., J.G., J.C.D.); andLife Sciences Mass Spectrometry Research Unit, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland (T.P., E.V., G.H.)
| | - Katrin Luck
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, D-07745 Jena, Germany (G.W.S., J.J., M.R., K.L., J.C.P.T., F.D., J.G., J.C.D.); andLife Sciences Mass Spectrometry Research Unit, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland (T.P., E.V., G.H.)
| | - José Carlos Pardo Torre
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, D-07745 Jena, Germany (G.W.S., J.J., M.R., K.L., J.C.P.T., F.D., J.G., J.C.D.); andLife Sciences Mass Spectrometry Research Unit, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland (T.P., E.V., G.H.)
| | - Franziska Dolke
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, D-07745 Jena, Germany (G.W.S., J.J., M.R., K.L., J.C.P.T., F.D., J.G., J.C.D.); andLife Sciences Mass Spectrometry Research Unit, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland (T.P., E.V., G.H.)
| | - Emmanuel Varesio
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, D-07745 Jena, Germany (G.W.S., J.J., M.R., K.L., J.C.P.T., F.D., J.G., J.C.D.); andLife Sciences Mass Spectrometry Research Unit, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland (T.P., E.V., G.H.)
| | - Gérard Hopfgartner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, D-07745 Jena, Germany (G.W.S., J.J., M.R., K.L., J.C.P.T., F.D., J.G., J.C.D.); andLife Sciences Mass Spectrometry Research Unit, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland (T.P., E.V., G.H.)
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, D-07745 Jena, Germany (G.W.S., J.J., M.R., K.L., J.C.P.T., F.D., J.G., J.C.D.); andLife Sciences Mass Spectrometry Research Unit, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland (T.P., E.V., G.H.)
| | - John Charles D'Auria
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, D-07745 Jena, Germany (G.W.S., J.J., M.R., K.L., J.C.P.T., F.D., J.G., J.C.D.); andLife Sciences Mass Spectrometry Research Unit, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland (T.P., E.V., G.H.)
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Shadkami F. WITHDRAWN: Simple-statistical and composite-statistical scrutinizers to optimize metabolome coverage. J Proteomics 2012:S1874-3919(12)00640-9. [PMID: 22982361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Shadkami
- Biosensor Laboratory, Lash Miller Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Biastoff
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
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Mesnard F, Ratcliffe RG. NMR analysis of plant nitrogen metabolism. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2005; 83:163-80. [PMID: 16143850 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-004-2081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2004] [Accepted: 07/17/2004] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of primary and secondary nitrogen metabolism in plants by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is comprehensively reviewed. NMR is a versatile analytical tool, and the combined use of (1)H, (2)H, (13)C, (14)N and (15)N NMR allows detailed investigation of the acquisition, assimilation and metabolism of nitrogen. The analysis of tissue extracts can be complemented by the in vivo NMR analysis of functioning tissues and cell suspensions, and by the application of solid state NMR techniques. Moreover stable isotope labelling with (2)H-, (13)C- and (15)N-labelled precursors provides direct insight into specific pathways, with the option of both time-course and steady state analysis increasing the potential value of the approach. The scope of the NMR method, and its contribution to studies of plant nitrogen metabolism, are illustrated with a wide range of examples. These include studies of the GS/GOGAT pathway of ammonium assimilation, investigations of the metabolism of glutamate, glycine and other amino acids, and applications to tropane alkaloid metabolism. The continuing development of the NMR technique, together with potential applications in the emerging fields of metabolomics and metabolic flux analysis, leads to the conclusion that NMR will play an increasingly valuable role in the analysis of plant nitrogen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mesnard
- EA 2084, Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Phytotechnologie, 1 rue des Louvels, F-80037 Amiens Cedex 1, France
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Abstract
The current methods for tropane alkaloid chromatographic separation and determination are summarised. The alkaloids included are: the medicinally applied tropic acid esters hyoscyamine and scopolamine and their derivatives, cocaine and derivatives, the metabolites and degradation products of these compounds occurring in plant material, calystegines as nortropane alkaloids, anatoxins as homonortropane alkaloids, pelletierines and pseudopelletierines as alkaloids with isomeric structures. Developments in GC, HPLC, CE and TLC are presented and the advantages of each method for plant analysis are discussed. A summary for each chromatographic method lists the instrumentation and parameters applied for tropane alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Dräger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany.
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Sevón N, Biondi S, Bagni N, Oksman-Caldentey KM. Transgenic Hyoscyamus muticus (Egyptian henbane). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-10603-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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Duran-Patron R, O'Hagan D, Hamilton JT, Wong CW. Biosynthetic studies on the tropane ring system of the tropane alkaloids from Datura stramonium. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2000; 53:777-784. [PMID: 10783983 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(00)00022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Isotopic labelling experiments have been carried out in Datura stramonium root cultures with the following isotopically labelled precursors; [2H3]- [2-13C, 2H3]-, [1-13C, 18O2]-acetates, 2H2O, [2H3-methyl]-methionine, [2-13C]-phenyllactate, [3-2H]-tropine and [2'-13C, 3-2H]-littorine. The study explored the incorporation of isotope into the tropane ring system of littorine 1 and hyoscyamine 2 and revealed that deuterium from acetate is incorporated only into C-6 and C-7, and not into C-2 and C-4 as previously reported. Oxygen-18 was not retained at a detectable level into the C(3)-O bond from [1-13C, 18O2]-acetate. The intramolecular nature of the rearrangement of littorine 1 to hyoscyamine 2 is revealed again by a labelling study using [2'-13C, 3-2H]-littorine, [2-13C]-phenyllactate and [3-2H]-tropine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Duran-Patron
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham Science Laboratories, UK
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