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Kumar R, Dohi T, Zhdankin VV. Organohypervalent heterocycles. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4786-4827. [PMID: 38545658 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs01055k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
This review summarizes the structural and synthetic aspects of heterocyclic molecules incorporating an atom of a hypervalent main-group element. The term "hypervalent" has been suggested for derivatives of main-group elements with more than eight valence electrons, and the concept of hypervalency is commonly used despite some criticism from theoretical chemists. The significantly higher thermal stability of hypervalent heterocycles compared to their acyclic analogs adds special features to their chemistry, particularly for bromine and iodine. Heterocyclic compounds of elements with double bonds are not categorized as hypervalent molecules owing to the zwitterionic nature of these bonds, resulting in the conventional 8-electron species. This review is focused on hypervalent heterocyclic derivatives of nonmetal main-group elements, such as boron, silicon, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, bromine, chlorine, iodine(III) and iodine(V).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, J C Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, NH-2, Sector-6, Mathura Road, Faridabad, 121006, Haryana, India.
| | - Toshifumi Dohi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Viktor V Zhdankin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1038 University Drive, 126 HCAMS University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA.
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Li Z, Song G, Li ZH. Theoretical Design of Stable Pentacoordinate Boron Compounds. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:2391-2397. [PMID: 35071926 PMCID: PMC8771947 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Through theoretical computations, we found that boron can form thermodynamically stable pentacoordinate compounds. Pentacoordinate boron (penta-B) is just hypercoordinate but not hypervalent because it forms only four covalent bonds, of which at least one is a multicenter bond. Being electron deficient, to be pentacoordinate, at least two of its bonding atoms should have low electronegativity. Penta-B can be formed in H k B(CH3) m (XH3) n (X = Si, Ge, Sn, and n ≥ 2) and BR5 (R = BH2NH3, AsH2, and BeH). Based on a systematic investigation of these model compounds, we designed three thermodynamically stable penta-B compounds that can potentially be synthesized by hydrogenating their tricoordinate counterparts under mild reaction conditions.
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Cao C, Vernon RE, Schwarz WHE, Li J. Understanding Periodic and Non-periodic Chemistry in Periodic Tables. Front Chem 2021; 8:813. [PMID: 33490030 PMCID: PMC7818537 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical elements are the "conserved principles" or "kernels" of chemistry that are retained when substances are altered. Comprehensive overviews of the chemistry of the elements and their compounds are needed in chemical science. To this end, a graphical display of the chemical properties of the elements, in the form of a Periodic Table, is the helpful tool. Such tables have been designed with the aim of either classifying real chemical substances or emphasizing formal and aesthetic concepts. Simplified, artistic, or economic tables are relevant to educational and cultural fields, while practicing chemists profit more from "chemical tables of chemical elements." Such tables should incorporate four aspects: (i) typical valence electron configurations of bonded atoms in chemical compounds (instead of the common but chemically atypical ground states of free atoms in physical vacuum); (ii) at least three basic chemical properties (valence number, size, and energy of the valence shells), their joint variation across the elements showing principal and secondary periodicity; (iii) elements in which the (sp)8, (d)10, and (f)14 valence shells become closed and inert under ambient chemical conditions, thereby determining the "fix-points" of chemical periodicity; (iv) peculiar elements at the top and at the bottom of the Periodic Table. While it is essential that Periodic Tables display important trends in element chemistry we need to keep our eyes open for unexpected chemical behavior in ambient, near ambient, or unusual conditions. The combination of experimental data and theoretical insight supports a more nuanced understanding of complex periodic trends and non-periodic phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsu Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | - W. H. Eugen Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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Yan C, Takeshita M, Nakatsuji JY, Kurosaki A, Sato K, Shang R, Nakamoto M, Yamamoto Y, Adachi Y, Furukawa K, Kishi R, Nakano M. Synthesis and properties of hypervalent electron-rich pentacoordinate nitrogen compounds. Chem Sci 2020; 11:5082-5088. [PMID: 34122965 PMCID: PMC8159240 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00002g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolation and structural characterization of hypervalent electron-rich pentacoordinate nitrogen species have not been achieved despite continuous attempts for over a century. Herein we report the first synthesis and isolation of air stable hypervalent electron-rich pentacoordinate nitrogen cationic radical (11-N-5) species from oxidation of their corresponding neutral (12-N-5) species. In the cationic radical species, the nitrogen centers adopt a trigonal bipyramidal geometry featuring a 3-center-5-electron hypervalent attractive interaction. The combination of single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and computational studies revealed weak N-O interactions between the central nitrogen cation and oxygen atoms. This successful design strategy and isolation of air-stable pentacoordinate hypervalent nitrogen species allow further investigations on reactivity and properties resulting from these unusually weakly coordinating interactions in nitrogen compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenting Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Masato Takeshita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Jun-Ya Nakatsuji
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Akihiro Kurosaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Kaoko Sato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Rong Shang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Masaaki Nakamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Yohsuke Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Yohei Adachi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Ko Furukawa
- Center for Coordination Research Facilities, Institute for Research Promotion, Niigata University 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan.,Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
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Oliveira VP, Kraka E, Machado FBC. Pushing 3c–4e Bonds to the Limit: A Coupled Cluster Study of Stepwise Fluorination of First-Row Atoms. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:14777-14789. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vytor P. Oliveira
- Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (ITA), Departamento de Química, São José dos Campos, 12228-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elfi Kraka
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Francisco B. C. Machado
- Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (ITA), Departamento de Química, São José dos Campos, 12228-900 São Paulo, Brazil
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Setiawan D, Sethio D, Cremer D, Kraka E. From strong to weak NF bonds: on the design of a new class of fluorinating agents. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:23913-23927. [PMID: 30206587 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03843k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A set of 50 molecules with NF bonds was investigated to determine the factors that influence the strength of a NF bond, with the aim of designing a new class of fluorinating agents. The intrinsic bond strength of the NF bonds was used as bond strength measure, derived from local stretching NF force constants obtained at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ and ωB97XD/aug-cc-pVTZ levels of theory. The investigation showed that the NF bond is a tunable covalent bond, with bond strength orders ranging from 2.5 (very strong) to 0.1 (very weak). NF bond strengthening is caused by a combination of different factors and can be achieved by e.g. ionization. Whereas, the NF bond weakening can be achieved by hypervalency on the N atom, using a N→Ch (Ch: O, S, Se) donor-acceptor type bond with different electron-withdrawing groups. These new insights into the nature of the NF bond were used to propose and design a new class of fluorinating agents. Hypervalent amine-chalcogenides turned out as most promising candidates for efficient electrophilic fluorinating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dani Setiawan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Christe KO, Haiges R, Vasiliu M, Dixon DA. Formation Mechanism of NF
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Salts and Extraordinary Enhancement of the Oxidizing Power of Fluorine by Strong Lewis Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201701784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl O. Christe
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 90089-1661 USA
| | - Ralf Haiges
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 90089-1661 USA
| | - Monica Vasiliu
- Department of Chemistry The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa AL 35487 USA
| | - David A. Dixon
- Department of Chemistry The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa AL 35487 USA
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Christe KO, Haiges R, Vasiliu M, Dixon DA. Formation Mechanism of NF
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Salts and Extraordinary Enhancement of the Oxidizing Power of Fluorine by Strong Lewis Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:7924-7929. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201701784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl O. Christe
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 90089-1661 USA
| | - Ralf Haiges
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 90089-1661 USA
| | - Monica Vasiliu
- Department of Chemistry The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa AL 35487 USA
| | - David A. Dixon
- Department of Chemistry The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa AL 35487 USA
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Hexacoordinated nitrogen(V) stabilized by high pressure. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36049. [PMID: 27808104 PMCID: PMC5093683 DOI: 10.1038/srep36049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In all of its known connections nitrogen retains a valence shell electron count of eight therefore satisfying the golden rule of chemistry - the octet rule. Despite the diversity of nitrogen chemistry (with oxidation states ranging from + 5 to −3), and despite numerous efforts, compounds containing nitrogen with a higher electron count (hypervalent nitrogen) remain elusive and are yet to be synthesized. One possible route leading to nitrogen’s hypervalency is the formation of a chemical moiety containing pentavalent nitrogen atoms coordinated by more than four substituents. Here, we present theoretical evidence that a salt containing hexacoordinated nitrogen(V), in the form of an NF6− anion, could be synthesized at a modest pressure of 40 GPa (=400 kbar) via spontaneous oxidation of NF3 by F2. Our results indicate that the synthesis of a new class of compounds containing hypervalent nitrogen is within reach of current high-pressure experimental techniques.
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Shagun VA, Voronkov MG, Vrazhnov DV, Kochina TA. Quantum-chemical study of reaction mechanism between tris(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium fluoride and tetraethoxysilane. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363211090106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Consideration is given to recoupled-pair bonding and the origin of electronic hypervalence for formulations of the bonding for symmetric 4-electron 3-center ((4e,3c)) bonding units with one overlapping atomic orbital per atomic center. Molecular orbital and valence bond theory for symmetric (4e,3c) bonding units is redescribed and applied to aspects of the bonding for SF(6) and CLi(6). The results of minimal basis set calculations for CLi(6) provide support for a hypothesis that two Li-C-Li (3e,3c) bonding units rather than two (4e,3c) bonding units are preferred for this molecule. Brief comments are also made on the use of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] as valence bond structures for the three electron bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Harcourt
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Hirano Y, Kojima S, Yamamoto Y. A Hypervalent Pentacoordinate Boron Compound with an N−B−N Three-Center Four-Electron Bond. J Org Chem 2011; 76:2123-31. [DOI: 10.1021/jo1024656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Hirano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kojima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Yohsuke Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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Grant DJ, Wang TH, Vasiliu M, Dixon DA, Christe KO. F+ and F− Affinities of Simple NxFy and OxFy Compounds. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:1914-25. [DOI: 10.1021/ic102310v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Grant
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - Tsang-Hsiu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - Monica Vasiliu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - David A. Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - Karl O. Christe
- Loker Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
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Ting M, Peters NJS. Hydrogen Bonding Between FNO and H2O: Structure and Energetics. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:11316-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp906653q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melodie Ting
- Department of Chemistry, C. W. Post Campus of Long Island University, Brookville, New York 11548
| | - Nancy J. S. Peters
- Department of Chemistry, C. W. Post Campus of Long Island University, Brookville, New York 11548
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Study of the structural and thermodynamic stability of pentacoordinated nitrogen compounds NF2X3 (X = H, Cl, Br): Ab initio calculations. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10947-008-0168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gapurenko OA, Gribanova TN, Minyaev RM, Minkin VI. Octacoordination of the nitrogen atom in M4NO 4 + systems (M = Li, Na, K). RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023608100148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Schulz A, Liebman JF. Paradoxes and paradigms: high oxidation states and neighboring rows in the periodic table—Lanthanides, Actinides, Exotica and Explosives. Struct Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-008-9336-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Bickelhaupt FM, DeKock RL, Baerends EJ. The short N [bond] F bond in N(2)F(+) and how Pauli repulsion influences bond lengths. Theoretical study of N(2)X(+), NF(3)X(+), and NH(3)X(+) (X [double bond] F, H). J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:1500-5. [PMID: 11841321 DOI: 10.1021/ja0117837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exceptionally short N [bond] F bond distances of only 1.217 A (crystal) and 1.246 A (gas phase) have been reported for N(2)F(+), making it the shortest N [bond] F bond ever observed. To trace the origin of this structural phenomenon, we have analyzed the model systems N(2)X(+), NF(3)X(+), and NH(3)X(+) (X [double bond] F, H) using generalized gradient approximation density functional theory at BP86/TZ2P. In good agreement with experiment, the computations yield an extremely short N [bond] F bond for N(2)F(+): we find N [bond] F bond distances in N(2)F(+), NF(4)(+), and NH(3)F(+) of 1.245, 1.339, and 1.375 A, respectively. The N [bond] X bonding mechanisms are quantitatively analyzed in the framework of Kohn-Sham MO theory. At variance with the current hypothesis, reduced steric and other Pauli repulsion (of substituents or lone pairs at N with F) rather than the extent of s [bond] p hybridization of N (i.e., sp versus sp(3)) are responsible for the much shorter N [bond] F distance in N(2)F(+) compared to NF(4)(+). The results for our nitrogen compounds are furthermore discussed in the more general context of how bond lengths are determined by both bonding and repulsive orbital interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Afdeling Theoretische Chemie, Scheikundig Laboratorium der Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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