1
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Hess KM, Leach IF, Wijtenhorst L, Lee H, Klein JEMN. Valence Tautomerism Induced Proton Coupled Electron Transfer:X-H Bond Oxidation with a Dinuclear Au(II) Hydroxide Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318916. [PMID: 38324462 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
We report the preparation and characterization of the dinuclear AuII hydroxide complex AuII 2(L)2(OH)2 (L=N,N'-bis (2,6-dimethyl) phenylformamidinate) and study its reactivity towards weak X-H bonds. Through the interplay of kinetic analysis and computational studies, we demonstrate that the oxidation of cyclohexadiene follows a concerted proton-coupled electron transfer (cPCET) mechanism, a rare type of reactivity for Au complexes. We find that the Au-Au σ-bond undergoes polarization in the PCET event leading to an adjustment of oxidation levels for both Au centers prior to C(sp3)-H bond cleavage. We thus describe the oxidation event as a valence tautomerism-induced PCET where the basicity of one reduced Au-OH unit provides a proton acceptor and the second more oxidized Au center serves as an electron acceptor. The coordination of these events allows for unprecedented radical-type reactivity by a closed shell AuII complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher M Hess
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Isaac F Leach
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Wijtenhorst
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hangyul Lee
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes E M N Klein
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Dummer NF, Willock DJ, He Q, Howard MJ, Lewis RJ, Qi G, Taylor SH, Xu J, Bethell D, Kiely CJ, Hutchings GJ. Methane Oxidation to Methanol. Chem Rev 2022; 123:6359-6411. [PMID: 36459432 PMCID: PMC10176486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The direct transformation of methane to methanol remains a significant challenge for operation at a larger scale. Central to this challenge is the low reactivity of methane at conditions that can facilitate product recovery. This review discusses the issue through examination of several promising routes to methanol and an evaluation of performance targets that are required to develop the process at scale. We explore the methods currently used, the emergence of active heterogeneous catalysts and their design and reaction mechanisms and provide a critical perspective on future operation. Initial experiments are discussed where identification of gas phase radical chemistry limited further development by this approach. Subsequently, a new class of catalytic materials based on natural systems such as iron or copper containing zeolites were explored at milder conditions. The key issues of these technologies are low methane conversion and often significant overoxidation of products. Despite this, interest remains high in this reaction and the wider appeal of an effective route to key products from C-H activation, particularly with the need to transition to net carbon zero with new routes from renewable methane sources is exciting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas F. Dummer
- Max Planck−Cardiff Centre on the Fundamentals of Heterogeneous Catalysis FUNCAT, Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, CardiffCF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Willock
- Max Planck−Cardiff Centre on the Fundamentals of Heterogeneous Catalysis FUNCAT, Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, CardiffCF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Qian He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore117575, Singapore
| | - Mark J. Howard
- Max Planck−Cardiff Centre on the Fundamentals of Heterogeneous Catalysis FUNCAT, Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, CardiffCF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Lewis
- Max Planck−Cardiff Centre on the Fundamentals of Heterogeneous Catalysis FUNCAT, Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, CardiffCF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Guodong Qi
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan430071, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, P. R. China
| | - Stuart H. Taylor
- Max Planck−Cardiff Centre on the Fundamentals of Heterogeneous Catalysis FUNCAT, Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, CardiffCF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Jun Xu
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan430071, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, P. R. China
| | - Don Bethell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, LiverpoolL69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Kiely
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, 5 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania18015, United States
| | - Graham J. Hutchings
- Max Planck−Cardiff Centre on the Fundamentals of Heterogeneous Catalysis FUNCAT, Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, CardiffCF10 3AT, United Kingdom
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3
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Ma C, Fang P, Liu ZR, Xu SS, Xu K, Cheng X, Lei A, Xu HC, Zeng C, Mei TS. Recent advances in organic electrosynthesis employing transition metal complexes as electrocatalysts. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:2412-2429. [PMID: 36654127 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrosynthesis has been widely used as an environmentally conscious alternative to conventional methods for redox reactions because it utilizes electric current as a traceless redox agent instead of chemical redox agents. Indirect electrolysis employing a redox catalyst has received tremendous attention, since it provides various advantages compared to direct electrolysis. With indirect electrolysis, overpotential of electron transfer can be avoided, which is inherently milder, thus wide functional group tolerance can be achieved. Additionally, chemoselectivity, regioselectivity, and stereoselectivity can be tuned by the redox catalysts used in indirect electrolysis. Furthermore, electrode passivation can be avoided by preventing the formation of polymer films on the electrode surface. Common redox catalysts include N-oxyl radicals, hypervalent iodine species, halides, amines, benzoquinones (such as DDQ and tetrachlorobenzoquinone), and transition metals. In recent years, great progress has been made in the field of indirect organic electrosynthesis using transition metals as redox catalysts for reaction classes including C-H functionalization, radical cyclization, and cross-coupling of aryl halides-each owing to the diverse reactivity and accessible oxidation states of transition metals. Although various reviews of organic electrosynthesis are available, there is a lack of articles that focus on recent research progress in the area of indirect electrolysis using transition metals, which is the impetus for this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ping Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhao-Ran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shi-Shuo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Xu Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Aiwen Lei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Chengchu Zeng
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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4
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Deng J, Lin S, Fuller JT, Zandkarimi B, Chen HM, Alexandrova AN, Liu C. Electrocatalytic Methane Functionalization with d
0
Early Transition Metals Under Ambient Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Sheng‐Chih Lin
- Department of Chemistry National (Taiwan) University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Jack T. Fuller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Borna Zandkarimi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Hao Ming Chen
- Department of Chemistry National (Taiwan) University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Anastassia N. Alexandrova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
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5
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Deng J, Lin SC, Fuller JT, Zandkarimi B, Chen HM, Alexandrova AN, Liu C. Electrocatalytic Methane Functionalization with d 0 Early Transition Metals Under Ambient Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:26630-26638. [PMID: 34606678 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The undesirable loss of methane (CH4 ) at remote locations welcomes approaches that ambiently functionalize CH4 on-site without intense infrastructure investment. Recently, we found that electrochemical oxidation of vanadium(V)-oxo with bisulfate ligand leads to CH4 activation at ambient conditions. The key question is whether such an observation is a one-off coincidence or a general strategy for electrocatalyst design. Here, a general scheme of electrocatalytic CH4 activation with d0 early transition metals is established. The pre-catalysts' molecular structure, electrocatalytic kinetics, and mechanism were detailed for titanium (IV), vanadium (V), and chromium (VI) species as model systems. After a turnover-limiting one-electron electrochemical oxidation, the yielded ligand-centered cation radicals activate CH4 with low activation energy and high selectivity. The reactivities are universal among early transition metals from Period 4 to 6, and the reactivities trend for different early transition metals correlate with their d orbital energies across periodic table. Our results offer new chemical insights towards developing advanced ambient electrocatalysts of natural gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Sheng-Chih Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National (Taiwan) University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jack T Fuller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Borna Zandkarimi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Hao Ming Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National (Taiwan) University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Anastassia N Alexandrova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,California NanoSystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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6
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Xiang D, Iñiguez JA, Deng J, Guan X, Martinez A, Liu C. Ag
II
‐Mediated Electrocatalytic Ambient CH
4
Functionalization Inspired by HSAB Theory. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danlei Xiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Jesus A. Iñiguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Jiao Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Xun Guan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Antonio Martinez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
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7
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Khenkin AM, Herman A, Haviv E, Neumann R. Electrocatalytic Oxyesterification of Hydrocarbons by Tetravalent Lead. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. Khenkin
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Adi Herman
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Eynat Haviv
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ronny Neumann
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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8
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Xiang D, Iñiguez JA, Deng J, Guan X, Martinez A, Liu C. Ag II -Mediated Electrocatalytic Ambient CH 4 Functionalization Inspired by HSAB Theory. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18152-18161. [PMID: 34107154 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Although most class (b) transition metals have been studied in regard to CH4 activation, divalent silver (AgII ), possibly owing to its reactive nature, is the only class (b) high-valent transition metal center that is not yet reported to exhibit reactivities towards CH4 activation. We now report that electrochemically generated AgII metalloradical readily functionalizes CH4 into methyl bisulfate (CH3 OSO3 H) at ambient conditions in 98 % H2 SO4 . Mechanistic investigation experimentally unveils a low activation energy of 13.1 kcal mol-1 , a high pseudo-first-order rate constant of CH4 activation up to 2.8×103 h-1 at room temperature and a CH4 pressure of 85 psi, and two competing reaction pathways preferable towards CH4 activation over solvent oxidation. Reaction kinetic data suggest a Faradaic efficiency exceeding 99 % beyond 180 psi CH4 at room temperature for potential chemical production from widely distributed natural gas resources with minimal infrastructure reliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danlei Xiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jesus A Iñiguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jiao Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Xun Guan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Antonio Martinez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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9
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Huffman BL, Lee KJ, Geer AM, McKeown BA, Jia X, Dickie DA, Gunnoe TB, Dempsey JL. Role of Axial Ligation in Gating the Reactivity of Dimethylplatinum(III) Diimine Radical Cations. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L. Huffman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Katherine J. Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ana M. Geer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Bradley A. McKeown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Xiaofan Jia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - T. Brent Gunnoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Jillian L. Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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10
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Kim RS, Nazemi A, Cundari TR, Surendranath Y. A PdIII Sulfate Dimer Initiates Rapid Methane Monofunctionalization by H Atom Abstraction. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Soyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Azadeh Nazemi
- Department of Chemistry, CASCaM, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Thomas R. Cundari
- Department of Chemistry, CASCaM, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Yogesh Surendranath
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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