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Zhou T, Wang M, Zeng H, Min R, Wang J, Zhang G. Application of physicochemical techniques to the removal of ammonia nitrogen from water: a systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:344. [PMID: 39073643 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-02129-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Ammonia nitrogen is a common pollutant in water and soil, known for its biological toxicity and complex removal process. Traditional biological methods for removing ammonia nitrogen are often inefficient, especially under varying temperature conditions. This study reviews physicochemical techniques for the treatment and recovery of ammonia nitrogen from water. Key methods analyzed include ion exchange, adsorption, membrane separation, struvite precipitation, and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Findings indicate that these methods not only remove ammonia nitrogen but also allow for nitrogen recovery. Ion exchange, adsorption, and membrane separation are effective in separating ammonia nitrogen, while AOPs generate reactive species for efficient degradation. Struvite precipitation offers dual benefits of removal and resource recovery. Despite their advantages, these methods face challenges such as secondary pollution and high energy consumption. This paper highlights the development principles, current challenges, and future prospects of physicochemical techniques, emphasizing the need for integrated approaches to enhance ammonia nitrogen removal efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhong Zhou
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River Water Environment in Gansu Province, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Miao Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River Water Environment in Gansu Province, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Honglin Zeng
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River Water Environment in Gansu Province, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Rui Min
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River Water Environment in Gansu Province, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Jinyi Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River Water Environment in Gansu Province, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Guozhen Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Yellow River Water Environment in Gansu Province, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
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2
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Liu H, Li X, Yao H, Sun P. Enhanced strategies for phosphate recovery from urine by magnesium galvanic process. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 245:120669. [PMID: 37776592 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium galvanic process (MGP) can be applied to recover phosphate from source-separated urine. However, information on how the urine matrix affects MGP performance is limited. Therefore, this study investigated the mechanism of phosphate recovery by MGP in synthetic and real urine matrixes. Our results showed that the major components in urine (i.e., NH4+, Cl-, and HCO3-) all exhibited acceleration effects on corrosion of Mg plate. However, the underlying action mechanism of each component was distinct. Ammonium facilitated the conversion from MgO to Mg(OH)2, chloride complexed with Mg2+ ions, and bicarbonate led to complexation as well as formation of MgCO3. Furthermore, our results revealed an interesting aspect where although bicarbonate alone accelerated the corrosion of Mg plate, its coexistence with other ions inhibited overall performance due to the blocking effect of formed MgCO3 on chloride penetration and reduction in free magnesium ion concentration. After elucidating the interaction of NH4+, Cl-, and HCO3- on the passive layer of the Mg plate, we proposed to pretreat urine with HCl, which resulted in a significant enhancement in current production and phosphate recovery. This improved MGP was further tested in a continuous flow reactor, which recovered over 95% of phosphate in real urine for more than 1 h. The phosphate precipitates were confirmed as high purity struvite. Generally, the improved MGP, which simultaneously produced Mg2+, dihydrogen, and electricity with no energy input, is a promising sustainable and green alternative for phosphate recovery from source-separated urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xinyang Li
- School of Civil Engineering, Beijing International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water Pollution Control Techniques for Antibiotics and Resistance genes, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Hong Yao
- School of Civil Engineering, Beijing International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water Pollution Control Techniques for Antibiotics and Resistance genes, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Peizhe Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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3
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Miller DM, Abels K, Guo J, Williams KS, Liu MJ, Tarpeh WA. Electrochemical Wastewater Refining: A Vision for Circular Chemical Manufacturing. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19422-19439. [PMID: 37642501 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater is an underleveraged resource; it contains pollutants that can be transformed into valuable high-purity products. Innovations in chemistry and chemical engineering will play critical roles in valorizing wastewater to remediate environmental pollution, provide equitable access to chemical resources and services, and secure critical materials from diminishing feedstock availability. This perspective envisions electrochemical wastewater refining─the use of electrochemical processes to tune and recover specific products from wastewaters─as the necessary framework to accelerate wastewater-based electrochemistry to widespread practice. We define and prescribe a use-informed approach that simultaneously serves specific wastewater-pollutant-product triads and uncovers a mechanistic understanding generalizable to broad use cases. We use this approach to evaluate research needs in specific case studies of electrocatalysis, stoichiometric electrochemical conversions, and electrochemical separations. Finally, we provide rationale and guidance for intentionally expanding the electrochemical wastewater refining product portfolio. Wastewater refining will require a coordinated effort from multiple expertise areas to meet the urgent need of extracting maximal value from complex, variable, diverse, and abundant wastewater resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean M Miller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kristen Abels
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jinyu Guo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kindle S Williams
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Matthew J Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - William A Tarpeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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4
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Zhan Z, Wang R, Saakes M, van der Weijden RD, Buisman CJN, Lei Y. Basket anode filled with CaCO 3 particles: A membrane-free electrochemical system for boosting phosphate recovery and product purity. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 231:119604. [PMID: 36669305 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is often regarded as the primary stimulant for eutrophication, while its importance as a crucial life element is also well acknowledged. Given its future scarcity, P recycling from waste streams is suggested and practiced. Electrochemically mediated precipitation (EMP) is a robust and chemical-free process for P removal and recovery, yet it requires further developments. The first generation of the CaCO3-packed electrochemical precipitation column successfully solved the problem of H+-OH- recombination, achieving enhanced P removal efficiency with less energy consumption but suffering from low Ca-phosphate purity in recovered products. Herein, a new concept of a basket-anode electrochemical system is proposed and validated to prevent direct H+-OH- recombination and enhance product purity. The CaCO3 pellets packed basket anode alleviates the OH- depletion by CaCO3-H+ interaction and provides extra Ca2+ for enhanced P removal. The novel structure of the basket anode, by its derived acidic anode region and alkaline cathode region, completely avoids the precipitation of Ca-phosphate on the packed CaCO3 and greatly facilitates the collection of high-quality Ca-phosphate product. Our results suggest that almost 100% of the removed P was in high-purity, highly crystalline Ca-phosphate on the cathode. The recovered products contained significantly more P (13.5 wt%) than in the previous study (0.1 wt%) at similar energy consumptions (29.8 kWh/kg P). The applied current density, pellets size, and influent P concentration were critical for P removal performance, product purity, and power consumption. We further demonstrated the long-term stability of this novel system and its technical and economic feasibility in treating real stored urine. Our study provides new cell architectural designs to enhance the performance of EMP systems and may inspire innovations and developments in other electrochemical water treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengshuo Zhan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Runhua Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Michel Saakes
- Wetsus, Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Renata D van der Weijden
- Wetsus, Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands; Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cees J N Buisman
- Wetsus, Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands; Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yang Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China.
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5
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Zaffar A, Krishnamoorthy N, Nagaraj N, Jayaraman S, Paramasivan B. Optimization and kinetic modeling of phosphate recovery as struvite by electrocoagulation from source-separated urine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:20721-20735. [PMID: 36255572 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23446-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus recovery is indispensable due to the rapid depletion of its natural reserves and excessive utility in agriculture. Though human urine has high nutrient content including phosphate, nitrogen and potassium; direct use as a fertilizer is restricted due to hygienic, environmental, social and ethical issues. To overcome these limitations, the nutrients are precipitated by the external addition of magnesium (Mg) to form a slow-releasing fertilizer called struvite. The present study aims to maximize phosphate recovery through optimizing struvite production by an emerging electrocoagulation technique. A maximum of 95% phosphate recovery was achieved using inter-electrode distance of 0.5 cm, 2 A current from undiluted urine using Mg-Mg electrodes in a reaction time of 30 min. Further, kinetic modeling of phosphate recovery through electrocoagulation was conducted to comprehend the intended mechanism through the order of kinetics. The results revealed that the data best correlated with first-order kinetics with a correlation coefficient of 0.95. Electrocoagulation improved the supernatant quality by reducing the ion concentrations other than phosphate (30-50%), salinity (40-45%), and microbial population (99%). Qualitative assessment of the precipitate through sophisticated analysis further confirmed the presence of struvite crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Zaffar
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Nageshwari Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Nahaarjun Nagaraj
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Sivaraman Jayaraman
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Balasubramanian Paramasivan
- Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India.
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6
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Pressure-driven membrane nutrient preconcentration for down-stream electrochemical struvite recovery. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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7
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Electrochemical recovery of phosphate from synthetic wastewater with enhanced salinity. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Gao J, Shi N, Li Y, Jiang B, Marhaba T, Zhang W. Electrocatalytic Upcycling of Nitrate Wastewater into an Ammonia Fertilizer via an Electrified Membrane. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:11602-11613. [PMID: 35862245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemically upcycling wastewater nitrogen such as nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-) into an ammonia fertilizer is a promising yet challenging research topic in resource recovery and wastewater treatment. This study presents an electrified membrane made of a CuO@Cu foam and a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane for reducing NO3- to ammonia (NH3) and upcycling NH3 into (NH4)2SO4, a liquid fertilizer for ready-use. A paired electrolysis process without external acid/base consumption was achieved under a partial current density of 63.8 ± 4.4 mA·cm-2 on the cathodic membrane, which removed 99.9% NO3- in the feed (150 mM NO3-) after a 5 h operation with an NH3 recovery rate of 99.5%. A recovery rate and energy consumption of 3100 ± 91 g-(NH4)2SO4·m-2·d-1 and 21.8 ± 3.8 kWh·kg-1-(NH4)2SO4, respectively, almost outcompete the industrial ammonia production cost in the Haber-Bosch process. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations unraveled that the in situ electrochemical conversion of Cu2+ into Cu1+ provides highly dynamic active species for NO3- reduction to NH3. This electrified membrane process was demonstrated to achieve synergistic nitrate decontamination and nutrient recovery with durable catalytic activity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Gao
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, P. R. China
- John A. Reif, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Ning Shi
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, P. R. China
| | - Bo Jiang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, P. R. China
| | - Taha Marhaba
- John A. Reif, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Wen Zhang
- John A. Reif, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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9
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Assessment of Struvite as an Alternative Sources of Fertilizer-Phosphorus for Flood-Irrigated Rice. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14159621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) recovery from wastewaters as struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) may be a viable alternative fertilizer-P source for agriculture. The objective of this study was to evaluate the economic and environmental implications of struvite as a fertilizer-P source for flood-irrigated rice (Oryza sativa) relative to other commonly used commercially available fertilizer-P sources. A field study was conducted in 2019 and 2020 to evaluate the effects of wastewater-recovered struvite (chemically precipitated struvite (CPST) and electrochemically precipitated struvite (ECST)) on rice yield response in a P-deficient, silt–loam soil in eastern Arkansas relative to triple superphosphate, monoammonium and diammonium phosphate, and rock phosphate. A life cycle assessment methodology was used to estimate the global warming potentials associated with rice produced with the various fertilizer-P sources. Life cycle inventory data were based on the field trials conducted with and without struvite application for both years. A partial budget analysis showed that, across both years, net revenues for ECST and CPST were 1.4 to 26.8% lower than those associated with the other fertilizer-P sources. The estimated greenhouse gas emissions varied between 0.58 and 0.70 kg CO2 eq kg rice−1 from CPST and between 0.56 and 0.81 kg CO2 eq kg rice−1 from ECST in 2019 and 2020, respectively, which were numerically similar to those for the other fertilizer-P sources in 2019 and 2020. The similar rice responses compared to commercially available fertilizer-P sources suggest that wastewater-recovered struvite materials might be an alternative fertilizer-P-source option for flood-irrigated rice production if struvite can become price-competitive to other fertilizer-P sources.
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10
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Tao Y, Yang B, Wang F, Yan Y, Hong X, Xu H, Xia M, Wang F. Green synthesis of MOF-808 with modulation of particle sizes and defects for efficient phosphate sequestration. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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11
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Hao J, Zeng H, Li X, Zhang Y, Lei Y, Sheng G, Zhao X. Nitrogen and phosphorous recycling from human urine by household electrochemical fixed bed in sparsely populated regions. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 218:118467. [PMID: 35525028 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Decentralized treatment of human urine in sparsely populated regions could avoid the problem of sewage collection in traditionally centralized treatment schemes and simultaneously utilize the recovered N/P fertilizer in-situ to nurture gardens. Herein, an integrated electrochemical fixed bed packed with divided magnesite and carbon zones was constructed for the pretreatment of human urine, followed by the recovery of 95.0% NH4+ and 85.8% PO43- via struvite precipitation and NH3 volatilization as well as the on-site employment of the produced struvite as fertilizer. In the process, the acid/base zones created by electrochemical water splitting dissolved the magnesite filler as the Mg2+ source of struvite, further creating an ideal pH environment for struvite precipitation and NH3 volatilization in the effluent. Without the need to control solution pH by chemical addition, the system can resist impacts from changes in water quality by adjustment of the current density and flow rate, indicating its great potential for automatic operation. Life cycle assessment indicated that the on-site employment of produced struvite avoids the long-distance fertilizer transportation required for fertilization, thus reducing carbon emission by a hundred million tons per year if the household facility is driven by clean electricity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Huabin Zeng
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Mikkeli, 50130, Finland
| | - Xuewei Li
- Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet 115, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Yang Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guoping Sheng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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12
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Bitter JH, Asadi Tashvigh A. Recent Advances in Polybenzimidazole Membranes for Hydrogen Purification. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes H. Bitter
- Biobased Chemistry and Technology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Akbar Asadi Tashvigh
- Biobased Chemistry and Technology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Xu H, Xu G, Chen L, Shi J. Self-Co-Electrolysis for Co-Production of Phosphate and Hydrogen in Neutral Phosphate Buffer Electrolyte. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200058. [PMID: 35262982 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The spontaneous reaction between Zn and H2 O is of critical importance and could plausibly be used to produce H2 gas, especially under neutral conditions. However, this reaction has long been overlooked owing to its sluggish kinetics and Zn consumption. Herein, a unique self-co-electrolysis system (SCES) is reported, which uses a Zn anode, a CoP-based catalytic cathode, and a neutral phosphate buffer solution (PBS) as the electrolyte. In this SCES, Zn is not only a sacrificial anode but also an important precursor of high-value-added NaZnPO4 . Additionally, the composition and phase structure of NaZnPO4 can be well regulated. In this study, a high-performance N,Cu-CoP/carbon cloth (CC) catalyst is synthesized to catalyze the cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at an especially low overpotential of 64.7 mV at 10 mA cm- 2 . H2 gas (13.7 mL cm- 2 h- 1 ) and NaZnPO4 (3.73 mg cm- 2 h- 1 ) are obtained at the cathode and anode, respectively, in the N,Cu-CoP/CC||Zn SCES spontaneously. Moreover, the SCES has a favorable open-circuit voltage (OCV) of 0.79 V and a maximum power density of 1.83 mW cm- 2 . Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are performed to elucidate the electronic structure and HER catalytic mechanism of the N and Cu co-doped CoP catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, North Zhongshan Road 3663, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Guanxing Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, North Zhongshan Road 3663, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Lisong Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, North Zhongshan Road 3663, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Jianlin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ding-xi Road 1295, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
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14
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Kékedy‐Nagy L, Abolhassani M, Greenlee LF, Pollet BG. The electrochemistry of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, disodium phosphate, ammonium chloride on Mg‐based and polycrystalline Pt electrodes. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- László Kékedy‐Nagy
- Ralph E. Martin, Department of Chemical Engineering University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas USA
| | - Mojtaba Abolhassani
- Ralph E. Martin, Department of Chemical Engineering University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas USA
| | - Lauren F. Greenlee
- Ralph E. Martin, Department of Chemical Engineering University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas USA
| | - Bruno G. Pollet
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim Norway
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15
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Chen X, Jin Y, Zhou Z, Huang P, Chen X, Ding R, Chen R. Spontaneous nutrient recovery and disinfection of aquaculture wastewater via Mg-coconut shell carbon composites. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 426:128119. [PMID: 34953255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture wastewater contained large amounts of pathogenic microorganisms, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). In this study, the nutrient recoveries and wastewater disinfection were simultaneously achieved using Mg-coconut shell carbon (Mg-CSC). The composites were prepared by a ball milling method. The hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was in-situ generated by the dissolved oxygen reduction driven by Mg corrosion on the CSC surface, which inactivated the microorganisms. Besides that, Mg corrosion provided sufficient Mg ions and appropriate pH conditions for struvite formation. The results show that 5.4-log E.coli removal was achieved under different conditions. Improving the Mg/CSC ratio and composite dosage could shorten the time required for disinfection. In addition to H2O2, singlet oxygen played a critical role. Reactive oxygen species destroyed the cellular structure and killed the bacteria. The recoveries of NH4+-Nand P under certain conditions were about 60% and 91%, respectively. An increased composite dosage could improve the recovery ratio of P. Excessive dosages were not beneficial for removing NH4+-N. The characterization result revealed that struvite crystals were the main precipitates on the CSC surface. The Mg-CSC composites also revealed satisfied nutrient recovery and disinfection performances in the real aquaculture wastewater treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongjian Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Yanchao Jin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fuzhou 350007, China.
| | - Zijing Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Peiwen Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Rui Ding
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Riyao Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fuzhou 350007, China.
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Kékedy-Nagy L, English L, Anari Z, Abolhassani M, Pollet BG, Popp J, Greenlee LF. Electrochemical nutrient removal from natural wastewater sources and its impact on water quality. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 210:118001. [PMID: 34974342 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.118001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a suite of natural wastewater sources is tested to understand the effects of wastewater composition and source on electrochemically driven nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient removal. Kinetics, electrode behavior, and removal efficiency were evaluated during electrochemical precipitation, whereby a sacrificial magnesium (Mg) anode was used to drive precipitation of ammonium and phosphate. The electrochemical reactor demonstrated fast kinetics in the natural wastewater matrices, removing up to 54% of the phosphate present in natural wastewater within 1 min, with an energy input of only 0.04 kWh.m-3. After 1 min, phosphate removal followed a zero-order rate law in the 1 min - 30 min range. The zero-order rate constant (k) appears to depend upon differences in wastewater composition, where a faster rate constant is associated with higher Cl- and NH4+ concentrations, lower Ca2+ concentrations, and higher organic carbon content. The sacrificial Mg anode showed the lowest corrosion resistance in the natural industrial wastewater source, with an increased corrosion rate (vcorr) of 15.8 mm.y-1 compared to 1.9-3.5 mm.y-1 in municipal wastewater sources, while the Tafel slopes (β) showed a direct correlation with the natural wastewater composition and origin. An overall improvement of water quality was observed where important water quality parameters such as total organic carbon (TOC), total suspended solids (TSS), and turbidity showed a significant decrease. An economic analysis revealed costs based upon experimental Mg consumption are estimated to range from 0.19 $.m-3 to 0.30 $.m-3, but costs based upon theoretical Mg consumption range from 0.09 $.m-3 to 0.18 $.m-3. Overall, this study highlights that water chemistry parameters control nutrient recovery, while electrochemical treatment does not directly produce potable water, and that economic analysis should be based upon experimentally-determined Mg consumption data. Synopsis Statement: Magnesium-driven electrochemical precipitation of natural wastewater sources enables fast kinetics for phosphate removal at low energy input.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Kékedy-Nagy
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 3202 Bell Engineering Center, Fayetteville AR 72701, United States; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, Center of Structural and Functional Genomics, 7141 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Leah English
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, University of Arkansas, 217 Agriculture Building, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States
| | - Zahra Anari
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 3202 Bell Engineering Center, Fayetteville AR 72701, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, 121 Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Building, University Park, PA 16802 United States
| | - Mojtaba Abolhassani
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 3202 Bell Engineering Center, Fayetteville AR 72701, United States
| | - Bruno G Pollet
- Hydrogen Energy and Sonochemistry research group, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; Green Hydrogen Lab, Hydrogen Research Institute, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Jennie Popp
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, University of Arkansas, 217 Agriculture Building, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States
| | - Lauren F Greenlee
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 3202 Bell Engineering Center, Fayetteville AR 72701, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, 121 Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Building, University Park, PA 16802 United States.
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17
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The effect of anode degradation on energy demand and production efficiency of electrochemically precipitated struvite. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-021-01637-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Kékedy-Nagy L, Abolhassani M, Greenlee LF, Pollet BG. An Electrochemical Study of Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate on Mg and Mg Alloy Electrodes. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-021-00646-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn this work, the electrochemistry of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate in aqueous solution on Mg and Mg AZ31 alloy (Al 3 wt%, Zn 1 wt%, balanced Mg) electrodes was studied using electrochemical characterization similar to electro-agglomeration and physical characterization to shed some light on the electrochemical mechanism of struvite formation as phosphate precipitation in waste. It was found that the Mg AZ31 alloy exhibited higher corrosion current densities (jcorr), and thus higher Mg dissolution rates and corrosion rates (vcorr) when compared with pure Mg. This finding was confirmed by ion chromatography (IC) analysis. Results also showed a phosphorus removal efficiency (PRem) of 16.8% together with ~53 mL H2 production for pure Mg and 17.2% with ~61 mL H2 production for Mg AZ31 alloy. The precipitates formed on the two Mg electrode materials were physically characterized by SEM, XRD, XPS, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, which indicated the formation of struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate-MgNH4PO4*6H2O). It was found that (i) the thickness of the films was influenced by the applied scan rates, which also had a significant impact on the morphology, and (ii) hydrogen bubble formation influenced the precipitates, whereby the film thicknesses were negatively impacted.
Graphical abstract
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