1
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Haas BC, Lim NK, Jermaks J, Gaster E, Guo MC, Malig TC, Werth J, Zhang H, Toste FD, Gosselin F, Miller SJ, Sigman MS. Enantioselective Sulfonimidamide Acylation via a Cinchona Alkaloid-Catalyzed Desymmetrization: Scope, Data Science, and Mechanistic Investigation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8536-8546. [PMID: 38480482 PMCID: PMC10990064 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Methods to access chiral sulfur(VI) pharmacophores are of interest in medicinal and synthetic chemistry. We report the desymmetrization of unprotected sulfonimidamides via asymmetric acylation with a cinchona-phosphinate catalyst. The desired products are formed in excellent yield and enantioselectivity with no observed bis-acylation. A data-science-driven approach to substrate scope evaluation was coupled to high throughput experimentation (HTE) to facilitate statistical modeling in order to inform mechanistic studies. Reaction kinetics, catalyst structural studies, and density functional theory (DFT) transition state analysis elucidated the turnover-limiting step to be the collapse of the tetrahedral intermediate and provided key insights into the catalyst-substrate structure-activity relationships responsible for the origin of the enantioselectivity. This study offers a reliable method for accessing enantioenriched sulfonimidamides to propel their application as pharmacophores and serves as an example of the mechanistic insight that can be gleaned from integrating data science and traditional physical organic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany C Haas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Ngiap-Kie Lim
- Department of Synthetic Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Janis Jermaks
- Department of Synthetic Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Eden Gaster
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Melody C Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Thomas C Malig
- Department of Synthetic Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jacob Werth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Department of Synthetic Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - F Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Francis Gosselin
- Department of Synthetic Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Scott J Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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3
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Zhang Z, Chen K, Tang K, Chen K, Li R, Sun X, Hu Y, Liu Q, Chen M, Yang H, Chen X. Quinine-Fabricated Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Chiral Sensing Platform Enables Simultaneous Enantioselective Discrimination and Identification of Aliphatic Amino Acids. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4923-4931. [PMID: 36880121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to low optical activity and structural simplicity, synchronous chiral discrimination and identification of aliphatic amino acids (AAs) are still challenging yet demanding. Herein, we developed a novel surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based chiral discrimination-sensing platform for aliphatic AAs, in which l- and d-enantiomers are able to discriminately bind with quinine to generate distinct differences in the SERS vibrational modes. Meanwhile, the plasmonic sub-nanometer gaps supported by the rigid quinine enable the maximization of SERS signal enhancement to reveal feeble signals, allowing for simultaneously acquiring the structural specificity and enantioselectivity of aliphatic amino acid enantiomers in a single SERS spectrum. Different kinds of chiral aliphatic AAs were successfully identified by using this sensing platform, demonstrating its potential and practicality in recognizing chiral aliphatic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Kecen Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Kai Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Kai Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Ruili Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xiaotong Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yuyang Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Qi Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Miao Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Hua Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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5
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Benkovics T, Peng F, Phillips EM, An C, Bade RS, Chung CK, Dance ZEX, Fier PS, Forstater JH, Liu Z, Liu Z, Maligres PE, Marshall NM, Salehi Marzijarani N, McIntosh JA, Miller SP, Moore JC, Neel AJ, Obligacion JV, Pan W, Pirnot MT, Poirier M, Reibarkh M, Sherry BD, Song ZJ, Tan L, Turnbull BWH, Verma D, Waldman JH, Wang L, Wang T, Winston MS, Xu F. Diverse Catalytic Reactions for the Stereoselective Synthesis of Cyclic Dinucleotide MK-1454. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5855-5863. [PMID: 35333525 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As practitioners of organic chemistry strive to deliver efficient syntheses of the most complex natural products and drug candidates, further innovations in synthetic strategies are required to facilitate their efficient construction. These aspirational breakthroughs often go hand-in-hand with considerable reductions in cost and environmental impact. Enzyme-catalyzed reactions have become an impressive and necessary tool that offers benefits such as increased selectivity and waste limitation. These benefits are amplified when enzymatic processes are conducted in a cascade in combination with novel bond-forming strategies. In this article, we report a highly diastereoselective synthesis of MK-1454, a potent agonist of the stimulator of interferon gene (STING) signaling pathway. The synthesis begins with the asymmetric construction of two fluoride-bearing deoxynucleotides. The routes were designed for maximum convergency and selectivity, relying on the same benign electrophilic fluorinating reagent. From these complex subunits, four enzymes are used to construct the two bridging thiophosphates in a highly selective, high yielding cascade process. Critical to the success of this reaction was a thorough understanding of the role transition metals play in bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Benkovics
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Feng Peng
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Eric M Phillips
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Chihui An
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Rachel S Bade
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Cheol K Chung
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zachary E X Dance
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Patrick S Fier
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jacob H Forstater
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zhijian Liu
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zhuqing Liu
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Peter E Maligres
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Nicholas M Marshall
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Nastaran Salehi Marzijarani
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - John A McIntosh
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Steven P Miller
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jeffrey C Moore
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andrew J Neel
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jennifer V Obligacion
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Weilan Pan
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michael T Pirnot
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Marc Poirier
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mikhail Reibarkh
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Benjamin D Sherry
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zhiguo Jake Song
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lushi Tan
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ben W H Turnbull
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Deeptak Verma
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jacob H Waldman
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Matthew S Winston
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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6
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Ji Y, Bottecchia C, Lévesque F, Narsimhan K, Lehnherr D, McMullen JP, Dalby SM, Xiao KJ, Reibarkh M. Benzylic Photobromination for the Synthesis of Belzutifan: Elucidation of Reaction Mechanisms Using In Situ LED-NMR. J Org Chem 2021; 87:2055-2062. [PMID: 34590859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A detailed mechanistic understanding of a benzylic photobromination en route to belzutifan (MK-6482, a small molecule for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma associated with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome) has been achieved using in situ LED-NMR spectroscopy in conjunction with kinetic analysis. Two distinct mechanisms of overbromination, namely, the ionic and radical pathways, have been revealed by this study. The behavior of the major reaction species, including reactants, intermediates, products, and side products, has been elucidated. Comprehensive understanding of both pathways informed and enabled mitigation of a major process risk: a sudden product decomposition. Detailed knowledge of the processes occurring during the reaction and their potential liabilities enabled the development of a robust photochemical continuous flow process implemented for commercial manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Ji
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Cecilia Bottecchia
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - François Lévesque
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Karthik Narsimhan
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jonathan P McMullen
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Stephen M Dalby
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Kai-Jiong Xiao
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mikhail Reibarkh
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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7
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Strassfeld DA, Algera RF, Wickens ZK, Jacobsen EN. A Case Study in Catalyst Generality: Simultaneous, Highly-Enantioselective Brønsted- and Lewis-Acid Mechanisms in Hydrogen-Bond-Donor Catalyzed Oxetane Openings. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9585-9594. [PMID: 34152759 PMCID: PMC8564877 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Generality in asymmetric catalysis can be manifested in dramatic and valuable ways, such as high enantioselectivity across a wide assortment of substrates in a given reaction (broad substrate scope) or as applicability of a given chiral framework across a variety of mechanistically distinct reactions (privileged catalysts). Reactions and catalysts that display such generality hold special utility, because they can be applied broadly and sometimes even predictably in new applications. Despite the great value of such systems, the factors that underlie generality are not well understood. Here, we report a detailed investigation of an asymmetric hydrogen-bond-donor catalyzed oxetane opening with TMSBr that is shown to possess unexpected mechanistic generality. Careful analysis of the role of adventitious protic impurities revealed the participation of competing pathways involving addition of either TMSBr or HBr in the enantiodetermining, ring-opening event. The optimal catalyst induces high enantioselectivity in both pathways, thereby achieving precise stereocontrol in fundamentally different mechanisms under the same conditions and with the same chiral framework. The basis for that generality is analyzed using a combination of experimental and computational methods, which indicate that proximally localized catalyst components cooperatively stabilize and precisely orient dipolar enantiodetermining transition states in both pathways. Generality across different mechanisms is rarely considered in catalyst discovery efforts, but we suggest that it may play a role in the identification of so-called privileged catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Strassfeld
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Russell F Algera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Zachary K Wickens
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Eric N Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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