1
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Jiang Q, Tang H, Peng Y, Hu Z, Zeng W. Helical polycyclic hydrocarbons with open-shell singlet ground states and ambipolar redox behaviors. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10519-10528. [PMID: 38994409 PMCID: PMC11234857 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02116a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic π-conjugated polycyclic hydrocarbons (PHs) with an open-shell diradical character are attracting increasing interest due to their promising applications in organic electronics and spintronics. However, most of the open-shell PHs synthesized thus far are based on planar π-conjugated molecules. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of two new quinodimethane-embedded expanded helicenes H1 and H2. The helical structures of both molecules were revealed using X-ray crystallographic analysis. It was elucidated in detailed experimental and theoretical studies that they possess an open-shell singlet biradical structure in the ground state and show a small energy gap and amphoteric redox behavior. Both compounds can also be easily oxidized or reduced into relatively stable charged species. The dianions of H1 and H2 exhibit similar electronic structures to the respective isoelectronic structures of their all-benzenoid helical analogues according to NMR measurements and theoretical calculations. Moreover, the structures of the dication and dianion of H2 were identified by X-ray crystallographic analysis, revealing the effect of electron transfer on their backbones and aromaticity. This study thus opens up new avenues for both helical polycyclic π-systems and diradicaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering Yongzhou 425100 China
| | - Hui Tang
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering Yongzhou 425100 China
| | - Yuchen Peng
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering Yongzhou 425100 China
| | - Zhenni Hu
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering Yongzhou 425100 China
| | - Wangdong Zeng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan 411201 China
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2
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Yang C, Chen Z, Yu C, Cao J, Ke G, Zhu W, Liang W, Huang J, Cai W, Saha C, Sabuj MA, Rai N, Li X, Yang J, Li Y, Huang F, Guo X. Regulation of quantum spin conversions in a single molecular radical. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 19:978-985. [PMID: 38448520 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01632-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Free radicals, generally formed through the cleavage of covalent electron-pair bonds, play an important role in diverse fields ranging from synthetic chemistry to spintronics and nonlinear optics. However, the characterization and regulation of the radical state at a single-molecule level face formidable challenges. Here we present the detection and sophisticated tuning of the open-shell character of individual diradicals with a donor-acceptor structure via a sensitive single-molecule electrical approach. The radical is sandwiched between nanogapped graphene electrodes via covalent amide bonds to construct stable graphene-molecule-graphene single-molecule junctions. We measure the electrical conductance as a function of temperature and track the evolution of the closed-shell and open-shell electronic structures in real time, the open-shell triplet state being stabilized with increasing temperature. Furthermore, we tune the spin states by external stimuli, such as electrical and magnetic fields, and extract thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the transition between closed-shell and open-shell states. Our findings provide insights into the evolution of single-molecule radicals under external stimuli, which may proof instrumental for the development of functional quantum spin-based molecular devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyao Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Centre, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhongxin Chen
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Cuiju Yu
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Jiawen Cao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Centre, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Guojun Ke
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Weiya Zhu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Weixuan Liang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxing Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wanqing Cai
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chinmoy Saha
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering and Centre for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Md Abdus Sabuj
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering and Centre for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Neeraj Rai
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering and Centre for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Xingxing Li
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P. R. China.
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Centre, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China.
- Centre of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China.
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3
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Ishigaki Y, Mizuno SI, Sugawara K, Hashimoto T, Suzuki S, Suzuki T. Thermal Equilibrium Between Quinoid/Biradical Forms Enhancing Electrochemical Amphotericity. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400916. [PMID: 38644537 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Upon dibenzo annulation on Thiele's hydrocarbon (tetraphenyl-p-quinodimethane), the quinoid form and the biradical form adopt quite different geometries, and thus are no longer resonance structures. When these two forms can interconvert rapidly due to the small energy barrier (ΔG≠), the equilibrated mixture contains both forms in a ratio that is determined by the energy difference (ΔGo) between the two forms. For a series of tetrakis[5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-thienyl]-substituted derivatives, the more stable quinoid form and the metastable biradical form coexist in solution as an equilibrated mixture due to small ΔG≠ (<15 kcal mol-1) and ΔGo (1-4 kcal mol-1), in which the proportion of the two forms can be regulated by temperature. Since the biradical form can undergo easy two-electron (2e) oxidation to the corresponding dications as well as easy 2e-reduction to the dianions, it exhibits very high electrochemical amphotericity. This character with a record-small span for not only the first oxidation and reduction potentials but also the second those, [E1 sum≈E2 sum=E2 ox-E2 red=ca. 1.4 V], is attained through thermally enhanced conversion to the biradical form from the corresponding quinoid form, the latter of which is less amphoteric due to higher Eox and lower Ered values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Ishigaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Mizuno
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kazuma Sugawara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takumi Hashimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Shuichi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Takanori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
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4
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Hulley EB, Clennan EL. Dihydrophenanthrene Open-Shell Singlet Diradicals and Their Roles in the Mallory Photocyclization Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1122-1131. [PMID: 38163932 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
A computational study (ωB97X-D/6-31G(d)) of the Mallory photocyclization reaction has revealed that the well-established dihydrophenanthrene (DHP) intermediates can adopt either closed-shell (CS) or open-shell-diradical (OS) singlet ground states. A detailed study of the properties of DHPs allowed their classifications as OS, borderline-OS, borderline-CS, or CS intermediates. The triplet electronic state and higher energy CS* isomer of all the OS singlet diradicals were computationally located, and the expected relationship between the diradical index, yo, and the triplet energy and the OS-CS* energy gaps was established. The importance of aromaticity in stabilizing the OS singlet diradicals was confirmed by using the Harmonic Oscillator Model of Aromaticity (HOMA). The thermal decompositions of DHPs by cycloreversions to regenerate the Mallory starting materials were also studied. The cycloreversion mechanism was described as a homolytic cleavage characterized by an anchimeric assistance continuum promoted by bis-β-homolytic cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott B Hulley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Edward L Clennan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
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5
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Hieulle J, Garcia Fernandez C, Friedrich N, Vegliante A, Sanz S, Sánchez-Portal D, Haley MM, Casado J, Frederiksen T, Pascual JI. From Solution to Surface: Persistence of the Diradical Character of a Diindenoanthracene Derivative on a Metallic Substrate. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:11506-11512. [PMID: 38088859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Organic diradicals are envisioned as elementary building blocks for designing a new generation of spintronic devices and have been used in constructing prototypical field effect transistors and nonlinear optical devices. Open-shell systems, however, are also reactive, thus requiring design strategies to "protect" their radical character from the environment, especially when they are embedded in solid-state devices. Here, we report the persistence on a metallic surface of the diradical character of a diindeno[b,i]anthracene (DIAn) core protected by bulky end-groups. Our scanning tunneling spectroscopy measurements on single-molecules detected singlet-triplet excitations that were absent for DIAn species packed in assembled structures. Density functional theory simulations unravel that the molecular geometry on the metal substrate can crucially modify the value of the singlet-triplet gap via the delocalization of the radical sites. The persistence of the diradical character over metallic substrates is a promising finding for integrating radical-based materials into functional devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sofia Sanz
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Daniel Sánchez-Portal
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales MPC (CSIC/UPV-EHU), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Michael M Haley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 229071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Thomas Frederiksen
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Pascual
- CIC nanoGUNE-BRTA, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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6
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Ji Y, Moles Quintero S, Dai Y, Marín-Beloqui JM, Zhang H, Zhan Q, Sun F, Wang D, Li X, Wang Z, Gu X, Negri F, Casado J, Zheng Y. 77 % Photothermal Conversion in Blatter-Type Diradicals: Photophysics and Photodynamic Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311387. [PMID: 37650244 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Diradicals based on the Blatter units and connected by acetylene and alkene spacers have been prepared. All the molecules show sizably large diradical character and low energy singlet-triplet gaps. Their photo-physical properties concerning their lowest energy excited state have been studied in detail by steady-state and time-resolved absorption spectroscopy. We have fully identified the main optical absorption band and full absence of emission from the lowest energy excited state. A computational study has been also carried out that has helped to identify the presence of a conical intersection between the lowest energy excited state and the ground state which produces a highly efficient light-to-heat conversion of the absorbed radiation. Furthermore, an outstanding photo-thermal conversion 77.23 % has been confirmed, close to the highest in the diradicaloid field. For the first time, stable diradicals are applied to photo-thermal therapy of tumor cells with good stability and satisfactory performance at near-infrared region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ji
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Sergio Moles Quintero
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Yasi Dai
- A Dipartimento di Chimica 'Giacomo Ciamician', Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
- INSTM, UdR Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jose M Marín-Beloqui
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Hanjun Zhang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhan
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Fanxi Sun
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Xiangkun Li
- Spin-X Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyi Wang
- Spin-X Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
| | - Xinggui Gu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Fabrizia Negri
- A Dipartimento di Chimica 'Giacomo Ciamician', Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
- INSTM, UdR Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Yonghao Zheng
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials(IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
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7
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Borissov A, Chmielewski PJ, Gómez García CJ, Lis T, Stępień M. Dinor[7]helicene and Beyond: Divergent Synthesis of Chiral Diradicaloids with Variable Open-Shell Character. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309238. [PMID: 37452009 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Diradicaloid helicenes constructed formally by non-benzenoid double π-extension of phenanthrene were synthesized by a common strategy involving double electrophilic benzannulation. Steric effects in the second benzannulation step led to considerable structural diversity among the products, yielding a symmetrical dinor[7]helicene 1 and two isomeric unsymmetrical double helicenes 2 and 3, containing a nor[5]helicene and [4]helicene fragment, respectively, in addition to a common nor[6]helicene motif. Geometries, configurational dynamics, and electronic structure of these helicenes were analyzed using solid-state structures, spectroscopic methods, and computational analyses. The open-shell character of the singlet states of these helicenes increases in the order 3<1<2, with strongly varying diradicaloid indexes and singlet-triplet gaps. Compounds 1-3 displayed narrow optical gaps of 0.79-1.25 eV, resulting in significant absorption in the near infrared (NIR) region. They also exhibit reversible redox chemistry, each of them yielding stable radical cations, radical anions, and dianions, in some cases possessing intense NIR absorptions extending beyond 2500 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arseni Borissov
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr J Chmielewski
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Carlos J Gómez García
- Institute of Molecular Science, University of Valencia, C/José Beltrán, 2, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Tadeusz Lis
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
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8
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Chang D, Zhu J, Sun Y, Chi K, Qiao Y, Wang T, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Lu X. From closed-shell edge-extended kekulenes to open-shell carbonylated cycloarene diradicaloid. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6087-6094. [PMID: 37293645 PMCID: PMC10246668 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01295f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise synthesis of cycloarenes remains a challenging topic in both organic chemistry and materials science due to their unique fully fused macrocyclic π-conjugated structure. Herein, a series of alkoxyl- and aryl-cosubstituted cycloarenes (kekulene and edge-extended kekulene derivatives, K1-K3) were conveniently synthesized and an unexpected transformation of the anthryl-containing cycloarene K3 into a carbonylated cycloarene derivative K3-R was disclosed by controlling the temperature and gas atmosphere of the Bi(OTf)3-catalyzed cyclization reaction. All their molecular structures were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis. The crystallographic data, NMR measurements, and theoretical calculations reveal their rigid quasi-planar skeletons, dominant local aromaticities, and decreasing intermolecular π-π stacking distance with extension of the two opposite edges. The much lower oxidation potential for K3 by cyclic voltammetry explains its unique reactivity. Moreover, carbonylated cycloarene derivative K3-R shows a remarkable stability, large diradical character, a small singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔES-T = -1.81 kcal mol-1), and weak intramolecular spin-spin coupling. Most importantly, it represents the first example of carbonylated cycloarene diradicaloids as well as the first example of radical-acceptor cycloarenes and will shed some light on synthesis of extended kekulenes and conjugated macrocyclic diradicaloids and polyradicaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Chang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Jiangyu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yutao Sun
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Kai Chi
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yanjun Qiao
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Teng Wang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
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9
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Tabata N, Uchino T, Kitamura C, Yoshizawa K, Shiota Y, Kato SI. Site-selective radical reactions of kinetically stable open-shell singlet diradicaloid difluorenoheteroles with tributyltin hydride and azo-based radical initiators. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5974-5982. [PMID: 37293653 PMCID: PMC10246680 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00381g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We have demonstrated site-selective radical reactions of the kinetically stable open-shell singlet diradicaloids difluoreno[3,4-b:4',3'-d]thiophene (DFTh) and difluoreno[3,4-b:4',3'-d]furan (DFFu) with tributyltin hydride (HSn(n-Bu)3) and azo-based radical initiators. Treatment of these diradicaloids with HSn(n-Bu)3 induces hydrogenation at the ipso-carbon in the five-membered rings, while treatment with 2,2'-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) induces substitution at the carbon atoms in the peripheral six-membered rings. We have also developed one-pot substitution/hydrogenation reactions of DFTh/DFFu with various azo-based radical initiators and HSn(n-Bu)3. The resulting products can be converted into substituted DFTh/DFFu derivatives via dehydrogenation. Theoretical calculations unveiled a detailed mechanism of the radical reactions of DFTh/DFFu with HSn(n-Bu)3 and with AIBN, and that the site-selectivity of these radical reactions is controlled by the balance of the spin density and the steric hindrance in DFTh/DFFu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Tabata
- Department of Materials Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture 2500 Hassaka-cho Hikone Shiga 522-8533 Japan
| | - Takumi Uchino
- Department of Materials Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture 2500 Hassaka-cho Hikone Shiga 522-8533 Japan
| | - Chitoshi Kitamura
- Department of Materials Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture 2500 Hassaka-cho Hikone Shiga 522-8533 Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE), Kyushu University 744 Motooka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Yoshihito Shiota
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE), Kyushu University 744 Motooka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Kato
- Department of Materials Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture 2500 Hassaka-cho Hikone Shiga 522-8533 Japan
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10
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Guo J, Tian X, Wang Y, Dou C. Progress of Indeno-type Organic Diradicaloids. Chem Res Chin Univ 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-023-2363-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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11
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Closed-shell and open-shell dual nature of singlet diradical compounds. PURE APPL CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2023-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Unlike triplet diradicals, singlet diradicals can vary in diradical character from 0 % to 100 % depending on linker units that allow two formally unpaired electrons to couple covalently. In principle, the electronic structure of singlet diradicals can be described as a quantum superposition of closed-shell and open-shell structures. This means that, depending on the external environment, singlet diradicals can behave as either closed-shell or open-shell species. This paper summarizes our progress in understanding the electronic structure of π-conjugated singlet diradical molecules in terms of closed-shell and open-shell dual nature. We first discuss the coexistence of intra- and intermolecular covalent bonding interactions in the π-dimer of a singlet diradical molecule. The intra- and intermolecular coupling of two formally unpaired electrons are related to closed-shell and open-shell nature of singlet diradical, respectively. Then we demonstrate the coexistence of the covalent bonding interactions in the one-dimensional stack of singlet diradical molecules having different diradical character. The relative strength of the interactions is varied with the magnitude of singlet diradical index y
0. Finally, we show the dual reactivity of a singlet diradical molecule, which undergoes rapid [4 + 2] and [4 + 4] cycloaddition reactions in the dark at room temperature. Closed-shell and open-shell nature endow the singlet diradical molecule with the reaction manner as diene and diradical species, respectively.
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12
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Maeda T, Oka T, Sakamaki D, Fujiwara H, Suzuki N, Yagi S, Konishi T, Kamada K. Unveiling a new aspect of oxocarbons: open-shell character of 4- and 5-membered oxocarbon derivatives showing near-infrared absorption. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1978-1985. [PMID: 36845939 PMCID: PMC9944335 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06612b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxocarbon derivatives consisting of 4- and 5-membered rings, referred to as croconaine and squaraine dyes and regarded as closed-shell molecules, are found to have an intermediate open-shell character from the experimental results of 1H-NMR, ESR spectroscopy, SQUID magnetometric analysis, and X-ray crystallography. We employed two chalcogenopyrylium moieties with O and S chalcogen atoms as substitutions on oxocarbons. The singlet-triplet energy gaps (ΔE S-T) associated with the degree of diradical nature are smaller for croconaines than for squaraines and smaller for thiopyrylium than for pyrylium groups. The diradical nature impacts the electronic transition energy that decreased with a decreasing degree of diradical contribution. They exhibit substantial two-photon absorption in the region over 1000 nm. The diradical character y of the dye was determined experimentally from the observed one- and two-photon absorption peaks and the triplet energy level. The present finding provides new insight into diradicaloids with the contribution of non-Kekulé oxocarbon and also showcases the correlation between the electronic transition energy and their diradical character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Maeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University Naka-ku Sakai 599-8531 Japan
| | - Taishi Oka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University Naka-ku Sakai 599-8531 Japan
| | - Daisuke Sakamaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University Naka-ku Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Hideki Fujiwara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University Naka-ku Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Naoya Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University Naka-ku Sakai 599-8531 Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Yagi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University Naka-ku Sakai 599-8531 Japan
| | - Tatsuki Konishi
- Nanomaterials Research Institute (NMRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Ikeda Osaka 563-8577 Japan .,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University Sanda 669-1337 Japan
| | - Kenji Kamada
- Nanomaterials Research Institute (NMRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Ikeda Osaka 563-8577 Japan .,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University Sanda 669-1337 Japan
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13
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Guo J, Li Z, Tian X, Zhang T, Wang Y, Dou C. Diradical B/N-Doped Polycyclic Hydrocarbons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217470. [PMID: 36599802 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Heterocyclic diradicaloids with atom-precise control over open-shell nature are promising materials for organic electronics and spintronics. Herein, we disclose quinoidal π-extension of a B/N-heterocycle for generating B/N-type organic diradicaloids. Two quinoidal π-extended B/N-doped polycyclic hydrocarbons that feature fusion of the B/N-heterocycle motif with the antiaromatic s-indacene or dicyclopenta[b,g]naphthalene core were synthesized. This quinoidal π-extension and B/N-heterocycle leads to their open-shell electronic nature, which stands in contrast to the multiple-resonance effect of conventional B/N-type emitters. These B/N-type diradicaloids have modulated (anti)aromaticity and enhanced diradical characters comparing with the all-carbon analogues, as well as intriguing properties, such as magnetic activities, narrow energy gaps and highly red-shifted absorptions. This study thus opens the new space for both of B/N-doped polycyclic π-systems and heterocyclic diradicaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Zeyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Chuandong Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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14
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Tsurusaki A, Tahara S, Nakamura M, Matsumoto H, Kamikawa K. Synthesis, Structures, and Properties of π-Extended Phosphindolizine Derivatives. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203321. [PMID: 36539376 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dibenzo[b,g]phosphindolizine oxide and three types of benzo[e]naphthophosphindolizine oxides have been synthesized by the ring-closing metathesis of benzo[b]phosphole oxide and naphthophosphole oxides with two olefin tethers. Their molecular structures and properties were revealed by X-ray crystallographic analysis, UV-vis spectroscopy, and electrochemical analysis. The number and position of the benzene rings were found to alter the structural geometry and the HOMO/LUMO energy levels, and their effects were investigated by theoretical calculations. Among the phosphindolizine oxide derivatives investigated, only benzo[e]naphtho[2,3-b]phosphindolizine oxide with the naphthalene ring fused at 2,3-positions showed weak yellow fluorescence with a large Stokes shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Tsurusaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Sana Tahara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroyo Matsumoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Ken Kamikawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
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15
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Peng X, Rahim A, Peng W, Jiang F, Gu Z, Wen S. Recent Progress in Cyclic Aryliodonium Chemistry: Syntheses and Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1364-1416. [PMID: 36649301 PMCID: PMC9951228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hypervalent aryliodoumiums are intensively investigated as arylating agents. They are excellent surrogates to aryl halides, and moreover they exhibit better reactivity, which allows the corresponding arylation reactions to be performed under mild conditions. In the past decades, acyclic aryliodoniums are widely explored as arylation agents. However, the unmet need for acyclic aryliodoniums is the improvement of their notoriously low reaction economy because the coproduced aryl iodides during the arylation are often wasted. Cyclic aryliodoniums have their intrinsic advantage in terms of reaction economy, and they have started to receive considerable attention due to their valuable synthetic applications to initiate cascade reactions, which can enable the construction of complex structures, including polycycles with potential pharmaceutical and functional properties. Here, we are summarizing the recent advances made in the research field of cyclic aryliodoniums, including the nascent design of aryliodonium species and their synthetic applications. First, the general preparation of typical diphenyl iodoniums is described, followed by the construction of heterocyclic iodoniums and monoaryl iodoniums. Then, the initiated arylations coupled with subsequent domino reactions are summarized to construct polycycles. Meanwhile, the advances in cyclic aryliodoniums for building biaryls including axial atropisomers are discussed in a systematic manner. Finally, a very recent advance of cyclic aryliodoniums employed as halogen-bonding organocatalysts is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Peng
- College
of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular
and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Province
Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication for Tissue Engineering, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou341000, P.R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation
Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen
University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou510060, P. R. China
| | - Abdur Rahim
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and
Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei230026, P. R. China
| | - Weijie Peng
- College
of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular
and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Province
Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication for Tissue Engineering, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou341000, P.R. China
| | - Feng Jiang
- College
of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular
and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Province
Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication for Tissue Engineering, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou341000, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhua Gu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and
Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei230026, P. R. China
| | - Shijun Wen
- State
Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation
Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen
University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou510060, P. R. China
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16
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Kuriakose F, Commodore M, Hu C, Fabiano CJ, Sen D, Li RR, Bisht S, Üngör Ö, Lin X, Strouse GF, DePrince AE, Lazenby RA, Mentink-Vigier F, Shatruk M, Alabugin IV. Design and Synthesis of Kekulè and Non-Kekulè Diradicaloids via the Radical Periannulation Strategy: The Power of Seven Clar's Sextets. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:23448-23464. [PMID: 36516873 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This work introduces an approach to uncoupling electrons via maximum utilization of localized aromatic units, i.e., the Clar's π-sextets. To illustrate the utility of this concept to the design of Kekulé diradicaloids, we have synthesized a tridecacyclic polyaromatic system where a gain of five Clar's sextets in the open-shell form overcomes electron pairing and leads to the emergence of a high degree of diradical character. According to unrestricted symmetry-broken UCAM-B3LYP calculations, the singlet diradical character in this core system is characterized by the y0 value of 0.98 (y0 = 0 for a closed-shell molecule, y0 = 1 for pure diradical). The efficiency of the new design strategy was evaluated by comparing the Kekulé system with an isomeric non-Kekulé diradical of identical size, i.e., a system where the radical centers cannot couple via resonance. The calculated singlet-triplet gap, i.e., the ΔEST values, in both of these systems approaches zero: -0.3 kcal/mol for the Kekulé and +0.2 kcal/mol for the non-Kekulé diradicaloids. The target isomeric Kekulé and non-Kekulé systems were assembled using a sequence of radical periannulations, cross-coupling, and C-H activation. The diradicals are kinetically stabilized by six tert-butyl substituents and (triisopropylsilyl)acetylene groups. Both molecules are NMR-inactive but electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)-active at room temperature. Cyclic voltammetry revealed quasi-reversible oxidation and reduction processes, consistent with the presence of two nearly degenerate partially occupied molecular orbitals. The experimentally measured ΔEST value of -0.14 kcal/mol confirms that K is, indeed, a nearly perfect singlet diradical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Febin Kuriakose
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Michael Commodore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Chaowei Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Catherine J Fabiano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Debashis Sen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Run R Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Shubham Bisht
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Ökten Üngör
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Xinsong Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Geoffrey F Strouse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - A Eugene DePrince
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Robert A Lazenby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Frederic Mentink-Vigier
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32310, United States
| | - Michael Shatruk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
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17
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Moles Quintero S, Haley MM, Kertesz M, Casado J. Polycyclic Hydrocarbons from [4n]Annulenes: Correlation versus Hybridization Forces in the Formation of Diradicaloids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209138. [PMID: 35986661 PMCID: PMC9826091 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The conceptual connections between [4n] Hückel antiaromaticity, disjoint orbitals, correlation energy, pro-aromaticity and diradical character for a variety of extended π-conjugated systems, including some salient recent examples of nanographenes and polycyclic aromatic radicals, are provided based on their [4n]annulene peripheries. The realization of such structure-property relationships has led to a beneficial pedagogic exercise establishing design guidelines for diradicaloids. The antiaromatic fingerprint of the [4n]annulene peripheries upon orbital interactions due to internal covalent connectors gives insights into the diradicaloid property of a diversity of π-conjugated molecules that have fascinated chemists recently.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael M. Haley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science InstituteUniversity of OregonEugeneOR 97403-1253USA
| | - Miklos Kertesz
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Soft MatterGeorgetown UniversityWashingtonDC 20057-1227USA
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical ChemistryUniversity of Málaga29071MálagaSpain
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18
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Design of an open-shell nitrogen-centered diradicaloid with tunable stimuli-responsive electronic properties. Commun Chem 2022; 5:127. [PMID: 36697916 PMCID: PMC9814612 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00747-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic diradicaloids usually display an open-shell singlet ground state with significant singlet diradical character (y0) which endow them with intriguing physiochemical properties and wide applications. In this study, we present the design of an open-shell nitrogen-centered diradicaloid which can reversibly respond to multiple stimuli and display the tunable diradical character and chemo-physical properties. 1a was successfully synthesized through a simple and high-yielding two-step synthetic strategy. Both experimental and calculated results indicated that 1a displayed an open-shell singlet ground state with small singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔES-T = -2.311 kcal mol-1) and a modest diradical character (y0 = 0.60). Interestingly, 1a was demonstrated to undergo reversible Lewis acid-base reaction to form acid-base adducts, which was proven to effectively tune the ground-state electronic structures of 1a as well as its diradical character and spin density distributions. Based on this, we succeeded in devising a photoresponsive system based on 1a and a commercially available photoacid merocyanine (MEH). We believe that our studies including the molecular design methodology and the stimuli-responsive organic diradicaloid system will open up a new way to develop organic diradicaloids with tunable properties and even intelligent-responsive diradicaloid-based materials.
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19
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Ueda K, Fukuzaki R, Ito T, Toyama N, Muraoka M, Terao T, Manabe K, Hirai T, Wu CJ, Chuang SC, Kawano S, Murata M. A Highly Conductive n-Type Coordination Complex with Thieno[3,2- b]thiophene Units: Facile Synthesis, Orientation, and Thermoelectric Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:18744-18749. [PMID: 36166343 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An organometallic nickel complex containing thieno[3,2-b]thiophene units was designed and synthesized. Composite films of the resulting nickel complex and polyvinylidene difluoride, which can be fabricated via a simple solution process under atmospheric conditions, exhibit remarkably high n-type conductivity (>200 S cm-1). Moreover, the thermoelectric power factor of the n-type composite film was proven to be air stable. A grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray diffraction analysis indicated a significant impact of introducing the thieno[3,2-b]thiophene core into the backbone of the nickel complex on the orientation within the composite films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Ueda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Riku Fukuzaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Takumu Ito
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Nana Toyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Masahiro Muraoka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Toshiki Terao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Kei Manabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Hirai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Ching-Ju Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 30010 Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ching Chuang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 30010 Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shintaro Kawano
- Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 1-6-50 Morinomiya, Joto-ku, Osaka 536-8553, Japan
| | - Michihisa Murata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
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20
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Quintero SM, Haley MM, Kertesz M, Casado J. Polycyclic Hydrocarbons from [4n]annulenes: Correlation vs. Hybridization Forces in the Formation of Diradicaloids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Moles Quintero
- University of Malaga: Universidad de Malaga Department of Physical Chemistry Facultad de CienciasCampus de Teatinos 29071 Málaga SPAIN
| | - Michael M. Haley
- University of Oregon Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute UNITED STATES
| | - Miklos Kertesz
- Georgetown University Department of Chemistry and Institute of Soft Matter SPAIN
| | - Juan Casado
- University of Málaga Dept. of Physical Chemistry Campus de Teatinos s/n 29071 Málaga SPAIN
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21
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Mori S, Moles Quintero S, Tabaka N, Kishi R, González Núñez R, Harbuzaru A, Ponce Ortiz R, Marín-Beloqui J, Suzuki S, Kitamura C, Gómez-García CJ, Dai Y, Negri F, Nakano M, Kato SI, Casado J. Medium Diradical Character, Small Hole and Electron Reorganization Energies and Ambipolar Transistors in Difluorenoheteroles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206680. [PMID: 35696258 PMCID: PMC9542770 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Four difluorenoheteroles having a central quinoidal core with the heteroring varying as furan, thiophene, its dioxide derivative and pyrrole have shown to be medium character diradicals. Solid-state structures, optical, photophysical, magnetic, and electrochemical properties have been discussed in terms of diradical character, variation of aromatic character and captodative effects (electron affinity). Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) have been prepared, showing balanced hole and electron mobilities of the order of 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1 or ambipolar charge transport which is first inferred from their redox amphoterism. Quantum chemical calculations show that the electrical behavior is originated from the medium diradical character which produces similar reorganization energies for hole and electron transports. The vision of a diradical as simultaneously bearing pseudo-hole and pseudo-electron defects might justify the reduced values of reorganization energies for both regimes. Structure-function relationships between diradical and ambipolar electrical behavior are revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakura Mori
- Department of Materials Science, School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone, Shiga, 522-8533, Japan
| | - Sergio Moles Quintero
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Andalucia-Tech Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Naoki Tabaka
- Department of Materials Science, School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone, Shiga, 522-8533, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science and Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry (RCSEC), Graduate School of Engineering Science, and Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology (QIQB), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Raúl González Núñez
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Andalucia-Tech Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Alexandra Harbuzaru
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Andalucia-Tech Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Rocío Ponce Ortiz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Andalucia-Tech Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jose Marín-Beloqui
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Andalucia-Tech Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Shuichi Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Chitoshi Kitamura
- Department of Materials Science, School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone, Shiga, 522-8533, Japan
| | - Carlos J Gómez-García
- Departmento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjasot, Valencia), Spain
| | - Yasi Dai
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician" and INSTM, Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Negri
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician" and INSTM, Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science and Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry (RCSEC), Graduate School of Engineering Science, and Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology (QIQB), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Kato
- Department of Materials Science, School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone, Shiga, 522-8533, Japan
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Andalucia-Tech Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
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22
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Casado J, Mori S, Moles Quintero S, Tabaka N, Kishi R, González Núñez R, Harbuzaru A, Ponce R, Marin Beloqui J, Suzuki S, kitamura C, Gómez C, Dai Y, Negri F, Nakano M, Kato SI. Medium Diradical Character, Small Hole and Electron Reorganization Energies and Ambipolar Transistors in Difluorenoheteroles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Casado
- University of Málaga Dept. of Physical Chemistry Campus de Teatinos s/n 29071 Málaga SPAIN
| | - Sakura Mori
- The University of Shiga Prefecture: Shiga Kenritsu Daigaku Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute JAPAN
| | | | - Naoki Tabaka
- The University of Shiga Prefecture: Shiga Kenritsu Daigaku Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute JAPAN
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Osaka University School of Engineering Graduate School of Engineering: Osaka Daigaku Kogakubu Daigakuin Kogaku Kenkyuka Department of Materials Engineering Science JAPAN
| | | | | | - Rocio Ponce
- University of Malaga: Universidad de Malaga Physical Chemistry SPAIN
| | | | - Shuichi Suzuki
- Osaka University School of Science Graduate School of Science: Osaka Daigaku Daigakuin Rigaku Kenkyuka Rigakubu Department of Chemistry JAPAN
| | - Chitoshi kitamura
- The University of Shiga Prefecture: Shiga Kenritsu Daigaku Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute JAPAN
| | - Carlos Gómez
- University of Valencia: Universitat de Valencia Inorganic Chemistry SPAIN
| | - Yasi Dai
- Università di Bologna - Università di Bologna: Universita degli Studi di Bologna - Campus di Forli Dipartimento di Chimica ‘Giacomo Ciamician’ ITALY
| | - Fabrizia Negri
- Università di Bologna: Universita di Bologna Dipartimento di Chimica ‘Giacomo Ciamician’ ITALY
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Osaka University School of Engineering Graduate School of Engineering: Osaka Daigaku Kogakubu Daigakuin Kogaku Kenkyuka Department of Materials Engineering Science JAPAN
| | - Shin-ichiro Kato
- The University of Shiga Prefecture: Shiga Kenritsu Daigaku Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute JAPAN
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23
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Harimoto T, Ishigaki Y. Redox‐Active Hydrocarbons: Isolation and Structural Determination of Cationic States toward Advanced Response Systems. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200013. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Harimoto
- Hokkaido University: Hokkaido Daigaku Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science JAPAN
| | - Yusuke Ishigaki
- Hokkaido University: Hokkaido Daigaku Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science North 10, West 8, North-ward 060-0810 Sapporo JAPAN
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24
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Mishra S, Fatayer S, Fernández S, Kaiser K, Peña D, Gross L. Nonbenzenoid High-Spin Polycyclic Hydrocarbons Generated by Atom Manipulation. ACS NANO 2022; 16:3264-3271. [PMID: 35130690 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report the on-surface synthesis of a nonbenzenoid triradical through dehydrogenation of truxene (C27H18) on coinage metal and insulator surfaces. Voltage pulses applied via the tip of a combined scanning tunneling microscope/atomic force microscope were used to cleave individual C-H bonds in truxene. The resultant final product truxene-5,10,15-triyl (1) was characterized at the single-molecule scale using a combination of atomic force microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, and scanning tunneling spectroscopy. Our analyses show that 1 retains its open-shell quartet ground state, predicted by density functional theory, on a two monolayer-thick NaCl layer on a Cu(111) surface. We image the frontier orbital densities of 1 and confirm that they correspond to spin-split singly occupied molecular orbitals. Through our synthetic strategy, we also isolate two reactive intermediates toward the synthesis of 1, derivatives of fluorenyl radical and indeno[1,2-a]fluorene, with predicted open-shell doublet and triplet ground states, respectively. Our results should have bearings on the synthesis of nonbenzenoid high-spin polycyclic frameworks with magnetism beyond Lieb's theorem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saleta Fernández
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Diego Peña
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Leo Gross
- IBM Research-Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
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25
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Kaur P, Ali ME. Influence of the Radicaloid Character of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon Couplers on Magnetic Exchange Interactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:13094-13101. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02044g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The molecular properties of the conjugated spacers, such as the π-conjugation, aromaticity, length of the couplers, etc., that couple two localized spin-centers influence the intramolecular magnetic exchange interactions (2J) mediated...
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26
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Xu T, Han Y, Shen Z, Hou X, Jiang Q, Zeng W, Ng PW, Chi C. Antiaromatic Dicyclopenta[ b,g]/[ a,f]naphthalene Isomers Showing an Open-Shell Singlet Ground State with Tunable Diradical Character. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20562-20568. [PMID: 34843229 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Since the first isolation of 1,3,5,7-tetra-tert-butyl-s-indacene in 1986, core-expanded s- and as-indacenes have attracted intensive interest. However, there is no reported synthesis of such type of molecules due to their high reactivity for over 30 years. Herein, we report the successful synthesis of two relatively stable, core-expanded indacene isomers, dicyclopenta[b,g]-naphthalene (5) and dicyclopenta[a,f]naphthalene (6). X-ray crystallographic analyses reveal that the backbone of 5 adopts a bond-delocalized structure, while that of 6 exhibits a bond-localized character. Variable-temperature 1H NMR/ESR measurements, electronic absorption spectra, and theoretical calculations confirm that both molecules are globally antiaromatic and have an open-shell singlet ground state. However, 6 shows stronger antiaromaticity, a larger diradical character (y0 = 48%), and a smaller singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔES-T = -0.99 kcal mol-1) compared to 5 (y0 = 30%, ΔES-T = -6.88 kcal mol-1), which can be explained by their different quinoidal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhongjin Shen
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xudong Hou
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qing Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wangdong Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pei Wen Ng
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chunyan Chi
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
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27
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Han H, Zhang D, Zhu Z, Wei R, Xiao X, Wang X, Liu Y, Ma Y, Zhao D. Aromatic Stacking Mediated Spin-Spin Coupling in Cyclophane-Assembled Diradicals. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17690-17700. [PMID: 34637282 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the capability of π-π stacking motifs to enable spin-spin coupling, we designed and synthesized three pairs of regio-isomers featuring two radical moieties joined by a [2.2]paracyclophane (CP) unit. By fusing indeno units to CP, two partially stacked fluorene radicals are covalently linked, exhibiting evident antiferromagnetic (AFM) coupling regardless of the orientation of two spins. Remarkably, while possessing high diradical indices of 0.8 and 0.9, the two molecules demonstrate good air stability by virtue of their singlet ground state. Single crystals help unravel the structural basis of their AFM coupling behaviors. When two radical centers are arranged at the pseudometa-positions around CP, the face-to-face stacked phenylene rings intrinsically confer orbital interactions that promote AFM coupling. On the other hand, if two radicals are directed in the pseudopara-orientation, significant orbital overlapping is observed between the radical centers (i.e., C9 of fluorene) and the aromatic carbons laid on the side, rendering AFM coupling between the two spins. In contrast, when two fluorene radicals are tethered to CP via C9 through a single C-C bond, ferromagnetic (FM) coupling is manifested by both diradical isomers featuring pseudometa- and pseudopara-connectivity. With minimal spin distributed on CP and thus limited contribution from π-π stacking, their spin-spin coupling properties are more similar to a pair of nitroxide diradical analogues, in which the two spins are dominantly coupled via through-space interactions. From these results, important conclusions are elucidated such as that although through-space interactions may confer FM coupling, with weakened strength shown by PAH radicals due to their lower polarity, face-to-face stacked π-frameworks tend to induce AFM coupling, because favorable orbital interactions are readily achieved by PAH systems hosting delocalized spins that are capable of adopting varied stacking motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ziqi Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rong Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoge Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuguo Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dahui Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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28
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Barker JE, Price TW, Karas LJ, Kishi R, MacMillan SN, Zakharov LN, Gómez-García CJ, Wu JI, Nakano M, Haley MM. A Tale of Two Isomers: Enhanced Antiaromaticity/Diradical Character versus Deleterious Ring-Opening of Benzofuran-fused s-Indacenes and Dicyclopenta[b,g]naphthalenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22385-22392. [PMID: 34383986 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We examine the effects of fusing two benzofurans to s-indacene (indacenodibenzofurans, IDBFs) and dicyclopenta[b,g]naphthalene (indenoindenodibenzofurans, IIDBFs) to control the strong antiaromaticity and diradical character of these core units. Synthesis via 3-functionalized benzofuran yields syn-IDBF and syn-IIDBF. syn-IDBF possesses a high degree of paratropicity, exceeding that of the parent hydrocarbon, which in turn results in strong diradical character for syn-IIDBF. In the case of the anti-isomers, synthesized via 2-substituted benzofurans, these effects are decreased; however, both derivatives undergo an unexpected ring-opening reaction during the final dearomatization step. All the results are compared to the benzothiophene-fused analogues and show that the increased electronegativity of oxygen in the syn-fused derivatives leads to enhancement of the antiaromatic core causing greater paratropicity. For syn-IIDBF increased diradical character results from rearomati-zation of the core naphthalene unit in order to relieve this paratropicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E Barker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403-1253, USA
| | - Tavis W Price
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403-1253, USA
| | - Lucas J Karas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77204, USA
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science and Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology, International Advanced Research Institute (QIQB-IARI), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Division of Quantum Photochemical Engineering, Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry (RCSEC), Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Samantha N MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Lev N Zakharov
- Center for Advanced Materials Characterization at Oregon (CAMCOR), University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403-1433, USA
| | - Carlos J Gómez-García
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Judy I Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77204, USA
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science and Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology, International Advanced Research Institute (QIQB-IARI), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Division of Quantum Photochemical Engineering, Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry (RCSEC), Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.,Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN), Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Michael M Haley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403-1253, USA
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29
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Barker JE, Price TW, Karas LJ, Kishi R, MacMillan SN, Zakharov LN, Gómez‐García CJ, Wu JI, Nakano M, Haley MM. A Tale of Two Isomers: Enhanced Antiaromaticity/Diradical Character versus Deleterious Ring‐Opening of Benzofuran‐fused
s
‐Indacenes and Dicyclopenta[
b
,
g
]naphthalenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E. Barker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403-1253 USA
| | - Tavis W. Price
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403-1253 USA
| | - Lucas J. Karas
- Department of Chemistry University of Houston Houston Texas 77204 USA
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science and Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology International Advanced Research Institute (QIQB-IARI) Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Division of Quantum Photochemical Engineering Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry (RCSEC) Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Samantha N. MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Lev N. Zakharov
- Center for Advanced Materials Characterization at Oregon (CAMCOR) University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403-1433 USA
| | - Carlos J. Gómez‐García
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Instituto de Ciencia Molecular Universidad de Valencia 46980 Paterna Spain
| | - Judy I. Wu
- Department of Chemistry University of Houston Houston Texas 77204 USA
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science and Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology International Advanced Research Institute (QIQB-IARI) Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Division of Quantum Photochemical Engineering Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry (RCSEC) Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI) Osaka University Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN) Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Michael M. Haley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403-1253 USA
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30
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Mutoh K, Toshimitsu S, Kobayashi Y, Abe J. Dynamic Spin-Spin Interaction Observed as Interconversion of Chemical Bonds in Stepwise Two-Photon Induced Photochromic Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:13917-13928. [PMID: 34427084 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Biradicaloids in π-conjugated organic molecules have been extensively studied in recent years because of the fundamental insights into the chemical bonds and unique optical, electrical, and magnetic properties. Several studies have reported that the spin-spin interactions of biradicaloids with flexible molecular frameworks dynamically evolve correlating with molecular structural changes. Although these dynamic behaviors will provide important insights into the relationship between molecular structures and spin properties, studies on such behaviors have been limited to two-spin systems. Here, we investigated the stepwise photochromic properties of biphotochromic molecules involving multiple spin interactions by double-pulse laser flash photolysis. The one-photon photochromic reaction generates the o-biradical form as the open-closed form, which thermally isomerizes to the o-quinoidal form and reaches the thermal equilibrium state between them. The additional absorption of a photon by the open-closed form leads to the photochromic reaction of the other photochromic unit, resulting in the generation of unpaired spins at the p-position of the central aromatic bridge of the biradical or quinoidal form. Under the situation, while the interaction between the unpaired spins and the o-biradical preferentially produces the p-quinoidal form in which the antiferromagnetic interaction at the p-position is dominant, that between the spins and the o-quinoidal form kinetically produces the bis(o-quinoidal) form followed by the thermal isomerization to the thermodynamically stable p-quinoidal form. These dynamic spin-spin interactions along with the rearrangement of chemical bonds will give a deeper understanding of the singlet biradicaloids and that to bridge organic multiradicals in molecular systems to cooperative spin behaviors in bulk materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Mutoh
- Department of Chemistry, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| | - Shota Toshimitsu
- Department of Chemistry, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| | - Yoichi Kobayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Jiro Abe
- Department of Chemistry, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
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31
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Brosius V, Weigold S, Hippchen N, Rominger F, Freudenberg J, Bunz UHF. Diindenopyrazines: Electron-Deficient Arenes. Chemistry 2021; 27:10001-10005. [PMID: 33830516 PMCID: PMC8361971 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses, properties and application of the air-stable electron acceptors, diindenopyrazines 4 a-g are reported demonstrating the introduction of functional aryl groups in the 6- and 12-positions. The targets are accessible on the hundred milligram to gram scale. The structure of the aryl groups in 4 a-g modulates their solubility, redox potentials and optical properties. The introduction of electron-poor aryl groups to the electron-poor diindenopyrazine backbone reduces the electron affinity to -4 eV, making the compounds attractive as n-semiconductors. A simple organic field-effect transistor of 4 e -without optimization- shows electron transport with a mobility of up to 0.037 cm2 V-1 s-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Brosius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Svenja Weigold
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikolai Hippchen
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Freudenberg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe H F Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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32
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Nishijima M, Mutoh K, Abe J. A Qualitative Measure of Diradical Character Based on Radical–Radical Coupling Reaction. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moe Nishijima
- Department of Chemistry, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| | - Katsuya Mutoh
- Department of Chemistry, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| | - Jiro Abe
- Department of Chemistry, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
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33
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Phenanthrylene–alkynylene macrocycles, phenanthrene-fused dicyclopenta[b,g]naphthalene, as well as relevant diradicaloids and antiaromatic compounds. ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apoc.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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