1
|
Li X, Zhou J, Deng W, Wang Z, Wen Y, Li Z, Qiu Y, Huang Y. Electroreductive deuteroarylation of alkenes enabled by an organo-mediator. Chem Sci 2024; 15:11418-11427. [PMID: 39054999 PMCID: PMC11268466 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03049d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Electroreduction mediated by organo-mediators has emerged as a concise and effective strategy, holding significant potential in the site-specific introduction of deuterium. In this study, we present an environmentally friendly electroreduction approach for anti-Markovnikov selective deuteroarylation of alkenes and aryl iodides with D2O as the deuterium source. The key to the protocol lies in the employment of a catalytic amount of 2,2'-bipyiridine as an efficient organo-mediator, which facilitates the generation of aryl radicals by assisting in the cleavage of the C-X (X = I or Br) bonds in aryl halides. Because its reduction potential matches that of aryl iodides, the organo-mediator can control the chemoselectivity of the reaction and avoid the side reactions of competitive substrate deuteration. These phenomena are theoretically supported by CV experiments and DFT calculations. Our protocol provides a series of mono-deuterated alkylarenes with excellent deuterium incorporation through two single-electron reductions (SER), without requiring metal catalysts, external reductants, and sacrificial anodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinling Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University Jiangmen 529090 P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University Jiangmen 529090 P. R. China
| | - Weijie Deng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University Jiangmen 529090 P. R. China
| | - Ziliang Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University Jiangmen 529090 P. R. China
| | - Yating Wen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University Jiangmen 529090 P. R. China
| | - Zhenjie Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University Jiangmen 529090 P. R. China
| | - Youai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 People's Republic of China
| | - Yubing Huang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University Jiangmen 529090 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Reid AG, Zelenke EA, Moberg ME, Dickie DA, Machan CW. Improving co-electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction by optimizing the relative potentials of the redox mediator and catalyst. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024. [PMID: 39015067 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01988a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
The effects of fixing the redox mediator (RM) reduction potential relative to a series of Cr-centered complexes capable of the reduction of CO2 to CO are disclosed. The greatest co-electrocatalytic activity enhancement is observed when the reduction potentials of the catalyst and RM are identical, implying that controlling the speciation of the Cr complex relative to RM activation is essential for improving catalytic performance. In all cases, the potential where co-catalytic activity is observed matches the reduction potential of the RM, regardless of the relative reduction potential of the Cr complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amelia G Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Rd, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, USA.
| | - Ethan A Zelenke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Rd, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, USA.
| | - Megan E Moberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Rd, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, USA.
| | - Diane A Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Rd, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, USA.
| | - Charles W Machan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Rd, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
White NM, Waldie KM. Electrocatalytic formate and alcohol oxidation by hydride transfer at first-row transition metal complexes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:11644-11654. [PMID: 38896286 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04304e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic oxidation of carbon-based liquid fuels, such as formic acid and alcohols, has important applications for our renewable energy transition. Molecular electrocatalysts based on transition metal complexes provide the opportunity to explore the interplay between precise catalyst design and electrocatalytic activity. Recent advances have seen the development of first-row transition metal electrocatalysts for these transformations that operate via hydride transfer between the substrate and catalyst. In this Frontier article, we present the key contributions to this field and discuss the proposed mechanisms for each case. These studies also reveal the remaining challenges for formate and alcohol oxidation with first-row transition metal systems, for which we provide perspectives on future directions for next-generation electrocatalyst design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navar M White
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
| | - Kate M Waldie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Marron DP, Galvin CM, Dressel JM, Waymouth RM. Cobaltocene-Mediated Catalytic Hydride Transfer: Strategies for Electrocatalytic Hydrogenation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:17075-17083. [PMID: 38864712 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The selective electrocatalytic hydrogenation of organics with transition metal hydrides is a promising strategy for electrosynthesis and energy storage. We report the electrocatalytic hydrogenation of acetone with a cyclopentadienone-iridium complex in a tandem electrocatalytic cycle with a cobaltocene mediator. The reductive protonation of cobaltocenium with mild acids generates (C5H5)CoI(C5H6) (CpCoI(CpH)), which functions as an electrocatalytic hydride mediator to deliver a hydride to cationic Ir(III) without generating hydrogen. Electrocatalytic hydride transfer by CpCoI(CpH) to a cationic Ir species leads to the efficient (Faradaic efficiency > 90%) electrohydrogenation of acetone, a valuable hydrogenation target as a liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC). Hydride-transfer mediation presents a powerful strategy to generate metal hydrides that are inaccessible by stepwise electron/proton transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Marron
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94306, United States
| | - Conor M Galvin
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94306, United States
| | - Julia M Dressel
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94306, United States
| | - Robert M Waymouth
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94306, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jiang N, Darù A, Kunstelj Š, Vitillo JG, Czaikowski ME, Filatov AS, Wuttig A, Gagliardi L, Anderson JS. Catalytic, Spectroscopic, and Theoretical Studies of Fe 4S 4-Based Coordination Polymers as Heterogenous Coupled Proton-Electron Transfer Mediators for Electrocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12243-12252. [PMID: 38651361 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Iron-sulfur clusters play essential roles in biological systems, and thus synthetic [Fe4S4] clusters have been an area of active research. Recent studies have demonstrated that soluble [Fe4S4] clusters can serve as net H atom transfer mediators, improving the activity and selectivity of a homogeneous Mn CO2 reduction catalyst. Here, we demonstrate that incorporating these [Fe4S4] clusters into a coordination polymer enables heterogeneous H atom transfer from an electrode surface to a Mn complex dissolved in solution. A previously reported solution-processable Fe4S4-based coordination polymer was successfully deposited on the surfaces of different electrodes. The coated electrodes serve as H atom transfer mediators to a soluble Mn CO2 reduction catalyst displaying good product selectivity for formic acid. Furthermore, these electrodes are recyclable with a minimal decrease in activity after multiple catalytic cycles. The heterogenization of the mediator also enables the characterization of solution-phase and electrode surface species separately. Surface enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS) reveals spectroscopic signatures for an in situ generated active Mn-H species, providing a more complete mechanistic picture for this system. The active species, reaction mechanism, and the protonation sites on the [Fe4S4] clusters were further confirmed by density functional theory calculations. The observed H atom transfer reactivity of these coordination polymer-coated electrodes motivates additional applications of this composite material in reductive H atom transfer electrocatalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningxin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago,Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Andrea Darù
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago,Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Špela Kunstelj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago,Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jenny G Vitillo
- Department of Science and High Technology and INSTM, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Como 22100, Italy
| | - Maia E Czaikowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago,Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Alexander S Filatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago,Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Anna Wuttig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago,Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago,Illinois 60637, United States
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago,Illinois 60637, United States
| | - John S Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago,Illinois 60637, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Phearman AS, Bullock RM. Synthesis and Reactivity of Fe(II) Complexes Containing Cis Ammonia Ligands. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:2024-2033. [PMID: 38230973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The development of earth-abundant transition-metal complexes for electrocatalytic ammonia oxidation is needed to facilitate a renewable energy economy. Important to this goal is a fundamental understanding of how ammonia binds to complexes as a function of ligand geometry and electronic effects. We report the synthesis and characterization of a series of Fe(II)-NH3 complexes supported by tetradentate, facially binding ligands with a combination of pyridine and N-heterocyclic carbene donors. Electronic modification of the supporting ligand led to significant shifts in the FeIII/II potential and variations in NH bond acidities. Finally, investigations of ammonia oxidation by cyclic voltammetry, controlled potential bulk electrolysis, and through addition of stoichiometric organic radicals, TEMPO and tBu3ArO• are reported. No catalytic oxidation of NH3 to N2 was observed, and 15N2 was detected only in reactions with tBu3ArO•.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Phearman
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - R Morris Bullock
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Galvin CM, Marron DP, Dressel JM, Waymouth RM. Coordination-Induced Bond Weakening and Electrocatalytic Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer of a Ruthenium Verdazyl Complex. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:954-960. [PMID: 38153690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Coordination of the leucoverdazyl ligand 2,4-diisopropyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,4-dihydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazin-3(2H)-one VdH to Ru significantly weakens the ligand's N-H bond. Electrochemical measurements show that the metalated leucoverdazyl Ru(VdH)(acetylacetonate)2 RuVdH has a lower pKa (-5 units), BDFE (-7 kcal/mol), and hydricity (-22 kcal/mol) than the free ligand. DFT calculations suggest that the increased acidity is in part attributable to stabilization of the conjugate base Vd-. When free, Vd- distorts to avoid an 8πe- antiaromatic state, but it remains planar when bound to Ru. Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) behavior is observed for both the free and metalated leucoverdazyls. PCET equilibrium between the Vd radical and TEMPOH affords a VdH BDFE that is in good agreement with that obtained from electrochemical methods. RuVd exhibits electrocatalytic PCET donor behavior. Under acidic conditions, it reduces the persistent trityl radical ·CAr3 (Ar = p-tert-butylphenyl) to the corresponding triarylmethane HCAr3 via net 1e-/1H+ transfer from RuVdH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conor M Galvin
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Daniel P Marron
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Julia M Dressel
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Robert M Waymouth
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kasemthaveechok S, Gérardo P, von Wolff N. Merging electrocatalytic alcohol oxidation with C-N bond formation by electrifying metal-ligand cooperative catalysts. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13437-13445. [PMID: 38033911 PMCID: PMC10685316 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03408a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrification of thermal chemical processes could play an important role in creating a more energy efficient chemical sector. Here we demonstrate that a range of MLC catalysts can be successfully electrified and used for imine formation from alcohol precursors, thus demonstrating the first example of molecular electrocatalytic C-N bond formation.This novel concept allowed energy efficiency to be increased by an order of magnitude compared to thermal catalysis. Molecular EAO and the electrification of homogeneous catalysts can thus contribute to current efforts for the electrocatalytic generation of C-N bonds from simple building blocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrice Gérardo
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie, Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Université Paris Cité/CNRS UMR8601 F-75006 Paris France
| | - Niklas von Wolff
- Laboratoire d'Électrochimie Moléculaire, Université Paris Cité/CNRS UMR7591 F-75013 Paris France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yang K, Feng T, Qiu Y. Organo-Mediator Enabled Electrochemical Deuteration of Styrenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312803. [PMID: 37698174 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite widespread use of the deuterium isotope effect, selective deuterium labeling of chemical molecules remains a major challenge. Herein, a facile and general electrochemically driven, organic mediator enabled deuteration of styrenes with deuterium oxide (D2 O) as the economical deuterium source was reported. Importantly, this transformation could be suitable for various electron rich styrenes mediated by triphenylphosphine (TPP). The reaction proceeded under mild conditions without transition-metal catalysts, affording the desired products in good yields with excellent D-incorporation (D-inc, up to >99 %). Mechanistic investigations by means of isotope labeling experiments and cyclic voltammetry tests provided sufficient support for this transformation. Notably, this method proved to be a powerful tool for late-stage deuteration of biorelevant compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keming Yang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Tian Feng
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Youai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kong X, Chen Y, Chen X, Ma C, Chen M, Wang W, Xu YQ, Ni SF, Cao ZY. Organomediated electrochemical fluorosulfonylation of aryl triflates via selective C-O bond cleavage. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6933. [PMID: 37907478 PMCID: PMC10618246 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42699-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although aryl triflates are essential building blocks in organic synthesis, the applications as aryl radical precursors are limited. Herein, we report an organomediated electrochemical strategy for the generation of aryl radicals from aryl triflates, providing a useful method for the synthesis of aryl sulfonyl fluorides from feedstock phenol derivatives under very mild conditions. Mechanistic studies indicate that key to success is to use catalytic amounts of 9, 10-dicyanoanthracene as an organic mediator, enabling to selectively active aryl triflates to form aryl radicals via orbital-symmetry-matching electron transfer, realizing the anticipated C-O bond cleavage by overcoming the competitive S-O bond cleavage. The transition-metal-catalyst-free protocol shows good functional group tolerance, and may overcome the shortages of known methods for aryl sulfonyl fluoride synthesis. Furthermore, this method has been used for the modification and formal synthesis of bioactive molecules or tetraphenylethylene (TPE) derivative with improved quantum yield of fluorescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianqiang Kong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Changzhou Institute of Technology, No. 666 Liaohe Road, 213032, Changzhou, China.
| | - Yiyi Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Changzhou Institute of Technology, No. 666 Liaohe Road, 213032, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Changzhou Institute of Technology, No. 666 Liaohe Road, 213032, Changzhou, China
| | - Cheng Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University, 515063, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, 21 Gehu Road, 213164, Changzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Changzhou Institute of Technology, No. 666 Liaohe Road, 213032, Changzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Qing Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, 475004, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shao-Fei Ni
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University, 515063, Shantou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhong-Yan Cao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, 475004, Kaifeng, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Koellner CA, Reid AG, Machan CW. Co-electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction mediated by a dibenzophosphole oxide and a chromium complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:6359-6362. [PMID: 37139853 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00166k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a co-electrocatalytic system for the selective reduction of CO2 to CO, comprised of a previously reported molecular Cr complex and 5-phenylbenzo[b]phosphindole-5-oxide (PhBPO) as a redox mediator. Under protic conditions, the co-electrocatalytic system attains a turnover frequency (TOF) of 15 s-1 and quantitative selectivity for CO. It is proposed that PhBPO interacts with the Cr-based catalyst, coordinating in an axial position trans to an intermediate hydroxycarbonyl species, M-CO2H, mediating electron transfer to the catalyst and lowering the barrier for C-OH bond cleavage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Connor A Koellner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Rd, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, USA.
| | - Amelia G Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Rd, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, USA.
| | - Charles W Machan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Rd, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Reid AG, Moberg ME, Koellner CA, Moreno JJ, Hooe SL, Baugh KR, Dickie DA, Machan CW. Comparisons of bpy and phen Ligand Backbones in Cr-Mediated (Co-)Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction. Organometallics 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amelia G. Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Megan E. Moberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Connor A. Koellner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Juan J. Moreno
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Shelby L. Hooe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Kira R. Baugh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Charles W. Machan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Homogeneous electrocatalysis has been well studied over the past several decades for the conversion of small molecules to useful products for green energy applications or as chemical feedstocks. However, in order for these catalyst systems to be used in industrial applications, their activity and stability must be improved. In naturally occurring enzymes, redox equivalents (electrons, often in a concerted manner with protons) are delivered to enzyme active sites by small molecules known as redox mediators (RMs). Inspired by this, co-electrocatalytic systems with homogeneous catalysts and RMs have been developed for the conversion of alcohols, nitrogen, unsaturated organic substrates, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. In these systems, the RMs have been shown to both increase the activity of the catalyst and shift selectivity to more desired products by altering catalytic cycles and/or avoiding high-energy intermediates. However, the area is currently underdeveloped and requires additional fundamental advancements in order to become a more general strategy. Here, we summarize the recent examples of homogeneous co-electrocatalysis and discuss possible future directions for the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amelia G Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Charles W Machan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Huang H, Song X, Yu C, Wei Q, Ni L, Han X, Huang H, Han Y, Qiu J. A Liquid-Liquid-Solid System to Manipulate the Cascade Reaction for Highly Selective Electrosynthesis of Aldehyde. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216321. [PMID: 36414544 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Electrocatalytic synthesis of aldehydes from alcohols exhibits unique superiorities as a promising technology, in which cascade reactions are involved. However, the cascade reactions are severely limited by the low selectivity resulting from the peroxidation of aldehydes in a traditional liquid-solid system. Herein, we report a novel liquid-liquid-solid system to regulate the selectivity of benzyl alcohol electrooxidation. The selectivity of benzaldehyde increases 200-fold from 0.4 % to 80.4 % compared with the liquid-solid system at a high current density of 136 mA cm-2 , which is the highest one up to date. In the tri-phase system, the benzaldehyde peroxidation is suppressed efficiently, with the conversion of benzaldehyde being decreased from 87.6 % to 3.8 %. The as-produced benzaldehyde can be in situ extracted to toluene phase and separated from the electrolyte to get purified benzaldehyde. This strategy provides an efficient way to efficiently enhance the selectivity of electrocatalytic cascade reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Huang
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xuedan Song
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Chang Yu
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Qianbing Wei
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Lin Ni
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xiaotong Han
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Huawei Huang
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Yingnan Han
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jieshan Qiu
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tocqueville D, Crisanti F, Guerrero J, Nubret E, Robert M, Milstein D, von Wolff N. Electrification of a Milstein-type catalyst for alcohol reformation. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13220-13224. [PMID: 36425491 PMCID: PMC9667915 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04533h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel energy and atom efficiency processes will be keys to develop the sustainable chemical industry of the future. Electrification could play an important role, by allowing to fine-tune energy input and using the ideal redox agent: the electron. Here we demonstrate that a commercially available Milstein ruthenium catalyst (1) can be used to promote the electrochemical oxidation of ethanol to ethyl acetate and acetate, thus demonstrating the four electron oxidation under preparative conditions. Cyclic voltammetry and DFT-calculations are used to devise a possible catalytic cycle based on a thermal chemical step generating the key hydride intermediate. Successful electrification of Milstein-type catalysts opens a pathway to use alcohols as a renewable feedstock for the generation of esters and other key building blocks in organic chemistry, thus contributing to increase energy efficiency in organic redox chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Tocqueville
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie MoléculaireUniversité Paris Cité, CNRS Paris F-75006 France
| | - Francesco Crisanti
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie MoléculaireUniversité Paris Cité, CNRS Paris F-75006 France
| | - Julian Guerrero
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie MoléculaireUniversité Paris Cité, CNRS Paris F-75006 France
| | - Esther Nubret
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie MoléculaireUniversité Paris Cité, CNRS Paris F-75006 France
| | - Marc Robert
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie MoléculaireUniversité Paris Cité, CNRS Paris F-75006 France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) Paris F-75005 France
| | - David Milstein
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, The Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 7610001 Israel
| | - Niklas von Wolff
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie MoléculaireUniversité Paris Cité, CNRS Paris F-75006 France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang Y, Zhao Z, Pan D, Wang S, Jia K, Ma D, Yang G, Xue X, Qiu Y. Metal‐Free Electrochemical Carboxylation of Organic Halides in the Presence of Catalytic Amounts of an Organomediator. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210201. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Zhiwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Deng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Siyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Kangping Jia
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Dengke Ma
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Guoqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Xiao‐Song Xue
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Youai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang Y, Tang S, Yang G, Wang S, Ma D, Qiu Y. Electrocarboxylation of Aryl Epoxides with CO
2
for the Facile and Selective Synthesis of β‐Hydroxy Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207746. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Shunyao Tang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Guoqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Siyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Dengke Ma
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Youai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Garrido-Barros P, Derosa J, Chalkley MJ, Peters JC. Tandem electrocatalytic N 2 fixation via proton-coupled electron transfer. Nature 2022; 609:71-76. [PMID: 36045240 PMCID: PMC10281199 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
New electrochemical ammonia (NH3) synthesis technologies are of interest as a complementary route to the Haber-Bosch process for distributed fertilizer generation, and towards exploiting ammonia as a zero-carbon fuel produced via renewably sourced electricity1. Apropos of these goals is a surge of fundamental research targeting heterogeneous materials as electrocatalysts for the nitrogen reduction reaction (N2RR)2. These systems generally suffer from poor stability and NH3 selectivity; the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) outcompetes N2RR3. Molecular catalyst systems can be exquisitely tuned and offer an alternative strategy4, but progress has been thwarted by the same selectivity issue; HER dominates. Here we describe a tandem catalysis strategy that offers a solution to this puzzle. A molecular complex that can mediate an N2 reduction cycle is partnered with a co-catalyst that interfaces the electrode and an acid to mediate proton-coupled electron transfer steps, facilitating N-H bond formation at a favourable applied potential (-1.2 V versus Fc+/0) and overall thermodynamic efficiency. Certain intermediates of the N2RR cycle would be otherwise unreactive via uncoupled electron transfer or proton transfer steps. Structurally diverse complexes of several metals (W, Mo, Os, Fe) also mediate N2RR electrocatalysis at the same potential in the presence of the mediator, pointing to the generality of this tandem approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Garrido-Barros
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Derosa
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Matthew J Chalkley
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jonas C Peters
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang Y, Zhao Z, Pan D, Wang S, Jia K, Ma D, Yang G, Xue XS, Qiu Y. Metal‐Free Electrochemical Carboxylation of Organic Halides in the Presence of Catalytic Amounts of an Organomediator. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Wang
- Nankai University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Zhiwei Zhao
- Nankai University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Deng Pan
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry CHINA
| | - Siyi Wang
- Nankai University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | | | - Dengke Ma
- Nankai University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | | | - Xiao-Song Xue
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry CHINA
| | - Youai Qiu
- Nankai University College of Chemistry 94 Weijin Road 300071 Tianjin CHINA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang Y, Tang S, Yang G, Wang S, Ma D, Qiu Y. Electrocarboxylation of Aryl Epoxides with CO2 for the Facile and Selective Synthesis of β‐Hydroxy Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Wang
- Nankai University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | | | | | - Siyi Wang
- Nankai University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Dengke Ma
- Nankai University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Youai Qiu
- Nankai University College of Chemistry 94 Weijin Road 300071 Tianjin CHINA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dey S, Masero F, Brack E, Fontecave M, Mougel V. Electrocatalytic metal hydride generation using CPET mediators. Nature 2022; 607:499-506. [PMID: 35859199 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04874-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal hydrides (M-H) are ubiquitous intermediates in a wide range of enzymatic processes and catalytic reactions, playing a central role in H+/H2 interconversion1, the reduction of CO2 to formic acid (HCOOH)2 and in hydrogenation reactions. The facile formation of M-H is a critical challenge to address to further improve the energy efficiency of these reactions. Specifically, the easy electrochemical generation of M-H using mild proton sources is key to enable high selectivity versus competitive CO and H2 formation in the CO2 electroreduction to HCOOH, the highest value-added CO2 reduction product3. Here we introduce a strategy for electrocatalytic M-H generation using concerted proton-electron transfer (CPET) mediators. As a proof of principle, the combination of a series of CPET mediators with the CO2 electroreduction catalyst [MnI(bpy)(CO)3Br] (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) was investigated, probing the reversal of the product selectivity from CO to HCOOH to evaluate the efficiency of the manganese hydride (Mn-H) generation step. We demonstrate the formation of the Mn-H species by in situ spectroscopic techniques and determine the thermodynamic boundary conditions for this mechanism to occur. A synthetic iron-sulfur cluster is identified as the best CPET mediator for the system, enabling the preparation of a benchmark catalytic system for HCOOH generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subal Dey
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, UMR 8229 CNRS, Collège de France, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Fabio Masero
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Enzo Brack
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc Fontecave
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, UMR 8229 CNRS, Collège de France, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Victor Mougel
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Xie P, Zhang W, Wu W, Shen Z, Wang M, Lai Y, Chen Y, Jia Z. Phenoxyl mediators improve enzymatic degradation of organic pollutants: Effect and mechanism. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 215:606-614. [PMID: 35750102 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A mediation strategy can effectively overcome the low reaction activity of enzymes with nonspecific substrates. In this study, we demonstrated how phenol compounds can mitigate the substrate limitation of HRP in catalytic degradation of various organic pollutants. In a classical HRP/H2O2 system, phenol and natural phenolic compounds (4-HBA & pHBA), exhibited up to over 100-fold enhancement in eliminating organic dyes and persistent antibiotics while the loading is only 2-5 wt%. A combination of molecular modelling, docking and frontier orbital energy analysis was employed to elucidate the catalytic performance and mechanism. We revealed that (1) generating phenoxyl radicals required the proximity of mediators to the HRP active centre, and (2) the subsequent efficient radical transfer to pollutants was determined by the large energy gap between the SOMO energy of phenoxyl radicals and the HOMO energy of phenols. When considering phenols as pollutants, we showed a synergistic effect on catalytic degradation of phenols, dyes, and tetracycline with a removal efficiency of 71-92 %. Overall, this work not only demonstrates that phenoxyl mediators can overcome the lower efficiency and substrate-specificity limitations of the HRP/H2O2 system but also revealed their structure-mediation relationship, implying great potential in the biodegradation of diverse pollutants and their mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xie
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Wang Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Wugao Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Zhuanglin Shen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Mingliang Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Yuxiao Lai
- Centre for Translational Medicine Research & Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Yantao Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China.
| | - Zhongfan Jia
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia..
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Polukeev AV, Abdelaziz OY, Wendt OF. Combined Experimental and Computational Study of the Mechanism of Acceptorless Alcohol Dehydrogenation by POCOP Iridium Pincer Complexes. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V. Polukeev
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Omar Y. Abdelaziz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ola F. Wendt
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gunasekara T, Tong Y, Speelman AL, Erickson JD, Appel AM, Hall MB, Wiedner ES. Role of High-Spin Species and Pendant Amines in Electrocatalytic Alcohol Oxidation by a Nickel Phosphine Complex. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thilina Gunasekara
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Yicheng Tong
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Amy L. Speelman
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jeremy D. Erickson
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Aaron M. Appel
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Michael B. Hall
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Eric S. Wiedner
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Feng T, Wang S, Liu Y, Liu S, Qiu Y. Electrochemical Desaturative β‐Acylation of Cyclic
N
‐Aryl Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Feng
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Siyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Yin Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Shouzhuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Youai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Reid AG, Moreno JJ, Hooe SL, Baugh KR, Thomas IH, Dickie DA, Machan CW. Inverse Potential Scaling in Co-Electrocatalytic Activity for CO 2 Reduction Through Redox Mediator Tuning and Catalyst Design. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9595-9606. [PMID: 36091894 PMCID: PMC9400620 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03258a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction is an attractive strategy to mitigate the continuous rise in atmospheric CO2 concentrations and generate value-added chemical products. A possible strategy to increase the activity of molecular...
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amelia G Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904-4319 USA
| | - Juan J Moreno
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904-4319 USA
| | - Shelby L Hooe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904-4319 USA
| | - Kira R Baugh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904-4319 USA
| | - Isobel H Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904-4319 USA
| | - Diane A Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904-4319 USA
| | - Charles W Machan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia PO Box 400319 Charlottesville VA 22904-4319 USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Feng T, Wang S, Liu Y, Liu S, Qiu Y. Electrochemical Desaturative β-Acylation of Cyclic N-Aryl Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202115178. [PMID: 34878215 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose a straightforward, robust, and simple route to access β-substituted desaturated cyclic amines via an electrochemically driven desaturative β-functionalization of cyclic amines. This transformation is based on multiple single-electron oxidation processes using catalytic amounts of ferrocene. The reaction proceeds in the absence of stoichiometric amounts of electrolyte under mild conditions, affording the desired products with high chemo- and regioselectivity. The reaction was tolerant of a broad range of substrates and also enables late-stage β-C(sp3 )-H acylation of potentially valuable products. Preliminary mechanistic studies using cyclic voltammetry reveal the key role of ferrocene as a redox mediator in the reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Feng
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Siyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yin Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Shouzhuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Youai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Siewert I, Fokin I, Kuessner KT. Transition Metal Complex Catalyzed Photo- and Electrochemical (De)hydrogenations Involving C=O and C=N Bonds. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1645-3254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHerein, we summarize the photo- and electrochemical protocols for dehydrogenation and hydrogenations involving carbonyl and imine functions. The three basic principles that have been explored to interconvert such moieties with transition metal complexes are discussed in detail and the substrate scope is evaluated. Furthermore, we describe some general thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of such electro- and photochemically driven reactions.1 Introduction2 Dehydrogenation Reactions2.1 Electrochemical Dehydrogenations Using High-Valent Metal Species2.2 Electrochemical Dehydrogenations Involving Metal Hydride species2.3 Photochemically Driven Dehydrogenation3 Hydrogenation Reactions3.1 Electrochemical Protocols3.2 Photochemical Protocols4 Conclusion5 Abbreviations
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inke Siewert
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen
- International Center for Advanced Energy Studies, Universität Göttingen
| | - Igor Fokin
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wolff N, Rivada‐Wheelaghan O, Tocqueville D. Molecular Electrocatalytic Hydrogenation of Carbonyls and Dehydrogenation of Alcohols. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Wolff
- Laboratoire d'Électrochimie Moléculaire Université de Paris, CNRS F-75006 Paris France
| | | | - Damien Tocqueville
- Laboratoire d'Électrochimie Moléculaire Université de Paris, CNRS F-75006 Paris France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Determining the Overpotential of Electrochemical Fuel Synthesis Mediated by Molecular Catalysts: Recommended Practices, Standard Reduction Potentials, and Challenges. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
31
|
von Wolff N, Robert M. Taming Electron Transfers: From Breaking Bonds to Creating Molecules. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2095-2106. [PMID: 34235842 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The electron is the ultimate redox reagent to build and reshape molecular structures. Understanding and controlling the parameters underlying dissociative electron transfer (DET) reactivity and its coupling with proton transfer is crucial for combining selectivity, kinetics and energy efficiency in molecular chemistry. Reactivity understanding and mechanistic elements in DET processes are traced back and key examples of current research efforts are presented, demonstrating a large variety of applications. The involvement of DET pathways indeed encompasses a broad range of processes such as photoredox catalysis, CO2 reduction and alcohol oxidation. Interplay between these experimental examples and fundamental mechanistic study provides a powerful path to the understanding of driving force-rate relationships, which is crucial for the development of future generations of energy efficient catalytic schemes in redox organic chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas von Wolff
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d'Électrocimie Moléculaire, CNRS, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Marc Robert
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d'Électrocimie Moléculaire, CNRS, F-75006, Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), F-75005, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|