1
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Askins EJ, Sarkar A, Navabi P, Kumar K, Finkelmeyer SJ, Presselt M, Cabana J, Glusac KD. Interfacial Electrochemistry of Catalyst-Coordinated Graphene Nanoribbons. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39087647 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The immobilization of molecular electrocatalysts on conductive electrodes is an appealing strategy for enhancing their overall activity relative to those of analogous molecular compounds. In this study, we report on the interfacial electrochemistry of self-assembled two-dimensional nanosheets of graphene nanoribbons (GNR-2DNS) and analogs containing a Rh-based hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst (RhGNR-2DNS) immobilized on conductive electrodes. Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) taking place at N-centers of the nanoribbons was utilized as an indirect reporter of the interfacial electric fields experienced by the monolayer nanosheet located within the electric double layer. The experimental Pourbaix diagrams were compared with a theoretical model, which derives the experimental Pourbaix slopes as a function of parameter f, a fraction of the interfacial potential drop experienced by the redox-active group. Interestingly, our study revealed that GNR-2DNS was strongly coupled to glassy carbon electrodes (f = 1), while RhGNR-2DNS was not (f = 0.15). We further investigated the HER mechanism by RhGNR-2DNS using electrochemical and X-ray absorption spectroelectrochemical methods and compared it to homogeneous molecular model compounds. RhGNR-2DNS was found to be an active HER electrocatalyst over a broader set of aqueous pH conditions than its molecular analogs. We find that the improved HER performance in the immobilized catalyst arises due to two factors. First, redox-active bipyrimidine-based ligands were shown to dramatically alter the activity of Rh sites by increasing the electron density at the active Rh center and providing RhGNR-2DNS with improved catalysis. Second, catalyst immobilization was found to prevent catalyst aggregation that was found to occur for the molecular analog in the basic pH. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the mechanism by which catalyst immobilization can affect the overall electrocatalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Askins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Abdul Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Pouyan Navabi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Khagesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Sarah Jasmin Finkelmeyer
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena 07745, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Martin Presselt
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena 07745, Germany
- SciClus GmbH & Co. KG, Jena 07745, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Jordi Cabana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ksenija D Glusac
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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2
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Hutchison P, Smith LE, Rooney CL, Wang H, Hammes-Schiffer S. Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Mechanisms for CO 2 Reduction to Methanol Catalyzed by Surface-Immobilized Cobalt Phthalocyanine. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:20230-20240. [PMID: 38984971 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Immobilized cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) is a highly promising architecture for the six-proton, six-electron reduction of CO2 to methanol. This electroreduction process relies on proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions that can occur by sequential or concerted mechanisms. Immobilization on a conductive support such as carbon nanotubes or graphitic flakes can fundamentally alter the PCET mechanisms. We use density functional theory (DFT) calculations of CoPc adsorbed on an explicit graphitic surface model to investigate intermediates in the electroreduction of CO2 to methanol. Our calculations show that the alignment of the CoPc and graphitic electronic states influences the reductive chemistry. These calculations also distinguish between charging the graphitic surface and reducing the CoPc and adsorbed intermediates as electrons are added to the system. This analysis allows us to identify the chemical transformations that are likely to be concerted PCET, defined for these systems as the mechanism in which protonation of a CO2 reduction intermediate is accompanied by electron abstraction from the graphitic surface to the adsorbate without thermodynamically stable intermediates. This work establishes a mechanistic pathway for methanol production that is consistent with experimental observations and provides fundamental insight into how immobilization of the CoPc impacts its CO2 reduction chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillips Hutchison
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Logan E Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Conor L Rooney
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Hailiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Sharon Hammes-Schiffer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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3
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Cao X, Li X, Wang H, Zhang S, Zhang H, Sakamaki T, Li X. The promotion of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons degradation mechanism by humic acid as electron mediator in a sediment microbial electrochemical system. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 404:130909. [PMID: 38815696 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
To enhance the removal efficiencies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments and to elucidate the mechanisms by which microbial electrochemical action aids in the degradation of PAHs, humic acid was used as an electron mediator in the microbial electrochemical system in this study. The results revealed that the addition of humic acids led to increases in the removal efficiencies of naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene by 45.91%, 97.83%, and 85.56%, respectively, in areas remote from the anode, when compared to the control group. The investigation into the microbial community structure and functional attributes showed that the presence of humic acid did not significantly modify the microbial community composition or its functional expression at the anode. However, an examination of humic acid transformations demonstrated that humic acid extended the electron transfer range in sediment via the redox reactions of quinone and semiquinone groups, thereby facilitating the PAHs degradation within the sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Cao
- College of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- College of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710048, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Haochi Zhang
- Jiangsu Environmental Engineering Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Takashi Sakamaki
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba Aramaki 6-6-06, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Xianning Li
- College of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
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4
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Gupta R, Malik A, Kumari K, Singh SK, Vivier V, Mondal PC. Metal-free platforms for molecular thin films as high-performance supercapacitors. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8775-8785. [PMID: 38873075 PMCID: PMC11168099 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00611a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Controlling chemical functionalization and achieving stable electrode-molecule interfaces for high-performance electrochemical energy storage applications remain challenging tasks. Herein, we present a simple, controllable, scalable, and versatile electrochemical modification approach of graphite rods (GRs) extracted from low-cost Eveready cells that were covalently modified with anthracene oligomers. The anthracene oligomers with a total layer thickness of ∼24 nm on the GR electrode yield a remarkable specific capacitance of ∼670 F g-1 with good galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling stability (10 000) recorded in 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte. Such a boost in capacitance is attributed mainly to two contributions: (i) an electrical double-layer at the anthracene oligomer/GR/electrolyte interfaces, and (ii) the proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reaction, which ensures a substantial faradaic contribution to the total capacitance. Due to the higher conductivity of the anthracene films, it possesses more azo groups (-N[double bond, length as m-dash]N-) during the electrochemical growth of the oligomer films compared to pyrene and naphthalene oligomers, which is key to PCET reactions. AC-based electrical studies unravel the in-depth charge interfacial electrical behavior of anthracene-grafted electrodes. Asymmetrical solid-state supercapacitor devices were made using anthracene-modified biomass-derived porous carbon, which showed improved performance with a specific capacitance of ∼155 F g-1 at 2 A g-1 with an energy density of 5.8 W h kg-1 at a high-power density of 2010 W kg-1 and powered LED lighting for a longer period. The present work provides a promising metal-free approach in developing organic thin-film hybrid capacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 208016 India
| | - Ankur Malik
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 208016 India
| | - Kusum Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Telangana 502285 India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Telangana 502285 India
| | - Vincent Vivier
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, Sorbonne Université 4 place Jussieu Paris 75005 Cedex 05 France
| | - Prakash Chandra Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 208016 India
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5
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Lewis NB, Bisbey RP, Westendorff KS, Soudackov AV, Surendranath Y. A molecular-level mechanistic framework for interfacial proton-coupled electron transfer kinetics. Nat Chem 2024; 16:343-352. [PMID: 38228851 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01400-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions can proceed via an outer-sphere electron transfer to solution (OS-PCET) or through an inner-sphere mechanism by interfacial polarization of surface-bound active sites (I-PCET). Although OS-PCET has been extensively studied with molecular insight, the inherent heterogeneity of surfaces impedes molecular-level understanding of I-PCET. Herein we employ graphite-conjugated carboxylic acids (GC-COOH) as molecularly well-defined hosts of I-PCET to isolate the intrinsic kinetics of I-PCET. We measure I-PCET rates across the entire pH range, uncovering a V-shaped pH-dependence that lacks the pH-independent regions characteristic of OS-PCET. Accordingly, we develop a mechanistic model for I-PCET that invokes concerted PCET involving hydronium/water or water/hydroxide donor/acceptor pairs, capturing the entire dataset with only four adjustable parameters. We find that I-PCET is fourfold faster with hydronium/water than water/hydroxide, while both reactions display similarly high charge transfer coefficients, indicating late proton transfer transition states. These studies highlight the key mechanistic distinctions between I-PCET and OS-PCET, providing a framework for understanding and modelling more complex multistep I-PCET reactions critical to energy conversion and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah B Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ryan P Bisbey
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Karl S Westendorff
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Yogesh Surendranath
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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6
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Westendorff KS, Hülsey MJ, Wesley TS, Román-Leshkov Y, Surendranath Y. Electrically driven proton transfer promotes Brønsted acid catalysis by orders of magnitude. Science 2024; 383:757-763. [PMID: 38359117 DOI: 10.1126/science.adk4902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Electric fields play a key role in enzymatic catalysis and can enhance reaction rates by 100,000-fold, but the same rate enhancements have yet to be achieved in thermochemical heterogeneous catalysis. In this work, we probe the influence of catalyst potential and interfacial electric fields on heterogeneous Brønsted acid catalysis. We observed that variations in applied potential of ~380 mV led to a 100,000-fold rate enhancement for 1-methylcyclopentanol dehydration, which was catalyzed by carbon-supported phosphotungstic acid. Mechanistic studies support a model in which the interfacial electrostatic potential drop drives quasi-equilibrated proton transfer to the adsorbed substrate prior to rate-limiting C-O bond cleavage. Large increases in rate with potential were also observed for the same reaction catalyzed by Ti/TiOyHx and for the Friedel Crafts acylation of anisole with acetic anhydride by carbon-supported phosphotungstic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl S Westendorff
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Max J Hülsey
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Thejas S Wesley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yuriy Román-Leshkov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yogesh Surendranath
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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7
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Qiu Y, Ray D, Yan L, Li X, Song M, Engelhard MH, Sun J, Lee MS, Zhang X, Nguyen MT, Glezakou VA, Wang Y, Rousseau R, Shao Y. Proton Relay for the Rate Enhancement of Electrochemical Hydrogen Reactions at Heterogeneous Interfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:26016-26027. [PMID: 37976467 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Proton transfer is critically important to many electrocatalytic reactions, and directed proton delivery could open new avenues for the design of electrocatalysts. However, although this approach has been successful in molecular electrocatalysis, proton transfer has not received the same attention in heterogeneous electrocatalyst design. Here, we report that a metal oxide proton relay can be built within heterogeneous electrocatalyst architectures and improves the kinetics of electrochemical hydrogen evolution and oxidation reactions. The volcano-type relationship between activity enhancement and pKa of amine additives confirms this improvement; we observe maximum rate enhancement when the pKa of a proton relay matches the pH of the electrolyte solution. Density-functional-theory-based reactivity studies reveal a decreased proton transfer energy barrier with a metal oxide proton relay. These findings demonstrate the possibility of controlling the proton delivery and enhancing the reaction kinetics by tuning the chemical properties and structures at heterogeneous interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Qiu
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Debmalya Ray
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Litao Yan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Miao Song
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Mark H Engelhard
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Junming Sun
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Mal-Soon Lee
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Xin Zhang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Manh-Thuong Nguyen
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | | | - Yong Wang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Roger Rousseau
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Yuyan Shao
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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8
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Lake WR, Meng J, Dawlaty JM, Lian T, Hammes-Schiffer S. Electro-inductive Effect Dominates Vibrational Frequency Shifts of Conjugated Probes on Gold Electrodes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22548-22554. [PMID: 37795975 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Interfacial electric fields play a critical role in electrocatalysis and are often characterized by using vibrational probes attached to an electrode surface. Understanding the physical principles dictating the impact of the applied electrode potential on the vibrational probe frequency is important. Herein, a comparative study is performed for two molecular probes attached to a gold electrode. Both probes contain a nitrile (CN) group, but 4-mercaptobenzonitrile (4-MBN) exhibits continuous conjugation from the electrode through the nitrile group, whereas this conjugation is interrupted for 2-(4-mercaptophenyl)acetonitrile (4-MPCN). Periodic density functional theory calculations predict that the CN vibrational frequency shift of the 4-MBN system is dominated by induction, which is a through-bond polarization effect, leading to a strong potential dependence that does not depend significantly on the orientation of the CN bond relative to the surface. In contrast, the CN vibrational frequency shift of the 4-MPCN system is influenced less by induction and more by through-space electric field effects, leading to a weaker potential dependence and a greater orientation dependence. These theoretical predictions were confirmed by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy experiments. Balancing through-bond and through-space electrostatic effects may assist in the fundamental understanding and design of electrocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Lake
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Jinhui Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jahan M Dawlaty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Tianquan Lian
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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9
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Hao Y, Kang Y, Wang S, Chen Z, Lei C, Cao X, Chen L, Li Y, Liu Z, Gong M. Electrode/Electrolyte Synergy for Concerted Promotion of Electron and Proton Transfers toward Efficient Neutral Water Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202303200. [PMID: 37278979 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202303200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Neutral water oxidation is a crucial half-reaction for various electrochemical applications requiring pH-benign conditions. However, its sluggish kinetics with limited proton and electron transfer rates greatly impacts the overall energy efficiency. In this work, we created an electrode/electrolyte synergy strategy for simultaneously enhancing the proton and electron transfers at the interface toward highly efficient neutral water oxidation. The charge transfer was accelerated between the iridium oxide and in situ formed nickel oxyhydroxide on the electrode end. The proton transfer was expedited by the compact borate environment that originated from hierarchical fluoride/borate anions on the electrolyte end. These concerted promotions facilitated the proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) events. Due to the electrode/electrolyte synergy, Ir-O and Ir-OO- intermediates could be directly detected by in situ Raman spectroscopy, and the rate-limiting step of Ir-O oxidation was determined. This synergy strategy can extend the scope of optimizing electrocatalytic activities toward more electrode/electrolyte combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaming Hao
- Department of Chemistry and, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yikun Kang
- Department of Chemistry and, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shaoyan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Chemistry and, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Can Lei
- Department of Chemistry and, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xueting Cao
- Department of Chemistry and, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Chemistry and, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yefei Li
- Department of Chemistry and, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhipan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Ming Gong
- Department of Chemistry and, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, P. R. China
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10
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Wang Z, Chen J, Ni C, Nie W, Li D, Ta N, Zhang D, Sun Y, Sun F, Li Q, Li Y, Chen R, Bu T, Fan F, Li C. Visualizing the role of applied voltage in non-metal electrocatalysts. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad166. [PMID: 37565210 PMCID: PMC10411668 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how applied voltage drives the electrocatalytic reaction at the nanoscale is a fundamental scientific problem, particularly in non-metallic electrocatalysts, due to their low intrinsic carrier concentration. Herein, using monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) as a model system of non-metallic catalyst, the potential drops across the basal plane of MoS2 (ΔVsem) and the electric double layer (ΔVedl) are decoupled quantitatively as a function of applied voltage through in-situ surface potential microscopy. We visualize the evolution of the band structure under liquid conditions and clarify the process of EF keeping moving deep into Ec, revealing the formation process of the electrolyte gating effect. Additionally, electron transfer (ET) imaging reveals that the basal plane exhibits high ET activity, consistent with the results of surface potential measurements. The potential-dependent behavior of kf and ns in the ET reaction are further decoupled based on the measurements of ΔVsem and ΔVedl. Comparing the ET and hydrogen evolution reaction imaging results suggests that the low electrocatalytic activity of the basal plane is mainly due to the absence of active sites, rather than its electron transfer ability. This study fills an experimental gap in exploring driving forces for electrocatalysis at the nanoscale and addresses the long-standing issue of the inability to decouple charge transfer from catalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Energy College, Universityof Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chenwei Ni
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Energy College, Universityof Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Nie
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Energy College, Universityof Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dongfeng Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Energy College, Universityof Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Na Ta
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Deyun Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Energy College, Universityof Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yimeng Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Energy College, Universityof Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fusai Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Energy College, Universityof Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Energy College, Universityof Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuran Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Ruotian Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Tiankai Bu
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Fengtao Fan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Can Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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11
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Huang-Fu ZC, Qian Y, Deng GH, Zhang T, Schmidt S, Brown J, Rao Y. Development of Two-Dimensional Electronic-Vibrational Sum Frequency Generation (2D-EVSFG) for Vibronic and Solvent Couplings of Molecules at Interfaces and Surfaces. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2023; 3:374-385. [PMID: 37520317 PMCID: PMC10375875 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.3c00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Many photoinduced excited states' relaxation processes and chemical reactions occur at interfaces and surfaces, including charge transfer, energy transfer, proton transfer, proton-coupled electron transfer, configurational dynamics, conical intersections, etc. Of them, interactions of electronic and vibrational motions, namely, vibronic couplings, are the main determining factors for the relaxation processes or reaction pathways. However, time-resolved electronic-vibrational spectroscopy for interfaces and surfaces is lacking. Here we develop interface/surface-specific two-dimensional electronic-vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy (2D-EVSFG) for time-dependent vibronic coupling of excited states at interfaces and surfaces. We further demonstrate the fourth-order technique by investigating vibronic coupling, solvent correlation, and time evolution of the coupling for photoexcited interface-active molecules, crystal violet (CV), at the air/water interface as an example. The two vibronic absorption peaks for CV molecules at the interface from the 2D-EVSFG experiments were found to be more prominent than their counterparts in bulk from 2D-EV. Quantitative analysis of the vibronic peaks in 2D-EVSFG suggested that a non-Condon process participates in the photoexcitation of CV at the interface. We further reveal vibrational solvent coupling for the zeroth level on the electronic state with respect to that on the ground state, which is directly related to the magnitude of its change in solvent reorganization energy. The change in the solvent reorganization energy at the interface is much smaller than that in bulk methanol. Time-dependent center line slopes (CLSs) of 2D-EVSFG also showed that kinetic behaviors of CV at the air/water interface are significantly different from those in bulk methanol. Our ultrafast 2D-EVSFG experiments not only offer vibrational information on both excited states and the ground state as compared with the traditional doubly resonant sum frequency generation and electronic-vibrational coupling but also provide vibronic coupling, dynamical solvent effects, and time evolution of vibronic coupling at interfaces.
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12
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Hutchison P, Kaminsky CJ, Surendranath Y, Hammes-Schiffer S. Concerted Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer to a Graphite Adsorbed Metalloporphyrin Occurs by Band to Bond Electron Redistribution. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:927-936. [PMID: 37252356 PMCID: PMC10214502 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Surface immobilized catalysts are highly promising candidates for a range of energy conversion reactions, and atomistic mechanistic understanding is essential for their rational design. Cobalt tetraphenylporphyrin (CoTPP) nonspecifically adsorbed on a graphitic surface has been shown to undergo concerted proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) in aqueous solution. Herein, density functional theory calculations on both cluster and periodic models representing π-stacked interactions or axial ligation to a surface oxygenate are performed. As the electrode surface is charged due to applied potential, the adsorbed molecule experiences the electrical polarization of the interface and nearly the same electrostatic potential as the electrode, regardless of the adsorption mode. PCET occurs by electron abstraction from the surface to the CoTPP concerted with protonation to form a cobalt hydride, thereby circumventing Co(II/I) redox. Specifically, the Co(II) d-state localized orbital interacts with a proton from solution and an electron from the delocalized graphitic band states to produce a Co(III)-H bonding orbital below the Fermi level, corresponding to redistribution of electrons from the band states to the bonding states. These insights have broad implications for electrocatalysis by chemically modified electrodes and surface immobilized catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillips Hutchison
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Corey J. Kaminsky
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yogesh Surendranath
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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13
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Mayer JM. Bonds over Electrons: Proton Coupled Electron Transfer at Solid-Solution Interfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:7050-7064. [PMID: 36943755 PMCID: PMC10080693 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
This Perspective argues that most redox reactions of materials at an interface with a protic solution involve net proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) (or other cation-coupled ET). This view contrasts with the traditional electron-transfer-focused view of redox reactions at semiconductors, but redox processes at metal surfaces are often described as PCET. Taking a thermodynamic perspective, transfer of an electron is typically accompanied by a stoichiometric proton, much as the chemistry of lithium-ion batteries involves coupled transfers of e- and Li+. The PCET viewpoint implicates the surface-H bond dissociation free energy (BDFE) as the preeminent energetic parameter and its conceptual equivalents, the electrochemical ne-/nH+ potential versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and the free energy of hydrogenation, ΔG°H. These parameters capture the thermochemistry of PCET at interfaces better than electronic parameters such as Fermi energies, electron chemical potentials, flat-band potentials, or band-edge energies. A unified picture of PCET at metal and semiconductor surfaces is presented. Exceptions, limitations, implications, and future directions motivated by this approach are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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14
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Kang W, Lee A, Tae Y, Lee B, Choi JS. Enhancing catalytic efficiency of carbon dots by modulating their Mn doping and chemical structure with metal salts. RSC Adv 2023; 13:8996-9002. [PMID: 36936848 PMCID: PMC10022490 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01001e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanozymes are emerging materials in various fields owing to their advantages over natural enzymes, such as controllable and facile synthesis, tunability in catalytic activities, cost-effectiveness, and high stability under stringent conditions. In this study, the effect of metal salts on the formation and catalytic activity of carbon dots (CDs), a promising nanozyme, is demonstrated. By introducing Mn sources that possess different counter anions, the chemical structure and composition of the CDs produced are affected, thereby influencing their enzymatic activities. The synergistic catalytic effect of the Mn and N-doped CDs (Mn&N-CDs) is induced by effective metal doping in the carbogenic domain and a high proportion of graphitic and pyridinic N. This highly enhanced catalytic effect of Mn&N-CDs allows them to respond sensitively to the interference factors of enzymatic reactions. Consequently, ascorbic acid, which is an essential nutrient for maintaining our health and is a reactive oxygen scavenger, can be successfully monitored using color change by forming oxidized 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine with H2O2 and Mn&N-CDs. This study provides a basic understanding of the formation of CDs and how their catalytic properties can be controlled by the addition of different metal sources, thereby providing guidelines for the development of CDs for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooseok Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University Daejeon 34158 Korea
| | - Ahyun Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University Daejeon 34158 Korea
| | - Yoonjin Tae
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University Daejeon 34158 Korea
| | - Byeongseung Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University Daejeon 34158 Korea
| | - Jin-Sil Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University Daejeon 34158 Korea
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15
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Patel B, Dabas S, Patel P, Subramanian S. Electrostatically tuned phenols: a scalable organocatalyst for transfer hydrogenation and tandem reductive alkylation of N-heteroarenes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:540-549. [PMID: 36741513 PMCID: PMC9847667 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05843j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the fundamental aims in catalysis research is to understand what makes a certain scaffold perform better as a catalyst than another. For instance, in nature enzymes act as versatile catalysts, providing a starting point for researchers to understand how to achieve superior performance by positioning the substrate close to the catalyst using non-covalent interactions. However, translating this information to a non-biological catalyst is a challenging task. Here, we report a simple and scalable electrostatically tuned phenol (ETP) as an organocatalyst for transfer hydrogenation of N-arenes using the Hantzsch ester as a hydride source. The biomimetic catalyst (1-5 mol%) displays potential catalytic activity to prepare diverse tetrahydroquinoline derivatives with good to excellent conversion under ambient reaction conditions. Kinetic studies reveal that the ETP is 130-fold faster than the uncharged counterpart, towards completion of the reaction. Control experiments and NMR spectroscopic investigations elucidate the role of the charged environment in the catalytic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh Patel
- Inorganic Materials and Catalysis Division, CSIR – Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research InstituteBhavnagar-364002GujaratIndia,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)Gaziabad-201002India
| | - Shilpa Dabas
- Inorganic Materials and Catalysis Division, CSIR – Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research InstituteBhavnagar-364002GujaratIndia,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)Gaziabad-201002India
| | - Parth Patel
- Inorganic Materials and Catalysis Division, CSIR – Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research InstituteBhavnagar-364002GujaratIndia,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)Gaziabad-201002India
| | - Saravanan Subramanian
- Inorganic Materials and Catalysis Division, CSIR – Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research InstituteBhavnagar-364002GujaratIndia,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)Gaziabad-201002India
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16
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Hutchison P, Warburton RE, Surendranath Y, Hammes-Schiffer S. Correlation between Electronic Descriptor and Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Thermodynamics in Doped Graphite-Conjugated Catalysts. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:11216-11222. [PMID: 36445816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Graphite-conjugated catalysts (GCCs) provide a powerful framework for investigating correlations between electronic structure features and chemical reactivity of single-site heterogeneous catalysts. GCC-phenazine undergoes proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) involving protonation of phenazine at its two nitrogen atoms with the addition of two electrons. Herein, this PCET reaction is investigated in the presence of defects, such as heteroatom dopants, in the graphitic surface. The proton-coupled redox potentials, EPCET, are computed using a constant potential periodic density functional theory (DFT) strategy. The electronic states directly involved in PCET for GCC-phenazine exhibit the same nitrogen orbital character as those for molecular phenazine. The energy εLUS of this phenazine-related lowest unoccupied electronic state in GCC-phenazine is identified as a descriptor for changes in PCET thermodynamics. Importantly, εLUS is obtained from only a single DFT calculation but can predict EPCET, which requires many such calculations. Similar electronic features may be useful descriptors for thermodynamic properties of other single-site catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillips Hutchison
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Robert E Warburton
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Yogesh Surendranath
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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17
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Volchek VV, Kompankov NB, Sokolov MN, Abramov PA. Proton Affinity in the Chemistry of Beta-Octamolybdate: HPLC-ICP-AES, NMR and Structural Studies. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238368. [PMID: 36500457 PMCID: PMC9738851 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The affinity of [β-Mo8O26]4- toward different proton sources has been studied in various conditions. The proposed sites for proton coordination were highlighted with single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) analysis of (Bu4N)3[β-{Ag(py-NH2)Mo8O26]}] (1) and from analysis of reported structures. Structural rearrangement of [β-Mo8O26]4- as a direct response to protonation was studied in solution with 95Mo NMR and HPLC-ICP-AES techniques. A new type of proton transfer reaction between (Bu4N)4[β-Mo8O26] and (Bu4N)4H2[V10O28] in DMSO results in both polyoxometalates transformation into [V2Mo4O19]4-, which was confirmed by the 95Mo, 51V NMR and HPLC-ICP-AES techniques. The same type of reaction with [H4SiW12O40] in DMSO leads to metal redistribution with formation of [W2Mo4O19]2-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria V. Volchek
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 Akad. Lavrentiev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay B. Kompankov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 Akad. Lavrentiev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Maxim N. Sokolov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 Akad. Lavrentiev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Pavel A. Abramov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 Akad. Lavrentiev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University Named after B.N. Yeltsin, 620075 Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Correspondence:
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18
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Hybrid bilayer membranes as platforms for biomimicry and catalysis. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:862-880. [PMID: 37117701 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00433-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid bilayer membrane (HBM) platforms represent an emerging nanoscale bio-inspired interface that has broad implications in energy catalysis and smart molecular devices. An HBM contains multiple modular components that include an underlying inorganic surface with a biological layer appended on top. The inorganic interface serves as a support with robust mechanical properties that can also be decorated with functional moieties, sensing units and catalytic active sites. The biological layer contains lipids and membrane-bound entities that facilitate or alter the activity and selectivity of the embedded functional motifs. With their structural complexity and functional flexibility, HBMs have been demonstrated to enhance catalytic turnover frequency and regulate product selectivity of the O2 and CO2 reduction reactions, which have applications in fuel cells and electrolysers. HBMs can also steer the mechanistic pathways of proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions of quinones and metal complexes by tuning electron and proton delivery rates. Beyond energy catalysis, HBMs have been equipped with enzyme mimics and membrane-bound redox agents to recapitulate natural energy transport chains. With channels and carriers incorporated, HBM sensors can quantify transmembrane events. This Review serves to summarize the major accomplishments achieved using HBMs in the past decade.
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19
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Wang Y, Pan H, Lin D, Li S, Wang Y, Sanvito S, Hou S. Robust covalent pyrazine anchors forming highly conductive and polarity-tunable molecular junctions with carbon electrodes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:21337-21347. [PMID: 36043392 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02318k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In molecular electronics, electrode-molecule anchoring strategies play a crucial role in the design of stable and high-performance functional single-molecule devices. Herein, we employ aromatic pyrazine as anchors to connect a central anthracene molecule to carbon electrodes including graphene and armchair single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), and theoretically investigate their atomic structures and electronic transport properties. These molecular junctions can be constructed via condensation reactions of the central molecules terminated with ortho-phenylenediamines with ortho-quinone-functionalized nanogaps of graphene and SWCNT electrodes. With two direct C-N covalent bonds connecting the central molecule site-selectively to carbon electrodes in a coplanar way, pyrazine anchors are advantageous for forming stable and structurally well-defined molecular junctions, being expected to reduce the uncertainty about the electrode-molecule linkage motifs. The junction transport is highly efficient due to the coplanar geometry and the ensuing strong π-type molecule-electrode electronic coupling. Furthermore, our calculations show that molecular junctions with pyrazine anchors and carbon electrodes are usually n-type electronic devices; upon hydrogenation of pyridinic nitrogen atoms, the device polarity can be tuned to p-type, indicating that the pyrazine anchors can also serve as a powerful platform for tailoring in situ the polarity of charge carriers in carbon-electrode molecular electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudi Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Haoyang Pan
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. .,Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dongying Lin
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Shi Li
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Stefano Sanvito
- School of Physics, AMBER and CRANN Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Shimin Hou
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. .,Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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20
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Hutchison P, Rice PS, Warburton RE, Raugei S, Hammes-Schiffer S. Multilevel Computational Studies Reveal the Importance of Axial Ligand for Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Fe-N-C Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16524-16534. [PMID: 36001092 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The systematic improvement of Fe-N-C materials for fuel cell applications has proven challenging, due in part to an incomplete atomistic understanding of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) under electrochemical conditions. Herein, a multilevel computational approach, which combines ab initio molecular dynamics simulations and constant potential density functional theory calculations, is used to assess proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) processes and adsorption thermodynamics of key ORR intermediates. These calculations indicate that the potential-limiting step for ORR on Fe-N-C materials is the formation of the FeIII-OOH intermediate. They also show that an active site model with a water molecule axially ligated to the iron center throughout the catalytic cycle produces results that are consistent with the experimental measurements. In particular, reliable prediction of the ORR onset potential and the Fe(III/II) redox potential associated with the conversion of FeIII-OH to FeII and desorbed H2O requires an axial H2O co-adsorbed to the iron center. The observation of a five-coordinate rather than four-coordinate active site has significant implications for the thermodynamics and mechanism of ORR. These findings highlight the importance of solvent-substrate interactions and surface charge effects for understanding the PCET reaction mechanisms and transition-metal redox couples under realistic electrochemical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillips Hutchison
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Peter S Rice
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Robert E Warburton
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Simone Raugei
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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21
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22
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Kelty ML, McNeece AJ, Kurutz JW, Filatov AS, Anderson JS. Electrostatic vs. inductive effects in phosphine ligand donor properties and reactivity. Chem Sci 2022; 13:4377-4387. [PMID: 35509471 PMCID: PMC9007067 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04277g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced rates and selectivity in enzymes are enabled in part by precisely tuned electric fields within active sites. Analogously, the use of charged groups to leverage electrostatics in molecular systems is a promising strategy to tune reactivity. However, separation of the through space and through bond effects of charged functional groups is a long standing challenge that limits the rational application of electric fields in molecular systems. To address this challenge we developed a method using the phosphorus selenium coupling value (J P-Se) of anionic phosphine selenides to quantify the electrostatic contribution of the borate moiety to donor strength. In this analysis we report the synthesis of a novel anionic phosphine, PPh2CH2BF3K, the corresponding tetraphenyl phosphonium and tetraethyl ammonium selenides [PPh4][SePPh2CH2BF3] and [TEA][SePPh2CH2BF3], and the Rh carbonyl complex [PPh4][Rh(acac)(CO)(PPh2(CH2BF3))]. Solvent-dependent changes in J P-Se were fit using Coulomb's law and support up to an 80% electrostatic contribution to the increase in donor strength of [PPh4][SePPh2CH2BF3] relative to SePPh2Et, while controls with [TEA][SePPh2CH2BF3] exclude convoluting ion pairing effects. Calculations using explicit solvation or point charges effectively replicate the experimental data. This J P-Se method was extended to [PPh4][SePPh2(2-BF3Ph)] and likewise estimates up to a 70% electrostatic contribution to the increase in donor strength relative to SePPh3. The use of PPh2CH2BF3K also accelerates C-F oxidative addition reactivity with Ni(COD)2 by an order of magnitude in comparison to the comparatively donating neutral phosphines PEt3 and PCy3. This enhanced reactivity prompted the investigation of catalytic fluoroarene C-F borylation, with improved yields observed for less fluorinated arenes. These results demonstrate that covalently bound charged functionalities can exert a significant electrostatic influence under common solution phase reaction conditions and experimentally validate theoretical predictions regarding electrostatic effects in reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Kelty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago 929 E 57th St Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Andrew J McNeece
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago 929 E 57th St Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Josh W Kurutz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago 929 E 57th St Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Alexander S Filatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago 929 E 57th St Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - John S Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago 929 E 57th St Chicago IL 60637 USA
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23
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Warburton RE, Soudackov AV, Hammes-Schiffer S. Theoretical Modeling of Electrochemical Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer. Chem Rev 2022; 122:10599-10650. [PMID: 35230812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) plays an essential role in a wide range of electrocatalytic processes. A vast array of theoretical and computational methods have been developed to study electrochemical PCET. These methods can be used to calculate redox potentials and pKa values for molecular electrocatalysts, proton-coupled redox potentials and bond dissociation free energies for PCET at metal and semiconductor interfaces, and reorganization energies associated with electrochemical PCET. Periodic density functional theory can also be used to compute PCET activation energies and perform molecular dynamics simulations of electrochemical interfaces. Various approaches for maintaining a constant electrode potential in electronic structure calculations and modeling complex interactions in the electric double layer (EDL) have been developed. Theoretical formulations for both homogeneous and heterogeneous electrochemical PCET spanning the adiabatic, nonadiabatic, and solvent-controlled regimes have been developed and provide analytical expressions for the rate constants and current densities as functions of applied potential. The quantum mechanical treatment of the proton and inclusion of excited vibronic states have been shown to be critical for describing experimental data, such as Tafel slopes and potential-dependent kinetic isotope effects. The calculated rate constants can be used as input to microkinetic models and voltammogram simulations to elucidate complex electrocatalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Warburton
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Alexander V Soudackov
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Sharon Hammes-Schiffer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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24
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Sakaushi K, Watanabe A, Kumeda T, Shibuta Y. Fast-Decoding Algorithm for Electrode Processes at Electrified Interfaces by Mean-Field Kinetic Model and Bayesian Data Assimilation: An Active-Data-Mining Approach for the Efficient Search and Discovery of Electrocatalysts. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:22889-22902. [PMID: 35135188 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The microscopic origins of the activity and selectivity of electrocatalysts has been a long-lasting enigma since the 19th century. By applying an active-data-mining approach, employing a mean-field kinetic model and a statistical approach of Bayesian data assimilation, we demonstrate here a fast decoding to extract key properties in the kinetics of complicated electrode processes from current-potential profiles in experimental and literary data. As the proof-of-concept, kinetic parameters on the four-electron oxygen reduction reaction in the 0.1 M HClO4 solution (ORR: O2 + 4e- + 4H+ → 2H2O) of various platinum-based single-crystal electrocatalysts are extracted from our own experiments and third-party literature to investigate the microscopic electrode processes. Furthermore, data assimilation of the mean-field ORR model and experimental data is performed based on Bayesian inference for the inductive estimation of kinetic parameters, which sheds light on the dynamic behavior of kinetic parameters with respect to overpotential. This work shows that a fast-decoding algorithm based on a mean-field kinetic model and Bayesian data assimilation is a promising data-driven approach to extract key microscopic features of complicated electrode processes and therefore will be an important method toward building up advanced human-machine collaborations for the efficient search and discovery of high-performance electrochemical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Sakaushi
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Aoi Watanabe
- Department of Materials Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Kumeda
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yasushi Shibuta
- Department of Materials Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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25
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Agarwal RG, Coste SC, Groff BD, Heuer AM, Noh H, Parada GA, Wise CF, Nichols EM, Warren JJ, Mayer JM. Free Energies of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Reagents and Their Applications. Chem Rev 2021; 122:1-49. [PMID: 34928136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We present an update and revision to our 2010 review on the topic of proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reagent thermochemistry. Over the past decade, the data and thermochemical formalisms presented in that review have been of value to multiple fields. Concurrently, there have been advances in the thermochemical cycles and experimental methods used to measure these values. This Review (i) summarizes those advancements, (ii) corrects systematic errors in our prior review that shifted many of the absolute values in the tabulated data, (iii) provides updated tables of thermochemical values, and (iv) discusses new conclusions and opportunities from the assembled data and associated techniques. We advocate for updated thermochemical cycles that provide greater clarity and reduce experimental barriers to the calculation and measurement of Gibbs free energies for the conversion of X to XHn in PCET reactions. In particular, we demonstrate the utility and generality of reporting potentials of hydrogenation, E°(V vs H2), in almost any solvent and how these values are connected to more widely reported bond dissociation free energies (BDFEs). The tabulated data demonstrate that E°(V vs H2) and BDFEs are generally insensitive to the nature of the solvent and, in some cases, even to the phase (gas versus solution). This Review also presents introductions to several emerging fields in PCET thermochemistry to give readers windows into the diversity of research being performed. Some of the next frontiers in this rapidly growing field are coordination-induced bond weakening, PCET in novel solvent environments, and reactions at material interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi G Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Scott C Coste
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Benjamin D Groff
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Abigail M Heuer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Hyunho Noh
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Giovanny A Parada
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States.,Department of Chemistry, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey 08628, United States
| | - Catherine F Wise
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Eva M Nichols
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jeffrey J Warren
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - James M Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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Warburton RE, Mayer JM, Hammes-Schiffer S. Proton-Coupled Defects Impact O-H Bond Dissociation Free Energies on Metal Oxide Surfaces. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:9761-9767. [PMID: 34595925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions on metal oxides require coupling between proton transfer at the solid-liquid interface and electron transfer involving defects at or near the band edge. Herein, hybrid functional periodic density functional theory is used to elucidate the impact of proton-coupled defects on the bond dissociation free energies (BDFEs) of O-H bonds on anatase TiO2 surfaces. These O-H BDFEs are directly related to interfacial PCET thermochemistry. Comparison between geometrically similar O-H bonds associated with different defect types, namely conduction d-band electrons or valence p-band holes, reveals that the BDFEs differ by ∼81 kcal/mol (3.50 eV), comparable to the wide TiO2 band gap. These differences are shown to be determined primarily by differences in electron transfer driving forces, which are analyzed by using band energies and inner-sphere reorganization energies within a Marcus theory framework. These fundamental insights about the impact of proton-coupled defects on PCET thermochemistry at semiconductor surfaces have broad implications for electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Warburton
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - James M Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Sharon Hammes-Schiffer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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Wesley T, Román-Leshkov Y, Surendranath Y. Spontaneous Electric Fields Play a Key Role in Thermochemical Catalysis at Metal-Liquid Interfaces. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:1045-1055. [PMID: 34235265 PMCID: PMC8228591 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Large oriented electric fields spontaneously arise at all solid-liquid interfaces via the exchange of ions and/or electrons with the solution. Although intrinsic electric fields are known to play an important role in molecular and biological catalysis, the role of spontaneous polarization in heterogeneous thermocatalysis remains unclear because the catalysts employed are typically disconnected from an external circuit, which makes it difficult to monitor or control the degree of electrical polarization of the surface. Here, we address this knowledge gap by developing general methods for wirelessly monitoring and controlling spontaneous electrical polarization at conductive catalysts dispersed in liquid media. By combining electrochemical and spectroscopic measurements, we demonstrate that proton and electron transfer from solution controllably, spontaneously, and wirelessly polarize Pt surfaces during thermochemical catalysis. We employ liquid-phase ethylene hydrogenation on a Pt/C catalyst as a thermochemical probe reaction and observe that the rate of this nonpolar hydrogenation reaction is significantly influenced by spontaneous electric fields generated by both interfacial proton transfer in water and interfacial electron transfer from organometallic redox buffers in a polar aprotic ortho-difluorobenzene solvent. Across these vastly disparate reaction media, we observe quantitatively similar scaling of ethylene hydrogenation rates with the Pt open-circuit electrochemical potential (E OCP). These results isolate the role of interfacial electrostatic effects from medium-specific chemical interactions and establish that spontaneous interfacial electric fields play a critical role in liquid-phase heterogeneous catalysis. Consequently, E OCP-a generally overlooked parameter in heterogeneous catalysis-warrants consideration in mechanistic studies of thermochemical reactions at solid-liquid interfaces, alongside chemical factors such as temperature, reactant activities, and catalyst structure. Indeed, this work establishes the experimental and conceptual foundation for harnessing electric fields to both elucidate surface chemistry and manipulate preparative thermochemical catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thejas
S. Wesley
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yuriy Román-Leshkov
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yogesh Surendranath
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Sarkar S, Maitra A, Lake WR, Warburton RE, Hammes-Schiffer S, Dawlaty JM. Mechanistic Insights about Electrochemical Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Derived from a Vibrational Probe. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8381-8390. [PMID: 34042429 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) is a fundamental step in a wide range of electrochemical processes, including those of interest in energy conversion and storage. Despite its importance, several mechanistic details of such reactions remain unclear. Here, we have combined a proton donor (tertiary ammonium) with a vibrational Stark-shift probe (benzonitrile), to track the process from the entry of the reactants into the electrical double layer (EDL), to the PCET reaction associated with proton donation to the electrode, and the formation of products. We have used operando vibrational spectroscopy and periodic density functional theory under electrochemical bias to assign the reactant and product peaks and their Stark shifts. We have identified three main stages for the progress of the PCET reaction as a function of applied potential. First, we have determined the potential necessary for desolvation of the reactants and their entry into the polarizing environment of the EDL. Second, we have observed the appearance of product peaks prior to the onset of steady state electrochemical current, indicating formation of a stationary population of products that does not turn over. Finally, more negative of the onset potential, the electrode attracts additional reactants, displacing the stationary products and enabling steady state current. This work shows that the integration of a vibrational Stark-shift probe with a proton donor provides critical insight into the interplay between interfacial electrostatics and heterogeneous chemical reactions. Such insights cannot be obtained from electrochemical measurements alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohini Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Anwesha Maitra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - William R Lake
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Robert E Warburton
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Sharon Hammes-Schiffer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Jahan M Dawlaty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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Hara Y, Sakaushi K. Emergent electrochemical functions and future opportunities of hierarchically constructed metal-organic frameworks and covalent organic frameworks. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:6341-6356. [PMID: 33885519 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr09167g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Designing spatial and architectural features across from the molecular to bulk scale is one of the most important topics in materials science which has received a lot of attention in recent years. Looking back to the past research, findings on the influences of spatial features denoted as porous structures on the applications related to mass transport phenomena have been widely studied in traditional inorganic materials, such as ceramics over the past two decades. However, due to the difficulties in precise control of the porous structures at the molecular level in this class of materials, the mechanistic understanding of the effects of spatial and architectural features across from the molecular level to meso-/macroscopic scale is still lacking, especially in electrochemical reactions. Further understanding of fundamental electrochemical functions in well-defined architectures is indispensable for the further advancement of key next-generation energy devices. Furthermore, creating periodic porosity in reticular structures is starting to be recognized as an emerging approach to control the electronic structure of materials. In this review, we focus on the investigations on preparing well-defined molecular-level crystalline porous materials known as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) into hierarchically constructed architectures from molecular structures lower than the reticular frameworks to meso-/macroscopic scale structures. By connecting well-defined nanosized porous structures in MOFs/COFs and additional length-scale space or shapes, emergent electrochemical functions towards emerging devices, such as beyond Li-ion batteries including all-solid-state rechargeable batteries, are expected to be obtained. By summarizing recent advancements in synthetic strategies of hierarchically constructed MOF/COF based materials and fundamental investigation of their structural effect in a wide spectrum of electrochemical applications, we highlight the importance and future direction of this developing field of hierarchically constructed MOFs/COFs, while emphasizing the required chemical stability of the MOFs/COFs which meet the use in the game-changing electrochemical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Hara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Loewen ND, Pattanayak S, Herber R, Fettinger JC, Berben LA. Quantification of the Electrostatic Effect on Redox Potential by Positive Charges in a Catalyst Microenvironment. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:3066-3073. [PMID: 33750139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Charged functional groups in the secondary coordination sphere (SCS) of a heterogeneous nanoparticle or homogeneous electrocatalyst are of growing interest due to enhancements in reactivity that derive from specific interactions that stabilize substrate binding or charged intermediates. At the same time, accurate benchmarking of electrocatalyst systems most often depends on the development of linear free-energy scaling relationships. However, the thermodynamic axis in those kinetic-thermodynamic correlations is most often obtained by a direct electrochemical measurement of the catalyst redox potential and might be influenced by electrostatic effects of a charged SCS. In this report, we systematically probe positive charges in a SCS and their electrostatic contributions to the electrocatalyst redox potential. A series of 11 iron carbonyl clusters modified with charged and uncharged ligands was probed, and a linear correlation between the νCO absorption band energy and electrochemical redox potentials is observed except where the SCS is positively charged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia D Loewen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Santanu Pattanayak
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Rolfe Herber
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - James C Fettinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Louise A Berben
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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