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Ren J, Das M, Osthues H, Nyenhuis M, Schulze Lammers B, Kolodzeiski E, Mönig H, Amirjalayer S, Fuchs H, Doltsinis NL, Glorius F. The Electron-Rich and Nucleophilic N-Heterocyclic Imines on Metal Surfaces: Binding Modes and Interfacial Charge Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7288-7294. [PMID: 38456796 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The strongly electron-donating N-heterocyclic imines (NHIs) have been employed as excellent surface anchors for the thermodynamic stabilization of electron-deficient species due to their enhanced nucleophilicity. However, the binding mode and interfacial property of these new ligands are still unclear, representing a bottleneck for advanced applications in surface functionalization and catalysis. Here, NHIs with different side groups have been rationally designed, synthesized, and analyzed on various metal surfaces (Cu, Ag). Our results reveal different binding modes depending on the molecular structure and metal surface. The molecular design enables us to achieve a flat-lying or upright configuration and even a transition between these two binding modes depending on the coverage and time. Importantly, the two binding modes exhibit different degrees of interfacial charge transfer between the molecule and the surface. This study provides essential microscopic insight into the NHI adsorption geometry and interfacial charge transfer for the optimization of heterogeneous catalysts in coordination chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindong Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Mowpriya Das
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Helena Osthues
- Institute for Solid State Theory and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Marvin Nyenhuis
- Institute for Solid State Theory and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bertram Schulze Lammers
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Elena Kolodzeiski
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Harry Mönig
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Saeed Amirjalayer
- Institute for Solid State Theory and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nikos L Doltsinis
- Institute for Solid State Theory and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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2
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Lee DS, Singh I, Veinot AJ, Aloisio MD, Lomax JT, Ragogna PJ, Crudden CM. Mesoionic carbene-based self-assembled monolayers on gold. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2480-2485. [PMID: 38362421 PMCID: PMC10866350 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04720b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) have been widely studied as ligands for surface chemistry, and have shown advantages compared to existing ligands (e.g. thiols). Herein, we introduce mesoionic carbenes (MICs) as a new type of surface ligand. MICs exhibit higher σ-donor ability compared to typical NHCs, yet they have received little attention in the area of surface chemistry. The synthesis of MICs derived from imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine was established and fully characterized by spectroscopic methods. The self-assembly of these MICs on gold was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Additionally, XPS was used to compare bonding ability in MICs compared to the typical NHCs. These results show that MIC overlayers on gold are robust, resistant to replacement by NHCs, and may be superior to NHCs for applications that require even greater levels of robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne S Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, C2MCI, Queen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 4V1 Canada
| | - Ishwar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, C2MCI, Queen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 4V1 Canada
| | - Alex J Veinot
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, C2MCI, Queen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 4V1 Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Western University London Ontario N6A 3K7 Canada
- Surface Science Western 999 Collip Cir London Ontario N6G 0J3 Canada
| | - Mark D Aloisio
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, C2MCI, Queen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 4V1 Canada
| | - Justin T Lomax
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, C2MCI, Queen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 4V1 Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Western University London Ontario N6A 3K7 Canada
- Surface Science Western 999 Collip Cir London Ontario N6G 0J3 Canada
| | - Paul J Ragogna
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, C2MCI, Queen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 4V1 Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Western University London Ontario N6A 3K7 Canada
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
- Carbon to Metal Coating Institute, C2MCI, Queen's University 90 Bader Lane Kingston Ontario K7L 4V1 Canada
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3
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Das M, Hogan C, Zielinski R, Kubicki M, Koy M, Kosbab C, Brozzesi S, Das A, Nehring MT, Balfanz V, Brühne J, Dähne M, Franz M, Esser N, Glorius F. N-Heterocyclic Olefins on a Silicon Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202314663. [PMID: 37849449 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of N-heterocyclic olefins (NHOs) on silicon is investigated in a combined scanning tunneling microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and density functional theory study. We find that both of the studied NHOs bind covalently, with ylidic character, to the silicon adatoms of the substrate and exhibit good thermal stability. The adsorption geometry strongly depends on the N-substituents: for large N-substituents, an upright adsorption geometry is favored, while a flat-lying geometry is found for the NHO with smaller wingtips. These different geometries strongly influence the quality and properties of the obtained monolayers. The upright geometry leads to the formation of ordered monolayers, whereas the flat-lying NHOs yield a mostly disordered, but denser, monolayer. The obtained monolayers both show large work function reductions, as the higher density of the flat-lying monolayer is found to compensate for the smaller vertical dipole moments. Our findings offer new prospects in the design of tailor-made ligand structures in organic electronics and optoelectronics, catalysis, and material science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mowpriya Das
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Conor Hogan
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia-CNR (ISM-CNR), Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma 'Tor Vergata', Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Robert Zielinski
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Festkörperphysik, Hardenbergstrasse 36, D-10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Milan Kubicki
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Festkörperphysik, Hardenbergstrasse 36, D-10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maximilian Koy
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Canan Kosbab
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Festkörperphysik, Hardenbergstrasse 36, D-10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simone Brozzesi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma 'Tor Vergata', Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Ankita Das
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Mike Thomas Nehring
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Festkörperphysik, Hardenbergstrasse 36, D-10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Viktoria Balfanz
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Festkörperphysik, Hardenbergstrasse 36, D-10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Juls Brühne
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Festkörperphysik, Hardenbergstrasse 36, D-10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Dähne
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Festkörperphysik, Hardenbergstrasse 36, D-10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Franz
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Festkörperphysik, Hardenbergstrasse 36, D-10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Esser
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Festkörperphysik, Hardenbergstrasse 36, D-10623, Berlin, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS e.V., Schwarzschildstrasse 8, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
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4
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Nguyen TH, Pauly C, Kent GT, Wu G, Hayton TW. Dimerization and ring-opening in bis(diisopropylamino)cyclopropenylidene (BAC) mediated by [U(NR 2) 3(CCPh)] (R = SiMe 3). Dalton Trans 2023; 52:13868-13871. [PMID: 37751280 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02741d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Addition of 2 equiv. of bis(diisopropylamino)cyclopropenylidene (BAC) to [U(NR2)3(CCPh)] (1, R = SiMe3), in Et2O, results in formation of [cyclo-N(iPr)C(Me)2CH(NiPr2)C{CHC3(NiPr2)2}][U(NR2)2(N(SiMe3)SiMe2CH2)(CCPh)] (2) in moderate isolated yield. Complex 2 is the result of coupling and protonation of two BAC molecules, where complex 1 contributes the required proton. It was characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography and represents a new mode of reactivity of the cyclopropenylidene fragment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thien H Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Christophe Pauly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Greggory T Kent
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Guang Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Trevor W Hayton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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5
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Pan X, Montes E, Rojas WY, Lawson B, Vázquez H, Kamenetska M. Cooperative Self-Assembly of Dimer Junctions Driven by π Stacking Leads to Conductance Enhancement. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:6937-6943. [PMID: 37486358 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate enhanced electronic transport through dimer molecular junctions, which self-assemble between two gold electrodes in π-π stabilized binding configurations. Single molecule junction conductance measurements show that benzimidazole molecules assemble into dimer junctions with a per-molecule conductance that is higher than that in monomer junctions. Density functional theory calculations reveal that parallel stacking of two benzimidazoles between electrodes is the most energetically favorable due to the large π system. Imidazole is smaller and has greater conformational freedom to access different stacking angles. Transport calculations confirm that the conductance enhancement of benzimidazole dimers results from the changed binding geometry of dimers on gold, which is stabilized and made energetically accessible by intermolecular π stacking. We engineer imidazole derivatives with higher monomer conductance than benzimidazole and large intermolecular interaction that promote cooperative in situ assembly of more transparent dimer junctions and suggest at the potential of molecular devices based on self-assembled molecular layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Enrique Montes
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, Prague CZ-162 00, Czech Republic
| | - Wudmir Y Rojas
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, Prague CZ-162 00, Czech Republic
| | - Brent Lawson
- Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Héctor Vázquez
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, Prague CZ-162 00, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Kamenetska
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02155, United States
- Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02155, United States
- Division of Material Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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6
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Wu Q, Peng R, Gong F, Luo Y, Zhang H, Cui Q. Aqueous synthesis of N-heterocyclic carbene-protected gold nanoclusters with intrinsic antibacterial activity. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Park S, Kang S, Yoon HJ. Thermopower of Molecular Junction in Harsh Thermal Environments. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:3953-3960. [PMID: 35575639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Molecular junctions can be miniaturized devices for heat-to-electricity conversion application, yet these operate only in mild thermal environments (less than 323 K) because thiol, the most widely used anchor moiety for chemisorption of active molecules onto surface of electrode, easily undergoes thermal degradation. N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) can be an alternative to traditional thiol anchor for producing ultrastable thermoelectric molecular junctions. Our experiments showed that the NHC-based molecular junctions withstood remarkably high temperatures up to 573 K, exhibiting consistent Seebeck effect and thermovoltage up to approximately |1900 μV|. Our work advances our understanding of molecule-electrode contact in the Seebeck effect, providing a roadmap for constructing robust and efficient organic thermoelectric devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohyun Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Seohyun Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Hyo Jae Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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8
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Angove E, Grillo F, Früchtl HA, Veinot AJ, Singh I, Horton JH, Crudden CM, Baddeley CJ. Highly Ordered N-Heterocyclic Carbene Monolayers on Cu(111). J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:2051-2056. [PMID: 35200016 PMCID: PMC9007529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c04073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The benzannulated N-heterocyclic carbene, 1,3-dibenzylbenzimidazolylidene (NHCDBZ) forms large, highly ordered domains when adsorbed on Cu(111) under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. A combination of scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveals that the overlayer consists of vertical benzannulated NHC moieties coordinating to Cu adatoms. Long-range order results from the placement of the two benzyl substituents on opposite sides of the benzimidazole moiety, with their aromatic rings approximately parallel to the surface. The organization of three surface-bound benzyl substituents from three different NHCs into a triangular array controls the formation of a highly ordered Kagome-like surface lattice. By comparison with earlier studies of NHCs on Cu(111), we show that the binding geometry and self-assembly of NHCDBZ are influenced by intermolecular and adsorbate-substrate interactions and facilitated by the flexibility of the methylene linkage between the N-heterocycle and the aromatic wingtip substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloise Angove
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16
9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Grillo
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16
9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Herbert A. Früchtl
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16
9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Alex J. Veinot
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario Canada, K7L 3N6
| | - Ishwar Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario Canada, K7L 3N6
| | - J. Hugh Horton
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario Canada, K7L 3N6
| | - Cathleen M. Crudden
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario Canada, K7L 3N6
- Institute
of Transformative Bio-Molecules, ITbM-WPI, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Chikusa 464-8601, Japan
| | - Christopher J. Baddeley
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16
9ST, United Kingdom
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Knecht P, Zhang B, Reichert J, Duncan DA, Schwarz M, Haag F, Ryan PTP, Lee TL, Deimel PS, Feulner P, Allegretti F, Auwärter W, Médard G, Seitsonen AP, Barth JV, Papageorgiou AC. Assembly and Manipulation of a Prototypical N-Heterocyclic Carbene with a Metalloporphyrin Pedestal on a Solid Surface. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4433-4439. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Knecht
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Bodong Zhang
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Joachim Reichert
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - David A. Duncan
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Martin Schwarz
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Felix Haag
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Paul T. P. Ryan
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Tien-Lin Lee
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Peter S. Deimel
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Peter Feulner
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Francesco Allegretti
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Willi Auwärter
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Guillaume Médard
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Emil Erlenmeyer Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Ari Paavo Seitsonen
- Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, F-75005 Paris, France
- Université de Recherche Paris-Sciences-et-Lettres, Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Johannes V. Barth
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Anthoula C. Papageorgiou
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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