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Barakat M, Elhajj S, Yazji R, Miller AJM, Hasanayn F. Kinetic Isotope Effects and the Mechanism of CO 2 Insertion into the Metal-Hydride Bond of fac-(bpy)Re(CO) 3H. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:12133-12145. [PMID: 38901030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The 1,2-insertion reaction of CO2 into metal-hydride bonds of d6-octahedral complexes to give κ1-O-metal-formate products is the key step in various CO2 reduction schemes and as a result has attracted extensive mechanistic investigations. For many octahedral catalysts, CO2 insertion follows an associative mechanism in which CO2 interacts directly with the coordinated hydride ligand instead of the more classical dissociative mechanism that opens an empty coordination site to bind the substrate to the metal prior to a hydride migration step. To better understand the associative mechanism, we conducted a systematic quantum chemical investigation on the reaction between CO2 and fac-(bpy)Re(CO)3H (1-Re-H; bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) starting with the gas phase and then moving to THF and other solvents with increased dielectric constants. Detailed analyses of the potential energy surfaces (PESs) and intrinsic reaction coordinates (IRCs) reveal that the reaction is enabled in all media by an initial stage of making a 3c-2e bond between the carbon of CO2 and the metal-hydride bond that is most consistent with an organometallic bridging hydride Re-H-CO2 species. Once CO2 is bent and anchored to the metal-hydride bond, the reaction proceeds by a rotation motion via a cyclic transition state TS2 that interchanges Re-H-CO2 and Re-O-CHO coordination. The combined stages provide an asynchronous-concerted pathway for CO2 insertion on the Gibbs free energy surface with TS2 as the highest energy point. Consideration of TS2 as a rate-determining TS gives activation barriers, inverse KIEs, substituent effects, and solvent effects that agree with the experimental data available in this system. An important new insight revealed by the analyses of the results is that the initial stage of the reaction is not a hydride transfer step as has been assumed in some studies. In fact, the loose vibration of the TS that can be identified for the first stage of the reaction in solution (TS1) does not involve the Re-H stretching vibrational mode. Accordingly, the imaginary frequency of TS1 is insensitive to deuteration, and therefore, TS1 leads to no significant KIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Barakat
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Sarah Elhajj
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Riyad Yazji
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Alexander J M Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Faraj Hasanayn
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
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2
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Chirila A, Hu Y, Linehan JC, Dixon DA, Wiedner ES. Thermodynamic and Kinetic Activity Descriptors for the Catalytic Hydrogenation of Ketones. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6866-6879. [PMID: 38437011 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Activity descriptors are a powerful tool for the design of catalysts that can efficiently utilize H2 with minimal energy losses. In this study, we develop the use of hydricity and H- self-exchange rates as thermodynamic and kinetic descriptors for the hydrogenation of ketones by molecular catalysts. Two complexes with known hydricity, HRh(dmpe)2 and HCo(dmpe)2, were investigated for the catalytic hydrogenation of ketones under mild conditions (1.5 atm and 25 °C). The rhodium catalyst proved to be an efficient catalyst for a wide range of ketones, whereas the cobalt catalyst could only hydrogenate electron-deficient ketones. Using a combination of experiment and electronic structure theory, thermodynamic hydricity values were established for 46 alkoxide/ketone pairs in both acetonitrile and tetrahydrofuran solvents. Through comparison of the hydricities of the catalysts and substrates, it was determined that catalysis was observed only for catalyst/ketone pairs with an exergonic H- transfer step. Mechanistic studies revealed that H- transfer was the rate-limiting step for catalysis, allowing for the experimental and computation construction of linear free-energy relationships (LFERs) for H- transfer. Further analysis revealed that the LFERs could be reproduced using Marcus theory, in which the H- self-exchange rates for the HRh/Rh+ and ketone/alkoxide pairs were used to predict the experimentally measured catalytic barriers within 2 kcal mol-1. These studies significantly expand the scope of catalytic reactions that can be analyzed with a thermodynamic hydricity descriptor and firmly establish Marcus theory as a valid approach to develop kinetic descriptors for designing catalysts for H- transfer reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Chirila
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Yiqin Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - John C Linehan
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - David A Dixon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Eric S Wiedner
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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3
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Yadav S, Misra N, Mansi, Khanna P, Jain M, Khanna L. A DFT study on substituents, solvent, and temperature effect and mechanism of Diels-Alder reaction of hexafluoro-2-butyne with furan. J Mol Model 2023; 29:387. [PMID: 38008793 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05754-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Furan and its derivatives constitute a vital class of heterocyclic chemistry used widely in organic synthesis via Diels-Alder reactions. As fluorine incorporation has been of great interest due to the limited possible pathways, the present study on [4 + 2] cycloaddition Diels-Alder reaction, between hexafluoro-2-butyne and 2-substituted (NH2, OCH3, OTMS, NHBoc) furans, uses the reaction as a likely route. The computational study revealed that that the reaction is feasible in all conditions and is most favorable for NH2 substituent in furan. The study of the effect of temperature has depicted that low temperature favors the formation of adducts, while the rise in temperature prefers ring opening to form 4-substituted-2,3-di(trifluoromethyl)phenol derivatives. The feasibility of a reaction has been determined by Gibbs energy change. The transition state study has been performed to find the activation energy, C-C single bond formation and global electron density transfer (GEDT) involved in the adduct formation. MEP plots have been used to understand the region of electrophilicity and nucleophilicity character. Furthermore, the mechanism for the formation of phenol products has been discussed. The decomposition of the NHBoc group at higher temperatures has been proved via a proposed mechanism and compared with experimental results. METHODS The reaction was theoretically investigated using B3LYP hybrid functional with 6-311 + G(d,p) basis sets, in gas phase and under different solvent conditions like water, acetonitrile, and THF. The transition state structures of the adduct were optimized at the lower basis set B3LYP/6-31 + G(d,p) as well as at the higher basis set B3LYP/6-311 + G(d,p) level. The changes in Gibbs energy (∆G) for the formation of products at different temperatures and in various solvents have been calculated at B3LYP/6-311 + G(d,p) level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Yadav
- University School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector 16-C, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110078, India
| | - Neeti Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi, 110019, India
| | - Mansi
- University School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector 16-C, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110078, India
| | - Pankaj Khanna
- Department of Chemistry, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi, 110019, India
| | - Manisha Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi, 110019, India
| | - Leena Khanna
- University School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector 16-C, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110078, India.
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4
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Fu W, Tang Z, Liu S, He Y, Sun R, Mebrahtu C, Zeng F. Thermodynamic Analysis of CO
2
Hydrogenation to Ethanol: Solvent Effects. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 Jiangsu China
| | - Zhenchen Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 Jiangsu China
| | - Shuilian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 Jiangsu China
| | - Yiming He
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 Jiangsu China
| | - Ruiyan Sun
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Chalachew Mebrahtu
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 2 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Feng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 Jiangsu China
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Schlenker K, Casselman LK, VanderLinden RT, Saouma CT. Large changes in hydricity as a function of charge and not metal in (PNP)M–H (de)hydrogenation catalysts that undergo metal–ligand cooperativity. Catal Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy01349e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ligand pKa and metal hydricity scale with one another in (de)hydrogenation catalysts that undergo metal–ligand cooperativity, irrespective of metal or ligand identity. Anionic hydrides are significantly more hydridic than their neutral counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Schlenker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA
| | - Lillee K. Casselman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA
| | | | - Caroline T. Saouma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA
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Hydrogenation of CO2 to formate catalyzed by SBA-15-supported cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene-iridium. Chin J Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2022.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Linke A, Decker D, Drexler HJ, Beweries T. Iridium(III) bis(thiophosphinite) pincer complexes: synthesis, ligand activation and applications in catalysis. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:10266-10271. [PMID: 35748648 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01633h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Iridium(III) bis(thiophosphinite) complexes of the type [(RPSCSPR)Ir(H)(Cl)(py)] (RPSCSPR = κ3-(2,6-SPR2)C6H3) (R = tBu, iPr, Ph) can be prepared from the ligand precursors 1,3-(SPR2)C6H4 by C-H activation at Ir using [Ir(COE)2Cl]2 or [Ir(COD)Cl]2. Optimisation of the protocol for complexation showed that direct cyclometallation in the absence or presence of pyridine, as well as C-H activation in the presence of H2 are viable options that, depending on the phosphine substituent furnish the five-coordinate Ir(III) hydride chloride complexes 2-R or the base stabilised species 3-R in good yields. In case of the PhPSCSPPh ligand, P-S activation results in the formation of a thiophosphine stabilised Ir(III) hydride complex [(PhPSCSPPh)Ir(H)(Cl)(PPh2SH)] (4). Reaction of 2-tBu with H2 in the presence of base furnishes an Ir(III) dihydride complex (5) via a labile Ir(III) dihydride-dihydrogen complex (6). All complexes are inactive for transfer dehydrogenation of cyclooctane in the presence of NaOtBu and tert-butylethylene, likely due to decomposition of the Ir complex in the presence of base at higher temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Linke
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - David Decker
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Hans-Joachim Drexler
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Torsten Beweries
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V., Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
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Zhou L, Yao C, Ma W, Hu J, Wu Y, Zhang Z, Hu X. CO2 hydrogenation to formate catalyzed by highly stable and recyclable carbene-iridium under mild condition. J CO2 UTIL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Mo XF, Liu C, Chen ZW, Ma F, He P, Yi XY. Metal-Ligand Cooperation in Cp*Ir-Pyridylpyrrole Complexes: Rational Design and Catalytic Activity in Formic Acid Dehydrogenation and CO 2 Hydrogenation under Ambient Conditions. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:16584-16592. [PMID: 34637291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interconversion between CO2 + H2 and FA/formate is the most promising strategy for the fixation of carbon dioxide and reversible hydrogen storage; however, FA dehydrogenation and CO2 hydrogenation are usually studied separately using different catalysts for each reaction. This report describes of the catalysis of [Cp*Ir(N∧N)(X)]n+ (Cp* = 1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl; X = Cl, n = 0; X = H2O, n = 1) bearing a proton-responsive N∧N pyridylpyrrole ligand for both reactions. Complex 2-H2O catalyzes FA dehydrogenation at 90 °C with a TOFmax of 45 900 h-1. Its catalysis is more active in aqueous solution than in neat solution under base-free conditions. These complexes also catalyze CO2 hydrogenation in the presence of base to formate under atmospheric pressure (CO2/H2 = 0.05 MPa/0.05 MPa) at 25 °C with a TOF value of 4.5 h-1 in aqueous solution and with a TOF value of 29 h-1 in a methanol/H2O mixture solvent. The possible mechanism is proposed by intermediate characterization and KIE experiments. The extraordinary activity of these complexes are mainly attributed to the metal-ligand cooperative effect of the the pyrrole group to accept a proton in the dehydrogenation of formic acid and assist cooperative heterolytic H-H bond cleavage in CO2 hydrogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Fang Mo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P. R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P. R. China
| | - Ze-Wen Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P. R. China
| | - Fan Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P. R. China
| | - Piao He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yi Yi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P. R. China
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10
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Gothe ML, Silva KLC, Figueredo AL, Fiorio JL, Rozendo J, Manduca B, Simizu V, Freire RS, Garcia MAS, Vidinha P. Rhenium – A Tuneable Player in Tailored Hydrogenation Catalysis. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maitê L. Gothe
- Institute of Chemistry University of Sao Paulo Av Prof Lineu Prestes 748 Sao Paulo 05508-000 Brazil
| | - Karla L. C. Silva
- Institute of Chemistry University of Sao Paulo Av Prof Lineu Prestes 748 Sao Paulo 05508-000 Brazil
| | - Adolfo L. Figueredo
- Nucleus of Education and Research in Oil and Gas Department of Chemical Engineering Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Av Senador Salgado Filho Natal 59078-970 Brazil
| | - Jhonatan L. Fiorio
- Institute of Chemistry University of Sao Paulo Av Prof Lineu Prestes 748 Sao Paulo 05508-000 Brazil
| | - Jennifer Rozendo
- Institute of Chemistry University of Sao Paulo Av Prof Lineu Prestes 748 Sao Paulo 05508-000 Brazil
| | - Bruno Manduca
- Institute of Chemistry University of Sao Paulo Av Prof Lineu Prestes 748 Sao Paulo 05508-000 Brazil
| | - Vinício Simizu
- Institute of Chemistry University of Sao Paulo Av Prof Lineu Prestes 748 Sao Paulo 05508-000 Brazil
| | - Renato S. Freire
- Institute of Chemistry University of Sao Paulo Av Prof Lineu Prestes 748 Sao Paulo 05508-000 Brazil
| | - Marco A. S. Garcia
- Department of Chemistry Federal University of Maranhao Avenida dos Portugueses 1966 São Luís 65080-805 Brazil
| | - Pedro Vidinha
- Institute of Chemistry University of Sao Paulo Av Prof Lineu Prestes 748 Sao Paulo 05508-000 Brazil
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11
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Chen Q, Shen C, Zhu G, Zhang X, Lv CL, Zeng B, Wang S, Li J, Fan W, He L. Selectivity Switching of CO 2 Hydrogenation from HCOOH to CO with an In Situ Formed Ru–Li Complex. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiongyao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation (OSSO), Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chaoren Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation (OSSO), Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Gangli Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation (OSSO), Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuehua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation (OSSO), Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chun-Lin Lv
- School of Pharmacy and Center on Translational Neuroscience, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bo Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation (OSSO), Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Sen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Junfen Li
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, CAS, Dalian 116023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Weibin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Lin He
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation (OSSO), Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, CAS, Dalian 116023, China
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12
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Schlenker K, Christensen EG, Zhanserkeev AA, McDonald GR, Yang EL, Lutz KT, Steele RP, VanderLinden RT, Saouma CT. Role of Ligand-Bound CO 2 in the Hydrogenation of CO 2 to Formate with a (PNP)Mn Catalyst. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Schlenker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Elizabeth G. Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Asylbek A. Zhanserkeev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Gabriel R. McDonald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Emily L. Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Kevin T. Lutz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Ryan P. Steele
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Ryan T. VanderLinden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Caroline T. Saouma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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