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Zhao X, Liu Z, Zhao J, Kang T, Yan C, Ju C, Ma L, Zhang X, Wang Y, Wu Y. Highly efficient molecular film for inhibiting volatilization of hazardous nitric acid. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 246:118151. [PMID: 38191045 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Nitric acid, an important basic chemical raw material, plays an important role in promoting the development of national economy. However, such liquid hazardous chemicals are easy to cause accidental leakage during production, transportation, storage and use. The high concentration and corrosive toxic gas generated from decomposition shows tremendous harm to the surrounding environment and human life safety. Therefore, how to inhibit the volatilization of nitric acid and effectively control and block the generation of the toxic gas in the first time are the key to deal with the nitric acid leakage accident. Herein, a new method of molecular film obstruction is proposed to inhibit the nitric acid volatilization. The molecular film inhibitor spontaneously spread and form an insoluble molecular film on the gas-liquid interface, changing the state of nitric acid liquid surface and inhibiting the volatilization on the molecular scale. The inhibition rate up to 96% can be achieved below 45 °C within 400 min. Cluster structure simulation and energy barrier calculation is performed to elucidate the inhibition mechanism. Theoretical analysis of energy barrier shows that the specific resistance of the inhibitor significantly increased to 460 s·cm-1 at 45 °C, and the generated energy barrier is about 17,000 kJ·mol-1, which is much higher than the maximum energy required for nitric acid volatilization of 107.97 kJ·mol-1. The molecular film obstruction strategy can effectively inhibit the volatilization of nitric acid. This strategy paves the way for preventing the volatilization of liquid hazardous chemicals in accidental leakage treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29 13th Avenue, Economic and Technologic Development Zone, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Zixin Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29 13th Avenue, Economic and Technologic Development Zone, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Jingru Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29 13th Avenue, Economic and Technologic Development Zone, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Tingting Kang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29 13th Avenue, Economic and Technologic Development Zone, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Canjun Yan
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29 13th Avenue, Economic and Technologic Development Zone, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Chenggong Ju
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29 13th Avenue, Economic and Technologic Development Zone, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Lijuan Ma
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, Shanxi, 041000, China.
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29 13th Avenue, Economic and Technologic Development Zone, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Yue Wang
- Tianjin Fire Research Institute of MEM, NO. 110, South Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300381, China.
| | - Yan Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29 13th Avenue, Economic and Technologic Development Zone, Tianjin 300457, China.
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Angle KJ, Grassian VH. Direct quantification of changes in pH within single levitated microdroplets and the kinetics of nitrate and chloride depletion. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6259-6268. [PMID: 37325137 PMCID: PMC10266444 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06994f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The hygroscopicity and pH of aqueous microdroplets and smaller aerosols control their impacts on human health and the climate. Nitrate depletion and chloride depletion through the partitioning of HNO3 and HCl into the gas phase are processes that are enhanced in micron-sized and smaller aqueous droplets and this depletion influences both hygroscopicity and pH. Despite a number of studies, uncertainties remain about these processes. While acid evaporation and the loss of HCl or HNO3 have been observed during dehydration, there is a question as to the rate of acid evaporation and whether this can occur in fully hydrated droplets at higher relative humidity (RH). To directly elucidate the kinetics of nitrate and chloride depletion through evaporation of HNO3 and HCl, respectively at high RH, single levitated microdroplets are probed with cavity-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Using glycine as a novel in situ pH probe, we are able to simultaneously measure changes in microdroplet composition and pH over timescales of hours. We find that the loss of chloride from the microdroplet is faster than that of nitrate, and the calculated rate constants infer that depletion is limited by the formation of HCl or HNO3 at the air-water interface and subsequent partitioning into the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Angle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
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Rana MS, Guzman MI. Oxidation of Catechols at the Air-Water Interface by Nitrate Radicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:15437-15448. [PMID: 36318667 PMCID: PMC9670857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Abundant substituted catechols are emitted to, and created in, the atmosphere during wildfires and anthropogenic combustion and agro-industrial processes. While ozone (O3) and hydroxyl radicals (HO•) efficiently react in a 1 μs contact time with catechols at the air-water interface, the nighttime reactivity dominated by nitrate radicals (NO3) remains unexplored. Herein, online electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (OESI-MS) is used to explore the reaction of NO3(g) with a series of representative catechols (catechol, pyrogallol, 3-methylcatechol, 4-methylcatechol, and 3-methoxycatechol) on the surface of aqueous microdroplets. The work detects the ultrafast generation of nitrocatechol (aromatic) compounds, which are major constituents of atmospheric brown carbon. Two mechanisms are proposed to produce nitrocatechols, one (equivalent to H atom abstraction) following fast electron transfer from the catechols (QH2) to NO3, forming NO3- and QH2•+ that quickly deprotonates into a semiquinone radical (QH•). The second mechanism proceeds via cyclohexadienyl radical intermediates from NO3 attack to the ring. Experiments in the pH range from 4 to 8 showed that the production of nitrocatechols was favored under the most acidic conditions. Mechanistically, the results explain the interfacial production of chromophoric nitrocatechols that modify the absorption properties of tropospheric particles, making them more susceptible to photooxidation, and alter the Earth's radiative forcing.
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Tan S, Zhang X, Lian Y, Chen X, Yin S, Du L, Ge M. OH Group Orientation Leads to Organosulfate Formation at the Liquid Aerosol Surface. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16953-16964. [PMID: 36070362 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Organosulfates (OSs) are well-known and ubiquitous constituents of atmospheric aerosol particles and have been used as secondary organic aerosol markers in many field studies. Hence, it is imperative to understand the formation of OS species in the atmosphere. Recently, hydroxy acids (HAs) and hydroxy acid sulfates have been extensively detected in the atmospheric environment. However, the reaction mechanism of HAs to form OSs is much less understood. In this work, we have mainly investigated the reaction of typical α-HAs, including glycolic acid (GA) and lactic acid (LA), and SO3 at the liquid aerosol surface using quantum chemistry calculations and Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations. The OH group orientation of α-HAs at the air-water interface is found to exert a significant impact on the formation of OSs. The OH group pointing to the gas phase is obviously beneficial to the formation of OSs. Two key factors are discovered important to the reaction of α-HAs adsorbed on the liquid surface with SO3: (a) the exposure position of the active site to the gas phase and (b) the reactivity of the exposed site to the attracted SO3 molecule. Moreover, we found that the air-water interface exerts a significant influence on the physicochemical behaviors of GA and LA, especially on their OH group orientation, and thus leads to their different properties for the SO3 colliding reaction. The presented reaction mechanism provides a new feasible pathway for the production of OSs at the liquid aerosol surface, which may have important impacts on the formation of organic aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shendong Tan
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. China
| | - Yongjian Lian
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P. R. China
| | - Shi Yin
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. China
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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de la Puente M, David R, Gomez A, Laage D. Acids at the Edge: Why Nitric and Formic Acid Dissociations at Air-Water Interfaces Depend on Depth and on Interface Specific Area. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:10524-10529. [PMID: 35658415 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Whether the air-water interface decreases or increases the acidity of simple organic and inorganic acids compared to the bulk is critically important in a broad range of environmental and biochemical processes. However, a consensus has not yet been achieved on this key question. Here we use machine learning-based reactive molecular dynamics simulations to study the dissociation of paradigmatic nitric and formic acids at the air-water interface. We show that the local acidity profile across the interface is determined by changes in acid and conjugate base solvation and that the acidity decreases abruptly over a transition region of a few molecular layers. At the interface, both acids are weaker than in the bulk due to desolvation. In contrast, acidities below the interface reach a plateau and are all the stronger compared to those in the bulk as the surface to volume ratio of the aqueous phase is large, due to the growing impact of the stabilization of the released proton at the surface of the water. These results imply that the measured degree of dissociation sensitively depends on the experimental probing length and system size and suggest a molecular explanation for the contrasting experimental results. The aerosol size dependence of acidity has important consequences for atmospheric chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel de la Puente
- PASTEUR, Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure-PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris 75005, France
| | - Rolf David
- PASTEUR, Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure-PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris 75005, France
| | - Axel Gomez
- PASTEUR, Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure-PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris 75005, France
| | - Damien Laage
- PASTEUR, Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure-PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris 75005, France
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Reynolds JG. Solubilities in aqueous nitrate solutions that appear to reverse the law of mass action. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:21407-21418. [PMID: 34553199 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03124d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-ideal aqueous electrolyte solutions have been studied since the start of the application of thermodynamics to chemistry in the late 19th century. The present study examines some of the most extreme non-ideal behavior ever observed: solubilities of alkali and NH4+ nitrate salts in water that appear to behave the opposite of how the Law of Mass Action would predict. A literature review discovered that the solubilities of NH4NO3 and many alkali nitrate salts increases when another nitrate-bearing electrolyte is added to solution. These occurrences were in concentrated solutions with insufficient water to provide all ions their preferred hydration number without sharing waters between ions. This water deficit results in the formation of contact ion-pairs as well as larger ion-clusters. These ion-clusters may be favored when there is more than one type of monovalent cation present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob G Reynolds
- Washington River Protection Solutions, LLC, P. O. Box 850, Richland, WA, 99352, USA.
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Tang B, Li Z. Reaction between a NO 2 Dimer and Dissolved SO 2: A New Mechanism for ONSO 3- Formation and its Fate in Aerosol. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:8468-8475. [PMID: 34543016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c06215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Experimental observations indicate that sulfate formation in aerosol is sensitive to the concentrations of nitric oxide (NO2). While it also widely exists as a dimer in the gas phase, previous studies focus on the monomer of NO2. In this study, we employ quantum chemical calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the reaction between the NO2 dimer (ONONO2) and sulfite (HSO3-/SO32-) in the gas phase and in an aerosol. Gas-phase reactions turn out to be barrierless. In an aerosol, the reaction between adsorbed ONONO2 and HSO3- to form ONSO3- follows a stepwise mechanism with proton and electron transfer processes. The reaction between ONONO2 and SO32- is more straightforward. Nevertheless, both reactions occur at a picosecond time scale. Decomposition of ONSO3- can form an NO molecule and SO3-, which gives a complementary pathway for sulfate formation in an aerosol. Hydrolysis of ONSO3- to form HNO and HSO4- is highly impossible in an aerosol, which calls for a revisit of the atmospheric N2O formation mechanism. The results presented in this study deepen our understanding of the interaction between NO2 and SO2 pollutants in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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8
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Xu M, Tsona NT, Cheng S, Li J, Du L. Unraveling interfacial properties of organic-coated marine aerosol with lipase incorporation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 782:146893. [PMID: 33848860 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Marine aerosols are believed to have an organic surface coating on which fatty acids act as an important component due to their high surface activity. In addition, various kinds of enzyme species are abundantly found in seawater, some of which have been identified to exist in marine aerosols. Herein, from the perspective of marine aerosol interface simulation, we investigate the effect of Burkholderia cepacia lipase on the surface properties of stearic acid (SA) monolayer at the air-water interface by using surface-sensitive techniques of Langmuir trough and Infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS). Our findings indicate that the stearic acid film undergoes a significant expansion, especially when the lipase concentration is 500 nM, because of the incorporation of lipase as observed from the surface pressure-area (π-A) isotherms. IRRAS spectra also show reduced intensities and ordering in the methylene stretching vibration region of stearic acid as a result of low surface density and disordered packing as the enzyme concentration increases. In particular, when the concentration of lipase is 500 nM, the lowest Ias/Is values are shown on both pure water subphase and artificial seawater subphase, indicating more gauche conformations for SA. Furthermore, SA films with lipase incorporation were also studied at three different pH of subphase environment, considering the decrease of pH caused by the reaction with acidic gases during the aerosol aging process. The results reflect a more pronounced expansion of SA monolayer in acidic environment at pH 2.5, suggesting that hydrophobic interaction plays an important role in the disorder of the SA monolayer. In view of the coexistence of fatty acids and enzymes in the marine environment, this study provides a further understanding of the surface organization and behavior of organic-coated marine aerosols and deepen the knowledge of lipid-enzyme interfacial interactions occurring in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglan Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Narcisse T Tsona
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Shumin Cheng
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jianlong Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Ahmed M, Blum M, Crumlin EJ, Geissler PL, Head-Gordon T, Limmer DT, Mandadapu KK, Saykally RJ, Wilson KR. Molecular Properties and Chemical Transformations Near Interfaces. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:9037-9051. [PMID: 34365795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c03756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The properties of bulk water and aqueous solutions are known to change in the vicinity of an interface and/or in a confined environment, including the thermodynamics of ion selectivity at interfaces, transition states and pathways of chemical reactions, and nucleation events and phase growth. Here we describe joint progress in identifying unifying concepts about how air, liquid, and solid interfaces can alter molecular properties and chemical reactivity compared to bulk water and multicomponent solutions. We also discuss progress made in interfacial chemistry through advancements in new theory, molecular simulation, and experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Monika Blum
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ethan J Crumlin
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Phillip L Geissler
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Teresa Head-Gordon
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David T Limmer
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kranthi K Mandadapu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Richard J Saykally
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kevin R Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Kajan I, Florianová M, Ekberg C, Matyskin AV. Effect of diluent on the extraction of europium(iii) and americium(iii) with N,N,N′,N′-tetraoctyl diglycolamide (TODGA). RSC Adv 2021; 11:36707-36718. [PMID: 35494375 PMCID: PMC9043636 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07534a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Solvent extraction of Eu3+ and Am3+via N,N,N′,N'-tetraoctyl diglycolamide (TODGA) dissolved in different molecular diluents was studied. The diluent types used in this work were primary and secondary alcohols, secondary ketones and alkanes. Effects of concentration of extracting agent, temperature, diluent type and its carbon chain length on the extractions were determined. Distribution ratios of Eu3+ and Am3+ showed high dependence on the diluent type as well as the carbon chain length within the same type of diluent. The highest distribution ratios for both Eu3+ and Am3+ as well as the separation factors of Eu3+ over Am3+ were observed in the alkane diluents. Unexpectedly high distribution ratios for Eu3+ and Am3+ were observed in polar diluents with 5 carbon atoms in the chain, clearly standing out against the general trends. It was found that Eu3+ and Am3+ extraction via TODGA is enthalpy driven in all the studied diluents and that extraction is more exothermic in alkane diluents. Analysis of the stoichiometry of the extracted complexes shows that the average ligand number of TODGA molecules in the extracted complex is lower for Am3+ compared to Eu3+ except for with alkane diluents. Solvent extraction of Eu3+ and Am3+via N,N,N′,N'-tetraoctyl diglycolamide (TODGA) dissolved in different molecular diluents was studied.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kajan
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Markéta Florianová
- Department of Nuclear Chemistry, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University, Brehova 7, 11519 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Christian Ekberg
- Nuclear Chemistry and Industrial Material Recycling Group, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Artem V. Matyskin
- Nuclear Chemistry and Industrial Material Recycling Group, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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