1
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Sidler E, Hein R, Doellerer D, Feringa BL. Redox-Switchable Aromaticity in a Helically Extended Indeno[2,1- c]fluorene. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38954739 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Molecular switches have received major attention to enable the reversible modulation of various molecular properties and have been extensively used as trigger elements in diverse fields, including molecular machines, responsive materials, and photopharmacology. Antiaromaticity is a fascinating property that has attracted not only significant fundamental interest but is also increasingly relevant in different applications, in particular organic (opto)electronics. However, designing systems in which (anti)aromaticity can be judiciously and reversibly switched ON and OFF remains challenging. Herein, we report a helicene featuring an indenofluorene-bridged bisthioxanthylidene as a novel switch wherein a simultaneous two-electron (electro)chemical redox process allows highly reversible modulation of its (anti)aromatic character. Specifically, the two thioxanthylidene rotors, attached to the initially aromatic indenofluorene scaffold via overcrowded alkenes, adopt an anti-folded structure, which upon oxidation convert to singly bonded, twisted conformations. This is not only associated with significant (chir)optical changes but importantly also results in formation of the fully conjugated, formally antiaromatic as-indacene motif in the helical core of the switch. This process proceeds without the buildup of radical cation intermediates and thus enables highly reversible switching of molecular geometry, aromaticity, absorbance, and chiral expression under ambient conditions, as evidenced by NMR, UV-vis, CD, and (spectro)electrochemical analyses, supported by DFT calculations. We expect this concept to be extendable to a wide range of robust antiaromatic-aromatic switches and to provide a basis for modulation of the structure and properties of these fascinating inherently chiral polycyclic π-scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Sidler
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Hein
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Doellerer
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Harimoto T, Tadokoro T, Sugiyama S, Suzuki T, Ishigaki Y. Domino-Redox Reaction Induced by An Electrochemically Triggered Conformational Change. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316753. [PMID: 37971082 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The concept of a domino-type reaction has been applied in a wide range of fields such as synthetic organic chemistry, material engineering, and life science. To extend the domino concept to redox chemistry, we designed and synthesized a dimeric quinodimethane (QD) with a nonplanar dithiin spacer. The domino-redox properties can be activated by raising the temperature, based on a thermally equilibrated twisted conformation of QD, which has a higher HOMO level that is more readily oxidized. After one QD unit is oxidized (trigger), steric repulsion and electronic interaction between electrophores make the neighboring QD unit adopt a twisted conformation (domino process), which facilitates the following oxidation. Thus, a domino-redox reaction was achieved for the first time by a change in the HOMO level due to a drastic change in the molecular conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Harimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, N10 W8, North-ward, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Tomoki Tadokoro
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, N10 W8, North-ward, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Soichiro Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, N10 W8, North-ward, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takanori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, N10 W8, North-ward, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ishigaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, N10 W8, North-ward, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
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3
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Yan M, Hou L, Deng X, Shi X, Jiang F, Wang M. Anthraquinodimethane-Based Molecular Switches Tethered by Four-Arm Star-like Polymers. Chemistry 2023:e202303740. [PMID: 38149886 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Molecular switches that reversibly change their structures and physical properties are important for applications such as sensing and information processing at molecular scales. In order to avoid the intermolecular aggregation that is often detrimental to the stimuli-responses of molecular switches, previous studies of molecular switches have been often conducted in dilute solutions which are difficult for applications in solid-state devices. Here we report molecular design and synthesis that integrates anthraquinodimethane as molecular switching units into polymers with amenable processibility in solid states. Optical and electron spin resonance characterizations indicate that the four-arm polymers of poly(ϵ-caprolactone) or poly(D,L-lactide) tethered from anthraquinodimethane slow down the dynamics of the conformational switching between the folded and the twisted conformations, enhance the photoluminescence in solid states and impart materials with a small energy gap from singlet ground state to thermally accessible triplet state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwen Yan
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Liman Hou
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Xianjun Deng
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Xinyuan Shi
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Mingfeng Wang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
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4
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Prajapati B, Ambhore MD, Dang DK, Chmielewski PJ, Lis T, Gómez-García CJ, Zimmerman PM, Stępień M. Tetrafluorenofulvalene as a sterically frustrated open-shell alkene. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1541-1548. [PMID: 37783726 PMCID: PMC10624625 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01341-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Electronic and steric effects are known to greatly influence the structure, characteristics and reactivity of organic compounds. A typical π bond is weakened by oxidation (corresponding to the removal of electrons from bonding orbitals), by reduction (through addition of electrons to antibonding orbitals) and by unpairing of the bonding electrons, such as in the triplet state. Here we describe tetrafluorenofulvalene (TFF), a twisted, open-shell alkene for which these general rules do not hold. Through the synthesis, experimental characterization and computational analysis of its charged species spanning seven redox states, the central alkene bond in TFF is shown to become substantially stronger in the tri- and tetraanion, generated by chemical reduction. Furthermore, although its triplet state contains a weaker alkene bond than the singlet, in the quintet state its bond order increases substantially, yielding a flatter structure. This behaviour originates from the doubly bifurcated topology of the underlying spin system and can be rationalized by the balancing effects of benzenoid aromaticity and spin pairing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Duy-Khoi Dang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Tadeusz Lis
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Carlos J Gómez-García
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Paterna, Spain
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, Wrocław, Poland.
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5
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Harimoto T, Sugai Y, Sugawara K, Suzuki T, Ishigaki Y. Double Dynamic Structural Change Enabling Tricolor Chromism by the Realization of Apparent Two-Electron Transfer to Skip the Open-Shell State. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301476. [PMID: 37311709 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Most redox systems generally cannot avoid the involvement of open-shell species upon generating multiply charged species, which often reduces reversibility in multi-color electrochromic systems. In this study, we newly synthesized octakis(aminophenyl)-substituted pentacenebisquinodimethane (BQD) derivatives and their hybrids with alkoxyphenyl analogues. Thanks to apparent two-electron transfer accompanied by double dramatic changes in the structure of the arylated quinodimethane skeleton, the dicationic and tetracationic states were generated and isolated quantitatively because of the negligible steady-state concentration of intermediary open-shell species such as monocation or trication radicals. When two electrophores with different donating abilities are attached to the BQD skeleton, a dicationic state with a different color can be isolated in addition to the neutral and tetracationic states. For these tetracations, an interchromophore interaction induces a red-shift of the NIR absorptions, thus realizing tricolor UV/Vis/NIR electrochromic behavior involving only closed-shell states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Harimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, N10 W8, North-ward, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yuka Sugai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, N10 W8, North-ward, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kazuma Sugawara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, N10 W8, North-ward, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takanori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, N10 W8, North-ward, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ishigaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, N10 W8, North-ward, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
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6
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Jana S, Elvers BJ, Pätsch S, Sarkar P, Krummenacher I, Nayak MK, Maiti A, Chrysochos N, Pati SK, Schulzke C, Braunschweig H, Yildiz CB, Jana A. Air and Moisture Stable para- and ortho-Quinodimethane Derivatives Derived from bis- N-Heterocyclic Olefins. Org Lett 2023; 25:1799-1804. [PMID: 36662600 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the development of a new methodology for the synthesis of various quinodimethane derivatives under two-electron oxidation of bis-N-heterocyclic olefins linked by different π-conjugated aromatic spacers. In case of para- and ortho-phenylene bridge, we obtained air and moisture stable diimidazolium para- and ortho-quinodimethane derivatives. Analogues of the para-phenylene spacer such as tetrafluoro-p-phenylene and p-anthracene also led to the corresponding air and moisture stable quinodimethane derivatives. This emphasizes the influence of imidazolium substituents which facilitate the air and moisture stability of the quinodimethane derivatives. Differences were observed for the electron transfer processes: two one-electron vs one two-electron redox transitions between bis-N-heterocyclic olefins and diimidazolium-quinodimethanes depending on the employed π-conjugated aromatic spacer. The formation of the π-conjugated radical-cations, transient redox intermediates between bis-N-heterocyclic olefins and diimidazolium-quinodimethanes, was addressed by an EPR investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadip Jana
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Benedict J Elvers
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sebastian Pätsch
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Pallavi Sarkar
- Theoretical Sciences Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mithilesh Kumar Nayak
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Avijit Maiti
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Nicolas Chrysochos
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Swapan K Pati
- Theoretical Sciences Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Carola Schulzke
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cem B Yildiz
- Department of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, University of Aksaray, Aksaray 68100, Turkey
| | - Anukul Jana
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad 500046, India
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7
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Harimoto T, Suzuki T, Ishigaki Y. Enhancement of NIR-Absorbing Ability of Bis(diarylmethylium)-Type Dicationic Dyes Based on an Ortho-Substitution Strategy. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203899. [PMID: 36637412 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrochromic systems capable of switching near-infrared (NIR) absorption are fascinating from the viewpoint of applications in the materials and life sciences. Although 11,11,12,12-tetraaryl-9,10-anthraquinodimethanes (AQDs) with a folded form undergo one-stage two-electron oxidation to produce twisted dicationic dyes exhibiting NIR absorption, there is a need to establish a design strategy that can enhance the NIR-absorbing abilities of the corresponding dicationic dyes. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of AQD derivatives with various substituents introduced at the ortho-position(s) of the 4-methoxyphenyl group. X-ray and spectroscopic analyses revealed that NIR-absorbing properties can be changed by introduction of the ortho-substituents. Thus, control of the steric and electronic effects of the ortho-substituents on the 4-methoxyphenyl groups was demonstrated to be an effective strategy for fine-tuning of the HOMO and LUMO levels for neutral AQDs and twisted dications, respectively, resulting in the modification of electrochemical and spectroscopic properties under an "ortho-substitution strategy".
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Harimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, N10 W8, North-ward, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takanori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, N10 W8, North-ward, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ishigaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, N10 W8, North-ward, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
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8
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Hayashi Y, Suzuki S, Suzuki T, Ishigaki Y. Dibenzotropylium-Capped Orthogonal Geometry Enabling Isolation and Examination of a Series of Hydrocarbons with Multiple 14π-Aromatic Units. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2596-2608. [PMID: 36606368 PMCID: PMC9896550 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of six dications composed of pure hydrocarbons with one to six non-substituted 9,10-anthrylene units end-capped with two dibenzotropyliums were designed and synthesized to elucidate the electronic properties of huge oligo(9,10-anthrylene) backbones. Their structures were successfully determined by X-ray analyses even in the case of eight planar 14π-electron units, revealing that all dications adopt almost orthogonally twisted structures between neighboring units. Spectroscopic and voltammetric analyses show that neither the significant overlap of orbitals nor the delocalization of electrons between 14π-electron units occurs due to the orthogonally twisted geometry even in solution. As a result, sequential oxidation processes were observed with the reversible formation of multivalent cations with the release of the same number of electrons as the number of anthrylene units. Upon two-electron reduction, a closed-shell butterfly-shaped form was obtained from the dication containing one anthrylene unit, whereas open-shell twisted biradicals were isolated as stable entities in the cases of derivatives containing three to six anthrylene units. Notably, from the derivative with two anthrylene units, a metastable open-shell isomer was obtained quantitatively and underwent slow thermal conversion to the most stable closed-shell isomer (Ea = 23.1 kcal mol-1). There is a drastic change in oxidation potentials between two neutral species (ΔE = 1.32 V in CH2Cl2). Since the present dications were regenerated upon oxidation of the isolated reduction products, these systems may contribute to the development of advanced response systems capable of switching color, magnetic properties, and oxidative properties by using a "cation-capped orthogonal geometry".
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hayashi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido
University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Shuichi Suzuki
- Graduate
School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Takanori Suzuki
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido
University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ishigaki
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido
University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan,
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9
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Ishigaki Y, Fukagawa R, Sugawara K, Harimoto T, Suzuki T. Geometrical and Electronic Structure of Cation Radical Species of Tetraarylanthraquinodimethane: An Intermediate for Unique Electrochromic Behavior. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200914. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Ishigaki
- Hokkaido University: Hokkaido Daigaku department of chemistry JAPAN
| | | | | | | | - Takanori Suzuki
- Hokkaido University: Hokkaido Daigaku Department of Chemistry Hokkaido UniversityNorth 10, West 8, North-ward 060-0810 Sapporo JAPAN
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10
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Harimoto T, Ishigaki Y. Redox‐Active Hydrocarbons: Isolation and Structural Determination of Cationic States toward Advanced Response Systems. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200013. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Harimoto
- Hokkaido University: Hokkaido Daigaku Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science JAPAN
| | - Yusuke Ishigaki
- Hokkaido University: Hokkaido Daigaku Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science North 10, West 8, North-ward 060-0810 Sapporo JAPAN
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11
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Li K, Xu Z, Xu J, Weng T, Chen X, Sato S, Wu J, Sun Z. Overcrowded Ethylene-Bridged Nanohoop Dimers: Regioselective Synthesis, Multiconfigurational Electronic States, and Global Hückel/Möbius Aromaticity. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20419-20430. [PMID: 34817177 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The design and preparation of molecular systems with multiple geometric and electronic configurations are the cornerstones for multifunctional materials with stimuli-responsive behaviors. We describe here the regioselective and facile synthesis of two types of overcrowded ethylene-bridged nanohoop dimers, with folded and twisted geometric structures as well as closed-shell, diradical and dication electronic structures. The strained nanohoop structures have a profound effect on the overall molecular and electronic configurations, which resulted in the destabilized diradical state. X-ray crystallographic analysis revealed the folded molecular geometry for the neutral species and twisted geometry for the dication species. The unique molecular dynamics, optical properties, and dynamic redox properties were disclosed in the solution phase by spectroscopic and electrochemical methods. Furthermore, the global Hückel and Möbius aromaticity were revealed by a combination of experimental and theoretical approaches. Our studies shed light on the design of nanohoop-incorporated multiconfigurational materials with unique topologies and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhuofan Xu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Health Science Platform, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Taoyu Weng
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Sota Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - Zhe Sun
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
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12
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Wonink MBS, Corbet BP, Kulago AA, Boursalian GB, de Bruin B, Otten E, Browne WR, Feringa BL. Three-State Switching of an Anthracene Extended Bis-thiaxanthylidene with a Highly Stable Diradical State. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18020-18028. [PMID: 34695359 PMCID: PMC8569810 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A multistable molecular switching system based on an anthracene-extended bis-thiaxanthylidene with three individually addressable states that can be interconverted by electrochemical, thermal, and photochemical reactions is reported. Besides reversible switching between an open-shell diradical- and a closed-shell electronic configuration, our findings include a third dicationic state and control by multiple actuators. This dicationic state with an orthogonal conformation can be switched electrochemically with the neutral open-shell triplet state with orthogonal conformation, which was characterized by EPR. The remarkably stable diradical shows kinetic stability as a result of a significant activation barrier for isomerization to a more stable neutral closed-shell folded geometry. We ascribe this activation barrier of ΔG⧧(293 K) = 25.7 kcal mol-1 to steric hindrance in the fjord region of the overcrowded alkene structure. The folded closed-shell state can be converted back to the diradical state by irradiation with 385 nm. The folded state can also be oxidized to the dicationic state. These types of molecules with multiple switchable states and in particular stable diradicals show great potential in the design of new functional materials such as memory devices, logic gates, and OFETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco B S Wonink
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Brian P Corbet
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Artem A Kulago
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gregory B Boursalian
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Otten
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wesley R Browne
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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13
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Ishigaki Y, Sugawara K, Tadokoro T, Hayashi Y, Harimoto T, Suzuki T. Redox-active tetraaryldibenzoquinodimethanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:7201-7214. [PMID: 34169942 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02260a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Quinodimethanes (QDs) are a class of non-aromatic π-conjugated compounds that are well-known to be interconvertible scaffolds in many response systems. While parent ortho- and para-QDs (o-QD and p-QD) can be easily converted to benzocyclobutenes or oligomers/polymers by the formation of C-C bonds at α-positions, the attachment of four phenyl groups to these reactive sites makes o-Ph4QD and p-Ph4QD long-lived. We have demonstrated that further dibenzo-annulation of such tetraaryl QD units also drastically increases their stability, and many tetraarylated dibenzoquinodimethane derivatives have been developed. This Feature Article shows our milestones in creating functional redox systems, where drastic changes in structure occur upon electron transfer (dynamic redox "dyrex" behaviour).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Ishigaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan.
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Ueda H, Yoshimoto S. Multi-Redox Active Carbons and Hydrocarbons: Control of their Redox Properties and Potential Applications. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2411-2429. [PMID: 34128316 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Precise control over redox properties is essential for high-performance organic electronic devices such as organic batteries, electrochromic devices, and information storage devices. In this context, multi-redox active carbons and hydrocarbons, represented as Cx Hy molecules (x≥1, y≥0), are highly sought after, because they can switch between multiple redox states. Herein, we outline the redox properties of Cx Hy molecules as solutes and adsorbed species. Furthermore, the limitations of evaluating their redox properties and the possible solutions are summarized. Additionally, the theoretical capacity (mAh/g) and gravimetric energy density (Wh/kg) of secondary batteries were estimated based on the redox properties of 185 Cx Hy molecules, which have primarily been reported in the last decade. Among them, seven Cx Hy molecules were found to have the potential to surpass the energy density of LiNi0.6 Mn0.2 Co0.2 O2 /graphite batteries. The use of Cx Hy molecules in multielectrochromic devices and multi-bit memory is also explained. We believe that this review will encourage further utilization of Cx Hy molecules thereby promoting its applications in organic electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ueda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Soichiro Yoshimoto
- Institute of Industrial Nanomaterials, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
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