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Lv ZJ, Eisenlohr KA, Naumann R, Reuter T, Verplancke H, Demeshko S, Herbst-Irmer R, Heinze K, Holthausen MC, Schneider S. Triplet carbenes with transition-metal substituents. Nat Chem 2024:10.1038/s41557-024-01597-8. [PMID: 39103654 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01597-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
The extraordinary advances in carbene (R1-C-R2) chemistry have been fuelled by strategies to stabilize the electronic singlet state via π interactions. In contrast, the lack of similarly efficient approaches to obtain authentic triplet carbenes with appreciable lifetimes beyond cryogenic temperatures hampers their exploitation in synthesis and catalysis. Transition-metal substitution represents a potential strategy, but metallocarbenes (M-C-R) usually represent high-lying excited electronic configurations of the well-established carbyne complexes (M≡C-R). Here we report the synthesis and characterization of triplet metallocarbenes (M-C-SiMe3, M = PdII, PtII) that are persistent beyond cryogenic conditions, and their selective reactivity towards carbene C-H insertion and carbonylation. Bond analysis reveals significant stabilization by spin-polarized push-pull interactions along both π-bonding planes, which fundamentally differs from bonding in push-pull singlet carbenes. This bonding model, thus, expands key strategies for stabilizing the open-shell carbene electromers and closes a conceptual gap towards carbyne complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Jie Lv
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kim A Eisenlohr
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Robert Naumann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Reuter
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hendrik Verplancke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Serhiy Demeshko
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Max C Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Sven Schneider
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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2
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Muhasina PV, Parameswaran P. σ versus π-radical: Tuning the electronic nature of neutral carbon (I) compounds with three non-bonding electrons. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:422-431. [PMID: 35802539 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The bonding and reactivity of the hypo-coordinated compounds with one, two, and four non-bonding electrons namely, carbon-centered free radical, carbenes, and carbones were well earlier established. Here, we report stability, bonding and reactivity of compounds RCL, where R is one-electron donor group (R = CH3 (a), CHO (b), and NO2 (c)) and L is two-electron donor ligand (L = cAAC (1), CO (2), NHC (3) and PMe3 (4)), having three non-bonding electrons. The ground states of molecules exist in a doublet with a lone pair of electrons and an unpaired electron at the central carbon atom (C1). The spin hops over from π- to σ-type orbitals is observed as the π-acceptor strength of the donor ligand increases. The replacement of the methyl group by CHO and NO2 indicate that the cAAC and CHO substituted compounds gives a σ-radical except in compound 2c. These molecules show very high proton affinity and exothermic reaction energy for the hydrogen atom addition indicating dual reactivity namely, radical and lone pair reactivity.
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3
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Zhu Y, Li Z, Zhong X, Wu X, Lu Y, Khan MA, Li H. Coordination Patterns of the Diphosphate in IDP Coordination Complexes: Crystal Structure and Chirality. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:19425-19439. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
| | - Zhongkui Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xue Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yongqiu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Maroof Ahmad Khan
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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Ye X, Chung LH, Li K, Zheng S, Wong YL, Feng Z, He Y, Chu D, Xu Z, Yu L, He J. Organic radicals stabilization above 300 °C in Eu-based coordination polymers for solar steam generation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6116. [PMID: 36253477 PMCID: PMC9576730 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33948-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic radicals feature unpaired electrons, and these compounds may have applications in biomedical technology and as materials for solar energy conversion. However, unpaired electrons tend to pair up (to form chemical bonds), making radicals unstable and hampering their applications. Here we report an organic radical system that is stable even at 350 °C, surpassing the upper temperature limit (200 °C) observed for other organic radicals. The system reported herein features a sulfur-rich organic linker that facilitates the formation of the radical centers; on the solid-state level, the molecules are crystallized with Eu(III) ions to form a 3D framework featuring stacks of linker molecules. The stacking is, however, somewhat loose and allows the molecules to wiggle and transform into sulfur-stabilized radicals at higher temperatures. In addition, the resulting solid framework remains crystalline, and it is stable to water and air. Moreover, it is black and features strong broad absorption in the visible and near IR region, thereby enhancing both photothermal conversion and solar-driven water evaporation. Organic radicals have potential applications in a variety of fields, including energy conversion. Here, the authors report Eu-based coordination polymers that enable the stabilization of organic radicals up to 350 °C; these systems can be used to enhance solar steam generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhe Ye
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lai-Hon Chung
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Kedi Li
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Saili Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yan-Lung Wong
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zihao Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yonghe He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Dandan Chu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhengtao Xu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Lin Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jun He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Tan Y, Wang ZK, Lang FF, Yu HM, Cao C, Ni CY, Wang MY, Song YL, Lang JP. Construction of cluster-based supramolecular wire and rectangle. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:6358-6365. [PMID: 35383821 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00344a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of [Et4N][Tp*WS3(CuCl)3] (1) (Tp* = hydridotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)borate) with 2 equiv. of AgOTf (OTf- = trifluoromethanesulfonate) and 1 equiv. of several bidentate pyridine ligands including 2,5-bis(pyridine-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole (L1), 2,7-di(pyridin-4-yl)-9H-fluorene (L2), 2,7-di(pyridin-4-yl)-9H-carbazole (L3), and 2,7-di(pyridin-4-yl)-9H-fluoren-9-one (L4) afforded four W/Cu/S cluster-based supramolecular compounds [(Tp*WS3Cu2Cl)2(L1)] (2), {[(Tp*WS3Cu3)2(μ-Cl)2(μ4-Cl)]2(L2)2}(OTf)2 (3), {[(Tp*WS3Cu3)2(μ-Cl)2(μ4-Cl)]2(L3)2}(OTf)2 (4) and {[(Tp*WS3Cu3)2(μ-Cl)2(μ4-Cl)]2(L4)2}(OTf)2 (5). Compounds 2-5 were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, UV-vis, 1H NMR, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The neutral cluster 2 behaves as a supramolecular wire constructed by L1 bridging two butterfly-shaped [Tp*WS3Cu2Cl] cores. The cluster cations of 3-5 contain two [(Tp*WS3Cu3)2(μ-Cl)2(μ4-Cl)]+ cores linked by two L2, L3, or L4 ligands, which finally formed a cationic supramolecular rectangle. The third-order nonlinear-optical (NLO) properties of 3-5 in DMF were also investigated by Z-scan techniques and their NLO responses were enhanced compared to those of their precursor 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Kang Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fei-Fan Lang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Hui-Min Yu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chen Cao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chun-Yan Ni
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Meng-Yi Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Lin Song
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ping Lang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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Harada Y, Kusaka S, Nakajo T, Kumagai J, Kim CR, Shim JY, Hori A, Ma Y, Matsuda R. Stabilization of radical active species in a MOF nanospace to exploit unique reaction pathways. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:12115-12118. [PMID: 34698751 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04267j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized a metal-organic framework (MOF) using a ligand bearing haloalkoxy chains as a radical precursor. The radicals generated in the MOF upon photoirradiation were stable even at 250 K or under an O2 atmosphere, despite radicals generated from the ligand decomposing at 200 K; thus, the regular arrangement of radicals effectively stabilized them. Moreover, a unique photoproduct was obtained only in the MOF, indicating that the confinement effect in the nanospace enabled a specific reaction that did not occur in the bulk state. We propose a new platform for exploring chemical reactions and materials based on reactive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Harada
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Shinpei Kusaka
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Toshinobu Nakajo
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Jun Kumagai
- Institute of Materials and Systems for Sustainability, Division of Materials Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Cho Rong Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Joo Young Shim
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Hori
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Yunsheng Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan. .,School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, P. R. China
| | - Ryotaro Matsuda
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
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