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Dey K, Koner K, Mukhopadhyay RD, Shetty D, Banerjee R. Porous Organic Nanotubes: Chemistry of One-Dimensional Space. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1839-1850. [PMID: 38886130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusOne-dimensional organic nanotubes feature unique properties, such as confined chemical environments and transport channels, which are highly desirable for many applications. Advances in synthetic methods have enabled the creation of different types of organic nanotubes, including supramolecular, hydrogen-bonded, and carbon nanotube analogues. However, challenges associated with chemical and mechanical stability along with difficulties in controlling aspect ratios remain a significant bottleneck. The fascination with structured porous materials has paved the way for the emergence of reticular solids such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and organic cages. Reticular materials with tubular morphology promise architectural stability with the additional benefit of permeant porosity. Despite this, the current synthetic approaches to these reticular nanotubes focus more on structural design resulting in less reliable morphological uniformity. This Account, highlights the design motivation behind various classes of organic nanotubes, emphasizing their porous interior space. We explore the strategic assembly of organic nanotubes based on their bonding characteristics, from weak supramolecular to robust covalent interactions. Special attention is given to reticular nanotubes, which have gained prominence over the past two decades due to their distinctive micro and mesoporous structures. We examine the synergy of covalent and noncovalent interactions in constructing assembly of these nanotube structures.This Account furnishes a comprehensive overview of our efforts and advancements in developing porous covalent organic nanotubes (CONTs). We describe a general synthetic approach for creating robust imine-linked nanotubes based on the reticular chemistry principles. The use of spatially oriented tetratopic triptycene-based amine and linear ditopic aldehyde building blocks facilitates one-dimensional nanotube growth. The interplay between directional covalent bonds and solvophobic interactions is crucial for forming uniform, well-defined, and high aspect ratio nanotubes. The nanotubes derive their permeant porosity and thermal and chemical stability from their covalent architecture. We also highlight the adaptability of our synthetic methodology to guide the transformation of one-dimensional nanotubes to toroidal superstructures and two-dimensional thin fabrics. Such morphological transformation can be directed by tuning the reaction time or incorporating additional intermolecular interactions to control the intertwining behavior of individual nanotubes. The cohesion of covalent and noncovalent interactions in the tubular nanostructures manifests superior viscoelastic mechanical properties in the assembled CONT fabrics. We establish a strong correlation between structural framework design and nanostructures by translating reticular synthesis to morphological space and gaining insights into the assembly processes. We anticipate that the present Account will lay the foundation for exploring new designs and chemistry of organic nanotubes for many application platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Dey
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur Campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Kalipada Koner
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur Campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Rahul Dev Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Dinesh Shetty
- Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, 127788 United Arab Emirates
- Center for Catalysis & Separations (CeCaS), Khalifa University Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, 127788 United Arab Emirates
| | - Rahul Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur Campus, Mohanpur 741246, India
- College of Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
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2
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Fisher S, Malaspina LA, Gozálvez Martínez C, Prescimone A, Balmohammadi Y, Grabowsky S, Šolomek T. Leveraging Halogen Interactions for a Supramolecular Nanotube. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400295. [PMID: 38462477 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate the formation of supramolecular nanotubes from molecular triangles in a single crystal by balancing the hydrogen bonds and halogen interactions between individual macrocycles. Thereby, we template the supramolecular nanotube growth by intermolecular interactions encoded directly in the macrocycles instead of those provided by the crystallization solvent. Ultimately, we show that replacing bromines for iodines in the macrocycle is necessary to achieve this supramolecular organization by enhancing the strength of the halogen interactions and concomitant reduction of the detrimental hydrogen bonds. We investigated the nature and the interplay of the individual intermolecular interactions by analysis of the experimental single crystal data and quantum chemical calculations. This work enriches the available toolbox of supramolecular interactions and will aid and abet the development of rationally-designed materials with a long-range 1D tubular organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Fisher
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, NL-1098, XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lorraine A Malaspina
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Alessandro Prescimone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yaser Balmohammadi
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simon Grabowsky
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tomáš Šolomek
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, NL-1098, XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
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3
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Roesner EK, Asheghali D, Kirillova A, Strauss MJ, Evans AM, Becker ML, Dichtel WR. Arene-Perfluoroarene Interactions Confer Enhanced Mechanical Properties to Synthetic Nanotubes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2475-2480. [PMID: 35310510 PMCID: PMC8864921 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05932g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular nanotubes prepared through macrocycle assembly offer unique properties that stem from their long-range order, structural predictability, and tunable microenvironments. However, assemblies that rely on weak non-covalent interactions often have limited aspect ratios and poor mechanical integrity, which diminish their utility. Here pentagonal imine-linked macrocycles are prepared by condensing a pyridine-containing diamine and either terephthalaldehyde or 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoroterephthalaldehyde. Atomic force microscopy and synchrotron in solvo X-ray diffraction demonstrate that protonation of the pyridine groups drives assembly into high-aspect ratio nanotube assemblies. A 1 : 1 mixture of each macrocycle yielded nanotubes with enhanced crystallinity upon protonation. UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy indicate that nanotubes containing both arene and perfluoroarene subunits display spectroscopic signatures of arene–perfluoroarene interactions. Touch-spun polymeric fibers containing assembled nanotubes prepared from the perhydro- or perfluorinated macrocycles exhibited Young's moduli of 1.09 and 0.49 GPa, respectively. Fibers containing nanotube assemblies reinforced by arene–perfluoroarene interactions yielded a 93% increase in the Young's modulus over the perhydro derivative, up to 2.1 GPa. These findings demonstrate that tuning the chemical composition of the monomeric macrocycles can have profound effects on the mechanical strength of the resulting assemblies. More broadly, these results will inspire future studies into tuning orthogonal non-covalent interactions between macrocycles to yield nanotubes with emergent functions and technological potential. Arene–perfluoroarene interactions resulted in enhanced crystallinity between analogous perhydro- and perfluoro macrocycles in a supramolecular nanotube assembly.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Roesner
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Darya Asheghali
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA
| | - Alina Kirillova
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA
| | - Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Matthew L Becker
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
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4
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Evans AM, Strauss MJ, Corcos AR, Hirani Z, Ji W, Hamachi LS, Aguilar-Enriquez X, Chavez AD, Smith BJ, Dichtel WR. Two-Dimensional Polymers and Polymerizations. Chem Rev 2021; 122:442-564. [PMID: 34852192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic chemists have developed robust methods to synthesize discrete molecules, linear and branched polymers, and disordered cross-linked networks. However, two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) prepared from designed monomers have been long missing from these capabilities, both as objects of chemical synthesis and in nature. Recently, new polymerization strategies and characterization methods have enabled the unambiguous realization of covalently linked macromolecular sheets. Here we review 2DPs and 2D polymerization methods. Three predominant 2D polymerization strategies have emerged to date, which produce 2DPs either as monolayers or multilayer assemblies. We discuss the fundamental understanding and scope of each of these approaches, including: the bond-forming reactions used, the synthetic diversity of 2DPs prepared, their multilayer stacking behaviors, nanoscale and mesoscale structures, and macroscale morphologies. Additionally, we describe the analytical tools currently available to characterize 2DPs in their various isolated forms. Finally, we review emergent 2DP properties and the potential applications of planar macromolecules. Throughout, we highlight achievements in 2D polymerization and identify opportunities for continued study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Amanda R Corcos
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zoheb Hirani
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Woojung Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Leslie S Hamachi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
| | - Xavier Aguilar-Enriquez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anton D Chavez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Brian J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University,1 Dent Drive, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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5
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Strauss MJ, Hwang I, Evans AM, Natraj A, Aguilar-Enriquez X, Castano I, Roesner EK, Choi JW, Dichtel WR. Lithium-Conducting Self-Assembled Organic Nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17655-17665. [PMID: 34648256 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular polymers are compelling platforms for the design of stimuli-responsive materials with emergent functions. Here, we report the assembly of an amphiphilic nanotube for Li-ion conduction that exhibits high ionic conductivity, mechanical integrity, electrochemical stability, and solution processability. Imine condensation of a pyridine-containing diamine with a triethylene glycol functionalized isophthalaldehyde yields pore-functionalized macrocycles. Atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and in solvo X-ray diffraction reveal that macrocycle protonation during their mild synthesis drives assembly into high-aspect ratio (>103) nanotubes with three interior triethylene glycol groups. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy demonstrates that lithiated nanotubes are efficient Li+ conductors, with an activation energy of 0.42 eV and a peak room temperature conductivity of 3.91 ± 0.38 × 10-5 S cm-1. 7Li NMR and Raman spectroscopy show that lithiation occurs exclusively within the nanotube interior and implicates the glycol groups in facilitating efficient Li+ transduction. Linear sweep voltammetry and galvanostatic lithium plating-stripping tests reveal that this nanotube-based electrolyte is stable over a wide potential range and supports long-term cyclability. These findings demonstrate how the coupling of synthetic design and supramolecular structural control can yield high-performance ionic transporters that are amenable to device-relevant fabrication, as well as the technological potential of chemically designed self-assembled nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Insu Hwang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anusree Natraj
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | | | - Ioannina Castano
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Emily K Roesner
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jang Wook Choi
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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6
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Kim I, Dhamija A, Hwang IC, Lee H, Ko YH, Kim K. One-pot Synthesis of a Truncated Cone-shaped Porphyrin Macrocycle and Its Self-assembly into Permanent Porous Material. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:3209-3212. [PMID: 34398522 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the synthesis of a truncated cone-shaped triangular porphyrinic macrocycle, P3 L3 , via a single step imine condensation of a cis-diaminophenylporphyrin and a bent dialdehyde-based linker as building units. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that the truncated cone-shaped P3 L3 molecules are stacked on top of each other by π⋯π and CH⋯π interactions, to form 1.7 nm wide hollow columns in the solid state. The formation of the triangular macrocycle is corroborated by quantum chemical calculations. The permanent porosity of the P3 L3 crystals is demonstrated by several gas sorption experiments and powder X-ray diffraction analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikjin Kim
- Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Avinash Dhamija
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Chul Hwang
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hochan Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Ko
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kimoon Kim
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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