1
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Wardman JF, Withers SG. Carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZyme) discovery and engineering via (Ultra)high-throughput screening. RSC Chem Biol 2024; 5:595-616. [PMID: 38966674 PMCID: PMC11221537 DOI: 10.1039/d4cb00024b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) constitute a diverse set of enzymes that catalyze the assembly, degradation, and modification of carbohydrates. These enzymes have been fashioned into potent, selective catalysts by millennia of evolution, and yet are also highly adaptable and readily evolved in the laboratory. To identify and engineer CAZymes for different purposes, (ultra)high-throughput screening campaigns have been frequently utilized with great success. This review provides an overview of the different approaches taken in screening for CAZymes and how mechanistic understandings of CAZymes can enable new approaches to screening. Within, we also cover how cutting-edge techniques such as microfluidics, advances in computational approaches and synthetic biology, as well as novel assay designs are leading the field towards more informative and effective screening approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob F Wardman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia Vancouver BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Stephen G Withers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia Vancouver BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
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2
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2021-2022. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024. [PMID: 38925550 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry for the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates is a well-established technique and this review is the 12th update of the original article published in 1999 and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2022. As with previous review, this review also includes a few papers that describe methods appropriate to analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. The review follows the same format as previous reviews. It is divided into three sections: (1) general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, quantification and the use of computer software for structural identification. (2) Applications to various structural types such as oligo- and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals, and (3) other general areas such as medicine, industrial processes, natural products and glycan synthesis where MALDI is extensively used. Much of the material relating to applications is presented in tabular form. MALDI is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis, particularly in its ability to produce single ions from each analyte and advancements in the technique and range of applications show little sign of diminishing.
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3
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Yang S, He Z, Wu T, Wang S, Dai H. Glycobiology in osteoclast differentiation and function. Bone Res 2023; 11:55. [PMID: 37884496 PMCID: PMC10603120 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-023-00293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycans, either alone or in complex with glycan-binding proteins, are essential structures that can regulate cell biology by mediating protein stability or receptor dimerization under physiological and pathological conditions. Certain glycans are ligands for lectins, which are carbohydrate-specific receptors. Bone is a complex tissue that provides mechanical support for muscles and joints, and the regulation of bone mass in mammals is governed by complex interplay between bone-forming cells, called osteoblasts, and bone-resorbing cells, called osteoclasts. Bone erosion occurs when bone resorption notably exceeds bone formation. Osteoclasts may be activated during cancer, leading to a range of symptoms, including bone pain, fracture, and spinal cord compression. Our understanding of the role of protein glycosylation in cells and tissues involved in osteoclastogenesis suggests that glycosylation-based treatments can be used in the management of diseases. The aims of this review are to clarify the process of bone resorption and investigate the signaling pathways mediated by glycosylation and their roles in osteoclast biology. Moreover, we aim to outline how the lessons learned about these approaches are paving the way for future glycobiology-focused therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufa Yang
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Ziyi He
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Tuo Wu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Shunlei Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hui Dai
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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4
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Yang Y, Song Z, Tian T, Zhao Z, Chen J, Hu J, Jiang X, Yang G, Xue Q, Zhao X, Sha W, Yang Y, Li JP. Trimming Crystallizable Fragment (Fc) Glycans Enables the Direct Enzymatic Transfer of Biomacromolecules to Antibodies as Therapeutics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308174. [PMID: 37438983 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Glycoengineering has provided powerful tools to construct site-specific antibody conjugates. However, only small-molecule payloads can be directly transferred to native or engineered antibodies using existing glycoengineering strategies. Herein, we demonstrate that reducing the complexity of crystallizable fragment (Fc) glycans could dramatically boost the chemoenzymatic modification of immunoglobulin G (IgG) via an engineered fucosyltransferase. In this platform, antibodies with Fc glycans engineered to a simple N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) disaccharide are successfully conjugated to biomacromolecules, such as oligonucleotides and nanobodies, in a single step within hours. Accordingly, we synthesized an antibody-conjugate-based anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)/ cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3) bispecific antibody and used it to selectively destroy patient-derived cancer organoids by reactivating endogenous T lymphocyte cells (T cells) inside the organoid. Our results highlight that this platform is a general approach to construct antibody-biomacromolecule conjugates with translational values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Zhentao Song
- Glyco therapy Biotechnology Co., Ltd., 601/606 Building 12, Hangzhou Pharmaceutical Town, 291 Fucheng Road, Xiasha street, Qiantang Distirct, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Tian Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Zihan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ji Chen
- Glyco therapy Biotechnology Co., Ltd., 601/606 Building 12, Hangzhou Pharmaceutical Town, 291 Fucheng Road, Xiasha street, Qiantang Distirct, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Jiangping Hu
- Glyco therapy Biotechnology Co., Ltd., 601/606 Building 12, Hangzhou Pharmaceutical Town, 291 Fucheng Road, Xiasha street, Qiantang Distirct, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Glyco therapy Biotechnology Co., Ltd., 601/606 Building 12, Hangzhou Pharmaceutical Town, 291 Fucheng Road, Xiasha street, Qiantang Distirct, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Guoli Yang
- Glyco therapy Biotechnology Co., Ltd., 601/606 Building 12, Hangzhou Pharmaceutical Town, 291 Fucheng Road, Xiasha street, Qiantang Distirct, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Qi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Xinlu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Wanxing Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Glyco therapy Biotechnology Co., Ltd., 601/606 Building 12, Hangzhou Pharmaceutical Town, 291 Fucheng Road, Xiasha street, Qiantang Distirct, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Jie P Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
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5
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Vasić K, Knez Ž, Leitgeb M. Transglutaminase in Foods and Biotechnology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12402. [PMID: 37569776 PMCID: PMC10419021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Stabilization and reusability of enzyme transglutaminase (TGM) are important goals for the enzymatic process since immobilizing TGM plays an important role in different technologies and industries. TGM can be used in many applications. In the food industry, it plays a role as a protein-modifying enzyme, while, in biotechnology and pharmaceutical applications, it is used in mediated bioconjugation due to its extraordinary crosslinking ability. TGMs (EC 2.3.2.13) are enzymes that catalyze the formation of a covalent bond between a free amino group of protein-bound or peptide-bound lysine, which acts as an acyl acceptor, and the γ-carboxamide group of protein-bound or peptide-bound glutamine, which acts as an acyl donor. This results in the modification of proteins through either intramolecular or intermolecular crosslinking, which improves the use of the respective proteins significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Vasić
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (K.V.); (Ž.K.)
| | - Željko Knez
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (K.V.); (Ž.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Maja Leitgeb
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (K.V.); (Ž.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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6
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Zheng L, Yang Q, Li F, Zhu M, Yang H, Tan T, Wu B, Liu M, Xu C, Yin J, Cao C. The Glycosylation of Immune Checkpoints and Their Applications in Oncology. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121451. [PMID: 36558902 PMCID: PMC9783268 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor therapies have entered the immunotherapy era. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have achieved tremendous success, with some patients achieving long-term tumor control. Tumors, on the other hand, can still accomplish immune evasion, which is aided by immune checkpoints. The majority of immune checkpoints are membrane glycoproteins, and abnormal tumor glycosylation may alter how the immune system perceives tumors, affecting the body's anti-tumor immunity. Furthermore, RNA can also be glycosylated, and GlycoRNA is important to the immune system. Glycosylation has emerged as a new hallmark of tumors, with glycosylation being considered a potential therapeutic approach. The glycosylation modification of immune checkpoints and the most recent advances in glycosylation-targeted immunotherapy are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zheng
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Biotherapy Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Feifei Li
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Min Zhu
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Haochi Yang
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Tian Tan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Binghuo Wu
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Mingxin Liu
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Chuan Xu
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (C.C.)
| | - Chenhui Cao
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (C.C.)
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7
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Chong G, MacKerell AD. Spatial requirements for ITAM signaling in an intracellular natural killer cell model membrane. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130221. [PMID: 35933027 PMCID: PMC9420803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
FcγRIIIa-FcεRIγ complexes, upon stimulation by antibodies, cluster to initiate intracellular signaling and activate natural killer (NK) cells. Intracellular signaling involves Lck phosphorylation of ITAMs of each monomer of a FcεRIγ homodimer in a FcγRIIIa-FcεRIγ complex and subsequent binding of two phosphotyrosines (pY) in tandem by a Syk family kinase. However, how FcR clustering triggers ITAM signaling is not resolved. Molecular modeling and dynamics (MD) simulations are applied to generate ensembles of structures of the FcγRIIIa and FcεRIγ homodimeric cytoplasmic tails of FcγRIIIa-FcεRIγ complexes based on the transmembrane helices and cytoplasmic tails spaced 120, 80, and 50 Å apart to model different extents of clustering. Site-identification by ligand competitive saturation method with Monte Carlo sampling (SILCS-MC) is used to model how Lck could phosphorylate a diversity of ITAM conformations. At 80 Å separation between FcγRIIIa-FcεRIγ complexes, Lck can perform multiple phosphorylations on individual and multiple ITAMs across complexes, including potential sequential phosphorylation events. Syk may then potentially bind the two pYs within a single ITAM in tandem in isolated FcγRIIIa-FcεRIγ complexes, as observed in CD3ε and ζ chains of T cell receptors by the Syk family kinase ZAP-70. In addition, at 50 Å separation between complexes, unique to natural killer cells over T cells, Syk could potentially bind in tandem to pYs in different ITAMs across FcγRIIIa-FcεRIγ complexes. Thus, we predict that an ensemble of spatial orientations of the ITAMS of FcγRIIIa-FcεRIγ complexes that occur upon clustering lead to ITAM phosphorylation by Lck and subsequent Syk activity thereby facilitating downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene Chong
- Computer Aided Drug Design Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Alexander D MacKerell
- Computer Aided Drug Design Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
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8
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Yang S, Cui M, Liu Q, Liao Q. Glycosylation of immunoglobin G in tumors: Function, regulation and clinical implications. Cancer Lett 2022; 549:215902. [PMID: 36096412 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the predominant component in humoral immunity and the major effector of neutralizing heterogeneous antigens. Glycosylation, as excessive posttranscriptional modification, can modulate IgG immune function. Glycosylated IgG has been reported to correlate with tumor progression, presenting several characteristic modifications, including the core fucose, galactose, sialic acid, and the bisect N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). Meanwhile, IgG glycosylation regulates tumor immunity involved in tumor progression and is thus a potential target. Herein, we summarized the research progression to provide novel insight into the application of IgG glycosylation in tumor diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Yang
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Cui
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaofei Liu
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Quan Liao
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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9
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Zou X, Liu Z, Liu L, Shi W, Li W, Guo Z, Tang F, Huang W. Enhanced transglycosylation activity of an Endo-F3 mutant by ligand-directed localization. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3086-3095. [PMID: 35166761 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00030j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
At present, numerous studies have been reported to remodel the N-glycans of therapeutic antibodies for the gain of functions. Among the ways of remodeling antibody N-glycans, the chemoenzymatic glycoengineering approach by endoglycosidase (ENGase) has been deeply investigated and provided a significant tool for IgG glycoengineering. Among these cases, the transglycosylation activity of Endo-F3, compared to Endo-S and S2, is insufficient and limits its power in remodeling IgG glycosylation. Herein, we chemically conjugated the Endo-F3 mutant D165A with an Fc binding peptide (FcBP), aiming to improve the affinity of Endo-F3 D165A to IgGs, and therefore enhance the transglycosylation activity of D165A. In this report, we investigated the conjugation site of FcBP to D165A and the linkers between them and found that the conjugation indeed significantly increases the transglycosylation activity of D165A. Meanwhile, we optimized the FcBP-D165A catalyzed transglycosylation process, including the enzyme quantity, oxazoline concentration, and so on. Finally, by this method, we remodeled the N-glycans of rituximab and trastuzumab into homogeneous S2G2F, G2F, GN2M3, and M3 types with decreased enzyme quantity, oxazoline ratio, and catalyzing time. This method not only provides an enhanced ENGase for IgG glycoengineering but also suggests that ligand-directed localization of enzymes is a potential strategy to enhance the activity of enzymes towards the targeted substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangman Zou
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China.
| | - Zhi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China. .,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Liya Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China.
| | - Wanzhen Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China. .,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Zifen Guo
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
| | - Feng Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou, Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China.
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10
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Wardman JF, Bains RK, Rahfeld P, Withers SG. Carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) in the gut microbiome. Nat Rev Microbiol 2022; 20:542-556. [PMID: 35347288 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00712-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The 1013-1014 microorganisms present in the human gut (collectively known as the human gut microbiota) dedicate substantial percentages of their genomes to the degradation and uptake of carbohydrates, indicating the importance of this class of molecules. Carbohydrates function not only as a carbon source for these bacteria but also as a means of attachment to the host, and a barrier to infection of the host. In this Review, we focus on the diversity of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), how gut microorganisms use them for carbohydrate degradation, the different chemical mechanisms of these CAZymes and the roles that these microorganisms and their CAZymes have in human health and disease. We also highlight examples of how enzymes from this treasure trove have been used in manipulation of the microbiota for improved health and treatment of disease, in remodelling the glycans on biopharmaceuticals and in the potential production of universal O-type donor blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob F Wardman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rajneesh K Bains
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peter Rahfeld
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephen G Withers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. .,Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. .,Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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11
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Zeng Y, Tang F, Shi W, Dong Q, Huang W. Recent advances in synthetic glycoengineering for biological applications. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 74:247-255. [PMID: 34998108 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are involved in many important biological events such as protein maturation and trafficking, pathogen invasion, immune response, cell-cell communications, and so on. Synthetic and chemoenzymatic approaches for glycoengineering have emerged and been applied in perturbing and modulating the biological processes at the protein or cellular level. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in glycoengineering, including new strategies in chemoenzymatic synthesis of glycans, glycopeptides, glycoproteins, and other glycoconjugates. And, the progresses of cell surface glyco-editing methods for gain of functions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Feng Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
| | - Wei Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qian Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China.
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12
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Zhou K, Hong H, Lin H, Gong L, Li D, Shi J, Zhou Z, Xu F, Wu Z. Chemical Synthesis of Antibody-Hapten Conjugates Capable of Recruiting the Endogenous Antibody to Magnify the Fc Effector Immunity of Antibody for Cancer Immunotherapy. J Med Chem 2021; 65:323-332. [PMID: 34962121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with enhanced effector functions in cancer immunotherapy, such as complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), could improve the clinical performance. Here, we develop an mAb-hapten conjugate strategy to augment the mAb effector functions with the engagement of endogenous antibodies. An "off-the-shelf" mAb, rituximab, is site-specifically conjugated with the rhamnose (Rha) hapten to generate rituximab-Rha conjugates. The octopus-like conjugates could recruit anti-Rha antibodies onto the cancer cell surface and further form an immune complex that is able to provide multivalent Fc domains to interact with immune cells or complement protein C1q, leading to magnified ADCC and CDC simultaneously. One optimal conjugate R2 with PEG2 as a linker exhibits the most potent in vitro cancer cell killing activity and significant in vivo antitumor efficacy in a xenograft model. This is a general and cost-effective approach to generate mAb with improved effector functions that may have broad applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - HaoFei Hong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Han Lin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Liang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Zhifang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Zhimeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
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Thomès L, Bojar D. The Role of Fucose-Containing Glycan Motifs Across Taxonomic Kingdoms. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:755577. [PMID: 34631801 PMCID: PMC8492980 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.755577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The extraordinary diversity of glycans leads to large differences in the glycomes of different kingdoms of life. Yet, while most monosaccharides are solely found in certain taxonomic groups, there is a small set of monosaccharides with widespread distribution across nearly all domains of life. These general monosaccharides are particularly relevant for glycan motifs, as they can readily be used by commensals and pathogens to mimic host glycans or hijack existing glycan recognition systems. Among these, the monosaccharide fucose is especially interesting, as it frequently presents itself as a terminal monosaccharide, primed for interaction with proteins. Here, we analyze fucose-containing glycan motifs across all taxonomic kingdoms. Using a hereby presented large species-specific glycan dataset and a plethora of methods for glycan-focused bioinformatics and machine learning, we identify characteristic as well as shared fucose-containing glycan motifs for various taxonomic groups, demonstrating clear differences in fucose usage. Even within domains, fucose is used differentially based on an organism’s physiology and habitat. We particularly highlight differences in fucose-containing motifs between vertebrates and invertebrates. With the example of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Escherichia coli strains, we also demonstrate the importance of fucose-containing motifs in molecular mimicry and thereby pathogenic potential. We envision that this study will shed light on an important class of glycan motifs, with potential new insights into the role of fucosylated glycans in symbiosis, pathogenicity, and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Thomès
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Bojar
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Bwanali L, Holland LA. Capillary Nanogel Electrophoresis for the Determination of the β1-4 Galactosyltransferase Michaelis-Menten Constant and Real-Time Addition of Galactose Residues to N-Glycans and Glycoprotein. Anal Chem 2021; 93:11843-11851. [PMID: 34410102 PMCID: PMC8594173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A thermally reversible nanogel is used in capillary electrophoresis to create discrete regions for a galactosyltransferase reaction and separation. The β1-4 galactosyltransferase enzyme, donor, and co-factor were patterned in the capillary. The substrate was driven through these zones and converted to galactosylated products, which were separated and identified. Using this capillary electrophoresis method, the degree of glycosylation was discernible for a pentasaccharide and for biantennary N-glycans. With the ability to distinguish between reaction products for which either one or two galactose residues were transferred, the capillary nanogel electrophoresis system was used to determine the Michaelis-Menten value, KM. For the β1-4 galactosyltransferase, the KM value obtained for a pentasaccharide substrate was 1.23 ± 0.08 mM. Once KM was established, the enzyme/substrate ratio was evaluated to add a single galactose residue or to fully galactosylate a biantennary N-glycan. Additionally, capillary nanogel electrophoresis was adapted to transfer galactose residues to protein. The applicability of the method for real-time online modification of whole protein was demonstrated with the Herceptin glycoprotein. Complete retardation by Erythrina cristagalli lectin after enzymatic modification confirmed the addition of galactose residues to the Herceptin. This demonstrated the potential of the method to be used for online modification of other glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd Bwanali
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Lisa A. Holland
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
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