1
|
Ruzi R, Shu W. Visible-Light-Mediated Ni-Catalyzed Gas-Free Carboxylation: Stereodivergent Synthesis of E- and Z-Acrylic Acids. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 39250168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Stereodivergent syntheses of different scaffolds from identical starting materials by switching the fewest parameters are among the most appealing synthetic technologies. Herein, a visible-light mediated Ni-catalyzed carboxylation of vinyl halides with formates has been developed, affording acrylic acids in both Z- and E-configurations from identical vinyl halides. The reaction features Ni-catalyzed gas-free carboxylation of vinyl halides by utilizing formates as a surrogate of carbon dioxide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rehanguli Ruzi
- Guangming Advanced Research Institute, Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Wei Shu
- Guangming Advanced Research Institute, Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, 643000 Sichuan, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xu P, Jiang HQ, Xu H, Wang S, Jiang HX, Zhu SL, Yin L, Guo D, Zhu X. Photocatalytic deuterocarboxylation of alkynes with oxalate. Chem Sci 2024; 15:13041-13048. [PMID: 39148785 PMCID: PMC11323338 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03586k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein, a catalytic photoredox-neutral strategy for alkyne deuterocarboxylation with tetrabutylammonium oxalate as the carbonyl source and D2O as the deuteration agent was described. For the first time, the oxalic salt acted as both the reductant and carbonyl source through single electron transfer and subsequential homolysis of the C-C bond. The strongly reductive CO2 radical anion species in situ generated from oxalate played significant roles in realizing the global deuterocarboxylation of terminal and internal alkynes to access various tetra- and tri-deuterated aryl propionic acids with high yields and deuteration ratios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University 209 Tongshan Road Xuzhou 221004 China
| | - Hao-Qiang Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University 209 Tongshan Road Xuzhou 221004 China
| | - Hui Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University 209 Tongshan Road Xuzhou 221004 China
| | - Sai Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University 209 Tongshan Road Xuzhou 221004 China
| | - Hui-Xian Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University 209 Tongshan Road Xuzhou 221004 China
| | - Song-Lei Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University 209 Tongshan Road Xuzhou 221004 China
| | - Long Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University 209 Tongshan Road Xuzhou 221004 China
| | - Dong Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University 209 Tongshan Road Xuzhou 221004 China
| | - Xu Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University 209 Tongshan Road Xuzhou 221004 China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu P, Liu WW, Hao TZ, Liu YQ, Jiang HX, Xu J, Li JY, Yin L, Zhu SL, Zhu X. Formate and CO 2 Enable Reductive Carboxylation of Imines: Synthesis of Unnatural α-Amino Acids. J Org Chem 2024; 89:9750-9754. [PMID: 38940722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Herein, a photocatalytic umpolung strategy for reductive carboxylation of imines for the synthesis of α-amino acids was disclosed. Carbon dioxide radical anion (CO2•-) generated from formate is the key single electron reductant in the reactions. An unprecedentedly broad substrate scope of imines with excellent reaction yields was obtained with carbon dioxide (CO2) and formate salt as carbon sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Wen-Wen Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Tian-Zi Hao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Yi-Qin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Hui-Xian Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Jin-You Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Long Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Song-Lei Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Xu Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Brzezinski C, LeBlanc AR, Clerici MG, Wuest WM. Mild Photochemical Reduction of Alkenes and Heterocycles via Thiol-Mediated Formate Activation. Org Lett 2024; 26:5534-5538. [PMID: 38915178 PMCID: PMC11232005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
The reduction of alkenes to their respective alkanes is one of the most important transformations in organic chemistry, given the abundance of natural and commercial olefins. Metal-catalyzed hydrogenation is the most common way to reduce alkenes; however, the use of H2 gas in combination with the precious metals required for these conditions can be impractical, dangerous, and expensive. More complex substrates often require extremely high pressures of H2, further emphasizing the safety concerns associated with these hydrogenation reactions. Here we report a safe, cheap, and practical photochemical alkene reduction using a readily available organophotocatalyst, catalytic thiol, and formate. These conditions reduce a variety of di-, tri-, and tetra-substituted alkenes in good yield as well as dearomatize pharmaceutically relevant heterocycles to generate sp3-rich isosteres of benzofurans and indoles. These formal-hydrogenation conditions tolerate a broad range of functionalities that would otherwise be sensitive to typical hydrogenations and are likely to be important for industry applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Madeline G. Clerici
- Department of Chemistry, Emory
University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - William M. Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Emory
University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yamamoto K, Arita K, Kuriyama M, Onomura O. Transition-metal-catalyst-free electroreductive alkene hydroarylation with aryl halides under visible-light irradiation. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:1327-1333. [PMID: 38887578 PMCID: PMC11181238 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The radical hydroarylation of alkenes is an efficient strategy for accessing linear alkylarenes with high regioselectivity. Herein, we report the electroreductive hydroarylation of electron-deficient alkenes and styrene derivatives using (hetero)aryl halides under mild reaction conditions. Notably, the present hydroarylation proceeded with high efficiency under transition-metal-catalyst-free conditions. The key to success is the use of 1,3-dicyanobenzene as a redox mediator and visible-light irradiation, which effectively suppresses the formation of simple reduction, i.e., hydrodehalogenation, products to afford the desired products in good to high yields. Mechanistic investigations proposed that a reductive radical-polar crossover pathway is likely to be involved in this transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Arita
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Masami Kuriyama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Osamu Onomura
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu DH, Ma J. Recent Advances in Dearomative Partial Reduction of Benzenoid Arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402819. [PMID: 38480464 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Dearomative partial reduction is an extraordinary approach for transforming benzenoid arenes and has been well-known for many decades, as exemplified by the dehydrogenation of Birch reduction and the hydroarylation of Crich addition. Despite its remarkable importance in synthesis, this field has experienced slow progress over the last half-century. However, a revival has been observed with the recent introduction of electrochemical and photochemical methods. In this Minireview, we summarize the recent advancements in dearomative partial reduction of benzenoid arenes, including dihydrogenation, hydroalkylation, arylation, alkenylation, amination, borylation and others. Further, the intriguing utilization of dearomative partial reduction in the synthesis of natural products is also emphasized. It is anticipated that this Minireview will stimulate further progress in arene dearomative transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- De-Hai Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jiajia Ma
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang F, Wu XY, Gao PP, Zhang H, Li Z, Ai S, Li G. Visible-light-driven alkene dicarboxylation with formate and CO 2 under mild conditions. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6178-6183. [PMID: 38665514 PMCID: PMC11041354 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04431a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Low-cost formate salt was used as the reductant and part of the carboxyl source in a visible-light-driven dicarboxylation of diverse alkenes, including simple styrenes. The highly competing hydrocarboxylation side reaction was successfully overridden. Good yields of products were obtained under mild reaction conditions at ambient temperature and pressure of CO2. The dual role of formate salt may stimulate the discovery of a range of new transformations under mild and friendly conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fulin Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhang Jiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Xiao-Yang Wu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhang Jiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Pan-Pan Gao
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhang Jiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhang Jiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Zhu Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhang Jiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Shangde Ai
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhang Jiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Gang Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhang Jiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) 155 West Yang-Qiao Road Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhao L, Xie WJ, Meng ZZ, Li HR, He LN. Electrochemical E-Selective Semireductive Dicarboxylation of Aryl Alkynes with CO 2. Org Lett 2024; 26:3241-3246. [PMID: 38578088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report an electrochemical protocol for the dicarboxylation of aryl alkynes using CO2. With a graphite rod as the cathode and Al as the sacrificial anode, a series of valuable butenedioic acids are obtained in moderate to excellent yields with an E/Z ratio up to 50:1. This method features high E-selectivity, high step and atom economy, easy scalability, and a nice substrate scope, which renders it appealing for promising applications in organic synthesis and materials chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 30007, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Jun Xie
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 30007, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Zheng Meng
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 30007, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Ru Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 30007, P. R. China
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Liang-Nian He
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 30007, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cai Y, Gaurav G, Ritter T. 1,4-Aminoarylation of Butadienes via Photoinduced Palladium Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202311250. [PMID: 38334292 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
A visible-light-induced, three-component palladium-catalyzed 1,4-aminoarylation of butadienes with readily available aryl halides and aliphatic amines has been developed, affording allylamines with excellent E-selectivity. The reaction exhibits exceptional control over chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity, a broad substrate scope, and high functional group compatibility, as demonstrated by the late-stage functionalization of bioactive molecules. Mechanistic investigations are consistent with a photoinduced radical Pd(0)-Pd(I)-Pd(II)-Pd(0) Heck-Tsuji-Trost allylation cascade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cai
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Gaurav Gaurav
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shlapakov NS, Kobelev AD, Burykina JV, Kostyukovich AY, König B, Ananikov VP. Reversible Radical Addition Guides Selective Photocatalytic Intermolecular Thiol-Yne-Ene Molecular Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314208. [PMID: 38240738 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
In modern organic chemistry, harnessing the power of multicomponent radical reactions presents both significant challenges and extraordinary potential. This article delves into this scientific frontier by addressing the critical issue of controlling selectivity in such complex processes. We introduce a novel approach that revolves around the reversible addition of thiyl radicals to multiple bonds, reshaping the landscape of multicomponent radical reactions. The key to selectivity lies in the intricate interplay between reversibility and the energy landscapes governing C-C bond formation in thiol-yne-ene reactions. The developed approach not only allows to prioritize the thiol-yne-ene cascade, dominating over alternative reactions, but also extends the scope of coupling products obtained from alkenes and alkynes of various structures and electron density distributions, regardless of their relative polarity difference, opening doors to more versatile synthetic possibilities. In the present study, we provide a powerful tool for atom-economical C-S and C-C bond formation, paving the way for the efficient synthesis of complex molecules. Carrying out our experimental and computational studies, we elucidated the fundamental mechanisms underlying radical cascades, a knowledge that can be broadly applied in the field of organic chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikita S Shlapakov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey D Kobelev
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory GSP-1, 1-3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Julia V Burykina
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Yu Kostyukovich
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Burkhard König
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory GSP-1, 1-3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zgheib A, Acker S, Fischer MH, Namyslo JC, Strube F, Rudolph M, Fittschen UEA, Wollmann A, Weber AP, Nieger M, Schmidt A. Lithium aluminate flotation by pH- and light-switchable collectors based on the natural product punicine. RSC Adv 2024; 14:9353-9364. [PMID: 38510489 PMCID: PMC10952527 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00116h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Derivatives of the natural product punicine [1-(2',5'-dihydroxyphenyl)pyridinium chloride] were developed as switchable collectors for the flotation of lithium-containing engineered artifical minerals (EnAMs). These EnAMs are e.g. formed by pyrometallurgical processing of end-of-life lithium-ion batteries. Depending on the pH value and the lighting conditions, punicines exist in water as cations, two different electrostatically neutral mesomeric betaines, anionic tripoles, radical cations or radical anions. The radical species form by photochemically induced disproportionation reactions. We prepared punicine derivatives introducing alkyl chains in the pyridinium moiety (4-methyl, 4-ethyl, 4-octyl and 4-undecanyl) to install hydrophobic groups and examined the recovery rates of the flotation of lithium aluminate (LiAlO2). We varied the lighting conditions (darkness, daylight, LED irradiation at λ = 390-400 nm) and the pH value, the collector's and frother's concentration, and the flotation time. With our collectors, recovery rates of lithium aluminate up to 90% were accomplished when the flotation was conducted in Hallimond tubes exposed to daylight at pH 11 in water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Zgheib
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry Leibnizstrasse 6 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Sophie Acker
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry Leibnizstrasse 6 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Maximilian Hans Fischer
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry Leibnizstrasse 6 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Jan C Namyslo
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry Leibnizstrasse 6 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Franziska Strube
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology Chemnitzer Str. 40 D-09599 Freiberg Germany
| | - Martin Rudolph
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology Chemnitzer Str. 40 D-09599 Freiberg Germany
| | - Ursula E A Fittschen
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Arnold-Sommerfeld-Str. 4 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Annett Wollmann
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Particle Technology Leibnizstrasse 19 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Alfred P Weber
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Particle Technology Leibnizstrasse 19 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Martin Nieger
- University of Helsinki, Department of Chemistry P. O. Box 55 FIN-00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Andreas Schmidt
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry Leibnizstrasse 6 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Morales A, Gonçalves C, Sournia-Saquet A, Vendier L, Lledós A, Baslé O, Bontemps S. Single electron reduction of NHC-CO 2-borane compounds. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3165-3173. [PMID: 38425525 PMCID: PMC10901481 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06325a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The carbon dioxide radical anion [CO2˙-] is a highly reactive species of fundamental and synthetic interest. However, the direct one-electron reduction of CO2 to generate [CO2˙-] occurs at very negative reduction potentials, which is often a limiting factor for applications. Here, we show that NHC-CO2-BR3 species - generated from the Frustrated Lewis Pair (FLP)-type activation of CO2 by N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and boranes (BR3) - undergo single electron reduction at a less negative potential than free CO2. A net gain of more than one volt was notably measured with a CAAC-CO2-B(C6F5)3 adduct, which was chemically reduced to afford [CAAC-CO2-B(C6F5)3˙-]. This room temperature stable radical anion was characterized by EPR spectroscopy and by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Of particular interest, DFT calculations showed that, thanks to the electron withdrawing properties of the Lewis acid, significant unpaired spin density is localised on the carbon atom of the CO2 moiety. Finally, these species were shown to exhibit analogous reactivity to the carbon dioxide radical anion [CO2˙-] toward DMPO. This work demonstrates the advantage provided by FLP systems in the generation and stabilization of [CO2˙-]-like species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Morales
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne 31077 Toulouse Cedex 04 France
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles Catalonia Spain
| | - Caroline Gonçalves
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne 31077 Toulouse Cedex 04 France
| | - Alix Sournia-Saquet
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne 31077 Toulouse Cedex 04 France
| | - Laure Vendier
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne 31077 Toulouse Cedex 04 France
| | - Agustí Lledós
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles Catalonia Spain
| | - Olivier Baslé
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne 31077 Toulouse Cedex 04 France
| | - Sébastien Bontemps
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne 31077 Toulouse Cedex 04 France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xue T, Ma C, Liu L, Xiao C, Ni SF, Zeng R. Characterization of A π-π stacking cocrystal of 4-nitrophthalonitrile directed toward application in photocatalysis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1455. [PMID: 38365855 PMCID: PMC10873295 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45686-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Photoexcitation of the electron-donor-acceptor complexes have been an effective approach to achieve radicals by triggering electron transfer. However, the catalytic version of electron-donor-acceptor complex photoactivation is quite underdeveloped comparing to the well-established utilization of electronically biased partners. In this work, we utilize 4-nitrophthalonitrile as an electron acceptor to facilitate the efficient π-stacking with electron-rich aromatics to form electron-donor-acceptor complex. The characterization and energy profiles on the cocrystal of 4-nitrophthalonitrile and 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene disclose that the electron transfer is highly favorable under the light irradiation. This electron acceptor catalyst can be efficiently applied in the benzylic C-H bond photoactivation by developing the Giese reaction of alkylanisoles and the oxidation of the benzyl alcohols. A broad scope of electron-rich aromatics can be tolerated and a mechanism is also proposed. Moreover, the corresponding π-anion interaction of 4-nitrophthalonitrile with potassium formate can further facilitate the hydrocarboxylation of alkenes efficiently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xue
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China
| | - Cheng Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Le Liu
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China
| | - Chunhui Xiao
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China.
| | - Shao-Fei Ni
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Rong Zeng
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mao X, Li MM, Wang P, Cao Q, Zhou W, Ding W. Transition-Metal-Free Anti-Markovnikov Hydroarylation of Alkenes with Aryl Chlorides through Consecutive Photoinduced Electron Transfer. Org Lett 2024; 26:1265-1270. [PMID: 38319734 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The hydroarylation of alkenes has emerged as a powerful strategy for arene functionalization. However, aryl chlorides remain a large challenge in this type of reaction due to the chemical inertness of the C(sp2)-Cl bond and high negative reduction potential. Herein, we report an anti-Markovnikov radical hydroarylation of alkenes with aryl chlorides via visible-light photoredox catalysis. The key reactive aryl radicals can be efficiently achieved from aryl chlorides by consecutive photoinduced electron transfer. This transition-metal-free protocol features mild conditions, a wide substrate scope, and functional group tolerance, producing a diverse range of linear alkylarenes in moderate to good yields. The reaction is proposed to proceed through a radical-polar crossover pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Mao
- Division of Molecular Catalysis and Synthesis, Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Miao-Miao Li
- Division of Molecular Catalysis and Synthesis, Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd, Zhengzhou 450000, P. R. China
| | - Qingzhi Cao
- Division of Molecular Catalysis and Synthesis, Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ding
- Division of Molecular Catalysis and Synthesis, Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Maust MC, Blakey SB. Photoredox-Driven Three-Component Coupling of Aryl Halides, Olefins, and O 2. ACS Catal 2024; 14:2582-2587. [PMID: 38384944 PMCID: PMC10877571 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c05988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Modern organic synthesis requires methodologies that bring together abundant feedstock chemicals in a mild and efficient manner. To aid in this effort, we have developed a multicomponent radical hydroxyarylation reaction that utilizes aryl halides, olefins, and O2 as the reaction components. Crucial to this advance was an oxidative, rather than a reductive, approach to aryl radical generation, which enables reaction tolerance to O2. This methodology displays a broad functional group tolerance with a variety of functionalized aryl halides and a broad array of olefins. Development of this methodology enables rapid access to biologically relevant hydroxyaryl products from simple, commercially available starting materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark C. Maust
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Simon B. Blakey
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Majhi J, Matsuo B, Oh H, Kim S, Sharique M, Molander GA. Photochemical Deoxygenative Hydroalkylation of Unactivated Alkenes Promoted by a Nucleophilic Organocatalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317190. [PMID: 38109703 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The direct utilization of simple and abundant feedstocks in carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions to embellish sp3 -enriched chemical space is highly desirable. Herein, we report a novel photochemical deoxygenative hydroalkylation of unactivated alkenes with readily available carboxylic acid derivatives. The reaction displays broad functional group tolerance, accommodating carboxylic acid-, alcohol-, ester-, ketone-, amide-, silane-, and boronic ester groups, as well as nitrile-containing substrates. The reaction is operationally simple, mild, and water-tolerant, and can be carried out on multigram-scale, which highlights the utility of the method to prepare value-added compounds in a practical and scalable manner. The synthetic application of the developed method is further exemplified through the synthesis of suberanilic acid, a precursor of vorinostat, a drug used for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. A novel mechanistic approach was identified using thiol as a nucleophilic catalyst, which forms a key intermediate for this transformation. Furthermore, electrochemical studies, quantum yield, and mechanistic experiments were conducted to support a proposed catalytic cycle for the transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jadab Majhi
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, 19104-6323, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bianca Matsuo
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, 19104-6323, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hyunjung Oh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, 19104-6323, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Saegun Kim
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, 19104-6323, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mohammed Sharique
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, 19104-6323, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, 19104-6323, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sun C, Zhou Q, Li CY, Hou ZW, Wang L. Photoredox-Catalyzed Defluorinative Carboxylation of gem-Difluorostyrenes with Formate Salt. Org Lett 2024; 26:883-888. [PMID: 38252691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we present a transition-metal-free, easy handling protocol for regioselective carboxylation of gem-difluorostyrenes with sodium formate as the C1 source. 30 examples of α-fluoracrylates were obtained in yields of 30 to 80% under these conditions. A defluorinative monofluorovinyl intermediate and consecutive photoinduced electron transfer mechanism were proposed after mechanism investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Sun
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P. R. China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
| | - Chuan-Ying Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Wei Hou
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lan J, Lu X, Ren B, Duo F, Niu X, Si J. Visible-light-driven photocatalytic carboxylation to aromatic carboxylic acids with CO 2. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:682-693. [PMID: 38189574 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01788e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
(Hetero)aromatic carboxylic acids and their derivatives attract attention due to their role in the synthesis of several biologically active molecules, active pharmaceutical ingredients, polymers, etc. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a prime C1 source for the synthesis of aromatic carboxylic acids because of its nontoxicity, nonflammability, abundance and renewability. Owing to the thermodynamic and chemical inertness of CO2, traditional carboxylation to aromatic carboxylic acids with CO2 is always performed under harsh reaction conditions or using stoichiometric metallic reductants. Visible-light-driven carboxylation with CO2 provides an environmentally benign, mild, and high-efficiency route for the production of aromatic carboxylic acids. This review comprehensively introduces the visible-light-driven preparation of aromatic carboxylic acids through a visible-light-driven oxidative addition and reductive elimination mechanism, binding of aryl (radical) anions which are produced by photoinduced electron transfer (PET) to CO2, binding of carbon dioxide anion radicals (CO2˙-) which are formed by PET to aryl compounds, radical coupling between CO2˙- and aryl radicals, and other mechanisms. Finally, this review provides a summary and the future work direction. This article offers a theoretical guidance for efficient synthesis of aromatic carboxylic acids via photocatalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Lan
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
| | - Bo Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Fangfang Duo
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
| | - Xinkai Niu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
| | - Jiangju Si
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Majhi J, Molander GA. Recent Discovery, Development, and Synthetic Applications of Formic Acid Salts in Photochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202311853. [PMID: 37812639 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The advancement of sustainable photoredox catalysis in synthetic organic chemistry has evolved immensely because of the development of versatile and cost-effective reagents. In recent years, a substantial effort has been dedicated to exploring the utility of formic acid salts in various photochemical reactions. In this context, formates have demonstrated diverse capabilities, functioning as reductants, sources of carbonyl groups, and reagents for hydrogen atom transfer. Notably, the CO2 ⋅- radical anion derived from formate exhibits strong reductant properties for cleaving both C-X and C-O bonds. Moreover, these salts play a pivotal role in carboxylation reactions, further highlighting their significance in a variety of photochemical transformations. The ability of formates to serve as reductants, carbonyl sources, and hydrogen atom transfer reagents reveal exciting possibilities in synthetic organic chemistry. This minireview highlights an array of captivating discoveries, underscoring the crucial role of formates in diverse and distinctive photochemical methods, enabling access to a wide range of value-added compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jadab Majhi
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Xu J, Lan Y, Liu B. Activation of Aryl and Alkyl Halides Enabled by Strong Photoreduction Potentials of a Hantzsch Ester/Cs 2CO 3 System. J Org Chem 2024; 89:599-604. [PMID: 38113916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
We disclose herein a light-induced Hantzsch ester-initiated aryl and alkyl radical generation protocol from aryl halides (Br and Cl) and alkyl iodides. This method provides access to a wide range of benzo-fused heterocycles and C(sp3)-C(sp3) coupling products. The reductive detosylation reaction has also been demonstrated using the same reaction conditions. Initial mechanism studies provide evidence of the formation of an alkyl radical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P. R. China
| | - Yingjun Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P. R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tian X, Liu Y, Yakubov S, Schütte J, Chiba S, Barham JP. Photo- and electro-chemical strategies for the activations of strong chemical bonds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:263-316. [PMID: 38059728 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00581f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The employment of light and/or electricity - alternatively to conventional thermal energy - unlocks new reactivity paradigms as tools for chemical substrate activations. This leads to the development of new synthetic reactions and a vast expansion of chemical spaces. This review summarizes recent developments in photo- and/or electrochemical activation strategies for the functionalization of strong bonds - particularly carbon-heteroatom (C-X) bonds - via: (1) direct photoexcitation by high energy UV light; (2) activation via photoredox catalysis under irradiation with relatively lower energy UVA or blue light; (3) electrochemical reduction; (4) combination of photocatalysis and electrochemistry. Based on the types of the targeted C-X bonds, various transformations ranging from hydrodefunctionalization to cross-coupling are covered with detailed discussions of their reaction mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Tian
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Yuliang Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Shahboz Yakubov
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Jonathan Schütte
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Joshua P Barham
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gui YY, Yan SS, Wang W, Chen L, Zhang W, Ye JH, Yu DG. Exploring the applications of carbon dioxide radical anion in organic synthesis. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:3124-3128. [PMID: 37968221 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Yuan Gui
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Si-Shun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; Leibniz Institute for Catalysis e.V., University of Rostock, Rostock 18059, Germany
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Jian-Heng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Da-Gang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang X, Deng J, Ji Y, Li R, Sivaguru P, Song Q, Karmakar S, Bi X. Defluorinative 1,3-Dienylation of Fluoroalkyl N-Triftosylhydrazones with Homoallenols. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302562. [PMID: 37695246 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
A silver-catalyzed regioselective defluorinative 1,3-dienylation of trifluoromethyl phenyl N-triftosylhydrazones using homoallenols as 1,3-dienyl sources provides a variety of α-(di)fluoro-β-vinyl allyl ketones with excellent functional group tolerance in moderate to good yields. The reaction proceeds through a silver carbene-initiated sequential etherification and Claisen type [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement cascade. The synthetic utility of this protocol was demonstrated through the downstream synthetic elaboration toward diverse synthetically useful building blocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Jiahua Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Yong Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | | | - Qingmin Song
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Swastik Karmakar
- Department of Chemistry, Basirhat College, West Bengal State University, Basirhat, 743412, West Bengal, India
| | - Xihe Bi
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Li R, Wang J, Chu H, Zeng D, Wang W, Cui B, Zhang L, Wang W. Carbon Dioxide Anion Radicals Assisted Highly Efficient Photocatalytic H 2O 2 Production over Bi(C 2O 4)OH. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10570-10577. [PMID: 37976146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide anion radical (CO2•-) can act as a versatile single electron reductant, but its generation pathways are quite limited. Herein, we demonstrate that oxalic acid (OA) could be effectively and continuously utilized to produce CO2•- over Bi(C2O4)OH, a novel photocatalyst, under light irradiation. Bi(C2O4)OH would proceed with self-redox reactions under the light irradiation producing CO2•-, through the oxidation of C2O42-. OA in the solution could recoordinate with Bi3+, thus maintaining the structure of the photocatalysts and the stability of the reactions. Benefiting from the fast reaction between CO2•- and O2 in forming •O2-, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) would be efficiently produced (219.0 μmol/h). This study proposes a novel approach for harnessing OA containing wastewater and explores its potential application in the efficient production of H2O2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruofan Li
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Juxue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongxiang Chu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Di Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bingkun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenzhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hosseini S, Beeler JA, Sanford MS, White HS. Electroorganic synthesis in aqueous solution via generation of strongly oxidizing and reducing intermediates. Faraday Discuss 2023; 247:195-208. [PMID: 37492982 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00067b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Water is the ideal green solvent for organic electrosynthesis. However, a majority of electroorganic processes require potentials that lie beyond the electrochemical window for water. In general, water oxidation and reduction lead to poor synthetic yields and selectivity or altogether prohibit carrying out a desired reaction. Herein, we report several electroorganic reactions in water using synthetic strategies referred to as reductive oxidation and oxidative reduction. Reductive oxidation involves the homogeneous reduction of peroxydisulfate (S2O82-) via electrogenerated Ru(NH3)62+ at potential of -0.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl (3.5 M KCl) to form the highly oxidizing sulfate radical anion (E0' (SO4˙-/SO42-) = 2.21 V vs. Ag/AgCl), which is capable of oxidizing species beyond the water oxidation potential. Electrochemically generated SO4˙- then efficiently abstracts a hydrogen atom from a variety of organic compounds such as benzyl alcohol and toluene to yield product in water. The reverse analogue of reductive oxidation is oxidative reduction. In this case, the homogeneous oxidation of oxalate (C2O42-) by electrochemically generated Ru(bpy)33+ produces the strongly reducing carbon dioxide radical anion (E0' (CO2˙-/CO2) = -2.1 V vs. Ag/AgCl), which can reduce species at potential beyond the water or proton reduction potential. In preliminary studies, the CO2˙- has been used to homogeneously reduce the C-Br moiety belonging to benzyl bromide at an oxidizing potential in aqueous solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua A Beeler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
| | - Melanie S Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
| | - Henry S White
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wang T, Zong YY, Huang T, Jin XL, Wu LZ, Liu Q. Photocatalytic redox-neutral selective single C(sp 3)-F bond activation of perfluoroalkyl iminosulfides with alkenes and water. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11566-11572. [PMID: 37886085 PMCID: PMC10599478 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03771a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Visible-light-promoted site-selective and direct C-F bond functionalization of polyfluorinated iminosulfides was accomplished with alkenes and water under redox-neutral conditions, affording a diverse array of γ-lactams with a fluoro- and perfluoroalkyl-substituted carbon centre. A variety of perfluoroalkyl units, including C2F5, C3F7, C4F9, and C5F11 underwent site-selective defluorofunctionalization. This protocol allows high chemoselectivity control and shows excellent functional group tolerance. Mechanistic studies reveal that the remarkable changes of the electron geometries during the defluorination widen the redox window between the substrates and the products and ensure the chemoselectivity of single C(sp3)-F bond cleavage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Tao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Xiao-Ling Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cáceres JC, Dolmatch A, Greene BL. The Mechanism of Inhibition of Pyruvate Formate Lyase by Methacrylate. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22504-22515. [PMID: 37797332 PMCID: PMC10591478 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate Formate Lyase (PFL) catalyzes acetyl transfer from pyruvate to coenzyme a by a mechanism involving multiple amino acid radicals. A post-translationally installed glycyl radical (G734· in Escherichia coli) is essential for enzyme activity and two cysteines (C418 and C419) are proposed to form thiyl radicals during turnover, yet their unique roles in catalysis have not been directly demonstrated with both structural and electronic resolution. Methacrylate is an isostructural analog of pyruvate and an informative irreversible inhibitor of pfl. Here we demonstrate the mechanism of inhibition of pfl by methacrylate. Treatment of activated pfl with methacrylate results in the conversion of the G734· to a new radical species, concomitant with enzyme inhibition, centered at g = 2.0033. Spectral simulations, reactions with methacrylate isotopologues, and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations support our assignment of the radical to a C2 tertiary methacryl radical. The reaction is specific for C418, as evidenced by mass spectrometry. The methacryl radical decays over time, reforming G734·, and the decay exhibits a H/D solvent isotope effect of 3.4, consistent with H-atom transfer from an ionizable donor, presumably the C419 sulfhydryl group. Acrylate also inhibits PFL irreversibly, and alkylates C418, but we did not observe an acryl secondary radical in H2O or in D2O within 10 s, consistent with our DFT calculations and the expected reactivity of a secondary versus tertiary carbon-centered radical. Together, the results support unique roles of the two active site cysteines of PFL and a C419 S-H bond dissociation energy between that of a secondary and tertiary C-H bond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Cáceres
- Biomolecular
Science and Engineering Program, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - August Dolmatch
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Brandon L. Greene
- Biomolecular
Science and Engineering Program, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tan EYK, Mat Lani AS, Sow W, Liu Y, Li H, Chiba S. Dearomatization of (Hetero)arenes through Photodriven Interplay between Polysulfide Anions and Formate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309764. [PMID: 37582050 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The facile construction of C(sp3 )-rich carbo- and heterocyclic compounds is a pivotal synthetic strategy to foster contemporary drug discovery programs. The downstream dearomatization of readily accessible two-dimensional (2D) planar arenes represents a direct pathway towards accessing three-dimensional (3D) aliphatic scaffolds. Here, we demonstrate that polysulfide anions are capable of catalyzing a dearomatization process of substituted naphthalenes, indoles, and other related heteroaromatic compounds in the presence of potassium formate and methanol under visible light irradiation. The developed protocol exhibits broad functional group tolerance, operational simplicity, scalability, and cost-effectiveness, representing a practical and sustainable synthetic tool for the arene dearomatization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Yew Kun Tan
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Amirah S Mat Lani
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Wayne Sow
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Yuliang Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Haoyu Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lai Y, Halder A, Kim J, Hicks TJ, Milner PJ. Electroreductive Radical Borylation of Unactivated (Hetero)Aryl Chlorides Without Light by Using Cumulene-Based Redox Mediators. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310246. [PMID: 37559156 PMCID: PMC10529720 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Single-electron transfer (SET) plays a critical role in many chemical processes, from organic synthesis to environmental remediation. However, the selective reduction of inert substrates (Ep/2 <-2 V vs Fc/Fc+ ), such as ubiquitous electron-neutral and electron-rich (hetero)aryl chlorides, remains a major challenge. Current approaches largely rely on catalyst photoexcitation to reach the necessary deeply reducing potentials or suffer from limited substrate scopes. Herein, we demonstrate that cumulenes-organic molecules with multiple consecutive double bonds-can function as catalytic redox mediators for the electroreductive radical borylation of (hetero)aryl chlorides at relatively mild cathodic potentials (approximately -1.9 V vs. Ag/AgCl) without the need for photoirradiation. Electrochemical, spectroscopic, and computational studies support that step-wise electron transfer from reduced cumulenes to electron-neutral chloroarenes is followed by thermodynamically favorable mesolytic cleavage of the aryl radical anion to generate the desired aryl radical intermediate. Our findings will guide the development of other sustainable, purely electroreductive radical transformations of inert molecules using organic redox mediators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yihuan Lai
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Arjun Halder
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Thomas J Hicks
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Phillip J Milner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Matsumoto A, Maeda N, Maruoka K. Bidirectional Elongation Strategy Using Ambiphilic Radical Linchpin for Modular Access to 1,4-Dicarbonyls via Sequential Photocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20344-20354. [PMID: 37490759 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Organic molecules that can be connected to multiple substrates by sequential C-C bond formations can be utilized as linchpins in multicomponent processes. While they are useful for rapidly increasing molecular complexity, most of the reported linchpin coupling methods rely on the use of organometallic species as strong carbon nucleophiles to form C-C bonds, which narrows the functional group compatibility. Here, we describe a metal-free, radical-mediated coupling approach using a formyl-stabilized phosphonium ylide as a multifunctional linchpin under visible-light photoredox conditions. The present method uses the ambiphilic character of the phosphonium ylide, which serves as both a nucleophilic and an electrophilic carbon-centered radical source. The stepwise and controllable generation of these radical intermediates allows sequential photocatalysis involving two mechanistically distinct radical additions, both of which are initiated by the same photocatalyst in one pot with high functional group tolerance. The methodology enables a bidirectional assembly of the linchpin with two electronically differentiated alkene fragments and thus offers rapid and modular access to 1,4-dicarbonyl compounds as versatile synthetic intermediates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Natsumi Maeda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Keiji Maruoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kostromitin VS, Sorokin AO, Levin VV, Dilman AD. C-F Activation of Fluorinated Esters Using Photocatalytically Generated Diaminoalkyl Radical. Org Lett 2023; 25:6598-6602. [PMID: 37643219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
A method for hydrofluoroalkylation of alkenes with trifluoroacetic esters under visible light irradiation affording difluorinated products is described. The reaction involves readily available trimethyltriazinane as a shoichiometric reducing agent, which generates a diamino-substituted alkyl radical serving as a strong electron donor. It is believed that the cleavage of the C-F bond by a triazinane-derived radical involves single electron reduction coupled with fluoride transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav S Kostromitin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Artem O Sorokin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vitalij V Levin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander D Dilman
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Itoh T, Hayase S, Nokami T. Synthesis of Selectively gem-Difluorinated Molecules; Chiral gem-Difluorocyclopropanes via Chemo-Enzymatic Reaction and gem-Difluorinated Compounds via Radical Reaction. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300028. [PMID: 36949016 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of fluorine atoms into an organic compound can alter the chemical reactivity or biological activity of the resulting compound due to the strong electron withdrawing nature of the fluorine atom. We have synthesized many original gem-difluorinated compounds and described the results in four sections. The first section describes the synthesis of optically active-gem-difluorocyclopropanes via the chemo-enzymatic reaction; we applied these compounds to liquid crystalline molecules, then further discovered a potent DNA cleavage activity for the gem-difluorocyclopropane derivatives. The second section describes the synthesis of selectively gem-difluorinated compounds via a radical reaction; we synthesized fluorinated analogues of a sex pheromone of the male African sugarcane borer, Eldana saccharina, and used the compounds as proof for investigating the origin of pheromone molecule recognition on the receptor protein. The third involves the synthesis of 2,2-difluorinated-esters by visible light-driven radical addition of 2,2-difluoroacetate with alkenes or alkynes in the presence of an organic pigment. The last section describes the synthesis of gem-difluorinated compounds via the ring-opening of gem-difluorocyclopropanes. We further developed a novel method of synthesizing gem-difluorohomoallylic alcohols via the ring-opening of gem-difluorocyclopropane and aerobic oxidation by photo-irradiation in the presence of an organic pigment. Since gem-difluorinated compounds that were prepared by the present method have two olefinic moieties with a different reactivity at the terminal position, we accomplished the synthesis of four types of gem-difluorinated cyclic alkenols via the ring-closing-metathesis (RCM) reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Itoh
- Toyota Physical and Chemical Research Institute, Emeritus Professor of Tottori University, 41-1 Yokomichi, 480-1192, Nagakute city, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shuichi Hayase
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-minami, 680-8552, Tottori, Japan
| | - Toshiki Nokami
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-minami, 680-8552, Tottori, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Meger FS, Murphy JA. Recent Advances in C-H Functionalisation through Indirect Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Molecules 2023; 28:6127. [PMID: 37630379 PMCID: PMC10459052 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The functionalisation of C-H bonds has been an enormous achievement in synthetic methodology, enabling new retrosynthetic disconnections and affording simple synthetic equivalents for synthons. Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) is a key method for forming alkyl radicals from C-H substrates. Classic reactions, including the Barton nitrite ester reaction and Hofmann-Löffler-Freytag reaction, among others, provided early examples of HAT. However, recent developments in photoredox catalysis and electrochemistry have made HAT a powerful synthetic tool capable of introducing a wide range of functional groups into C-H bonds. Moreover, greater mechanistic insights into HAT have stimulated the development of increasingly site-selective protocols. Site-selectivity can be achieved through the tuning of electron density at certain C-H bonds using additives, a judicious choice of HAT reagent, and a solvent system. Herein, we describe the latest methods for functionalizing C-H/Si-H/Ge-H bonds using indirect HAT between 2018-2023, as well as a critical discussion of new HAT reagents, mechanistic aspects, substrate scopes, and background contexts of the protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filip S. Meger
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 16 Avinguda dels Països Catalans, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - John A. Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Malandain A, Molins M, Hauwelle A, Talbot A, Loreau O, D'Anfray T, Goutal S, Tournier N, Taran F, Caillé F, Audisio D. Carbon Dioxide Radical Anion by Photoinduced Equilibration between Formate Salts and [ 11C, 13C, 14C]CO 2: Application to Carbon Isotope Radiolabeling. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37486080 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The need for carbon-labeled radiotracers is increasingly higher in drug discovery and development (carbon-14, β-, t1/2 = 5730 years) as well as in positron emission tomography (PET) for in vivo molecular imaging applications (carbon-11, β+, t1/2 = 20.4 min). However, the structural diversity of radiotracers is still systematically driven by the narrow available labeled sources and methodologies. In this context, the emergence of carbon dioxide radical anion chemistry might set forth potential unexplored opportunities. Based on a dynamic isotopic equilibration between formate salts and [13C, 14C, 11C]CO2, C-labeled radical anion CO2•- could be accessed under extremely mild conditions within seconds. This methodology was successfully applied to hydrocarboxylation and dicarboxylation reactions in late-stage carbon isotope labeling of pharmaceutically relevant compounds. The relevance of the method in applied radiochemistry was showcased by the whole-body PET biodistribution profile of [11C]oxaprozin in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Augustin Malandain
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Maxime Molins
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alexandre Hauwelle
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale Paris-Saclay (BioMaps), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CNRS, CEA, F-91401 Orsay, France
| | - Alex Talbot
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Olivier Loreau
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Timothée D'Anfray
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sébastien Goutal
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale Paris-Saclay (BioMaps), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CNRS, CEA, F-91401 Orsay, France
| | - Nicolas Tournier
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale Paris-Saclay (BioMaps), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CNRS, CEA, F-91401 Orsay, France
| | - Frédéric Taran
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Fabien Caillé
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale Paris-Saclay (BioMaps), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CNRS, CEA, F-91401 Orsay, France
| | - Davide Audisio
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mikhael M, Alektiar SN, Yeung CS, Wickens ZK. Translating Planar Heterocycles into Three-Dimensional Analogs by Photoinduced Hydrocarboxylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202303264. [PMID: 37199340 PMCID: PMC10524292 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202303264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The rapid preparation of complex three-dimensional (3D) heterocyclic scaffolds is a key challenge in modern medicinal chemistry. Despite the increased probability of clinical success for small molecule therapeutic candidates with increased 3D complexity, new drug targets remain dominated by flat molecules due to the abundance of coupling reactions available for their construction. In principle, heteroarene hydrofunctionalization reactions offer an opportunity to transform readily accessible planar molecules into more three-dimensionally complex analogs through the introduction of a single molecular vector. Unfortunately, dearomative hydrofunctionalization reactions remain limited. Herein, we report a new strategy to enable the dearomative hydrocarboxylation of indoles and related heterocycles. This reaction represents a rare example of a heteroarene hydrofunctionalization that meets the numerous requirements for broad implementation in drug discovery. The transformation is highly chemoselective, broad in scope, operationally simple, and readily amenable to high-throughput experimentation (HTE). Accordingly, this process will allow existing libraries of heteroaromatic compounds to be translated into diverse 3D analogs and enable exploration of new classes of medicinally relevant molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Mikhael
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Sara N. Alektiar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - Charles S. Yeung
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Zachary K. Wickens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zoli M, Guzmán H, Sacco A, Russo N, Hernández S. Cu 2O/SnO 2 Heterostructures: Role of the Synthesis Procedure on PEC CO 2 Conversion. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4497. [PMID: 37444811 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Addressing the urgent need to mitigate increasing levels of CO2 in the atmosphere and combat global warming, the development of earth-abundant catalysts for selective photo-electrochemical CO2 conversion is a central and pressing challenge. Toward this purpose, two synthetic strategies for obtaining a Cu2O-SnO2 catalyst, namely co-precipitation and core-shell methods, were compared. The morphology and band gap energy of the synthesized materials were strongly different. The photoactivity of the core-shell catalyst was improved by 30% compared to the co-precipitation one, while its selectivity was shifted towards C1 products such as CO and formate. The stability of both catalysts was revealed by an easy and fast EIS analysis, indicating how the effective presence of a SnO2 shell could prevent the modification of the crystalline phase of the catalyst during PEC tests. Finally, directing the selectivity depending on the synthesis method used to produce the final Cu2O-SnO2 catalyst could possibly be implemented in syngas and formate transformation processes, such as hydroformylation or the Fischer-Tropsch process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Zoli
- CREST Group, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Hilmar Guzmán
- CREST Group, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Adriano Sacco
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies @Polito, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 10144 Turin, Italy
| | - Nunzio Russo
- CREST Group, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Simelys Hernández
- CREST Group, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Smith GC, Zhang DH, Zhang W, Soliven AH, Wuest WM. Visible-Light/Nickel-Catalyzed Carboxylation of C(sp 2) Bromides via Formate Activation. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37319431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A new visible-light-driven method for the carboxylation of (hetero)aryl/vinyl bromides has been developed using catalytic 4CzIPN, nickel, phenyl triflimide, and sodium formate as a carboxylation agent. Interestingly, we found catalytic phenyl triflimide plays an essential role in promoting the reaction. While many C(sp2) carboxylation reactions require harsh reagents or gaseous carbon dioxide, we demonstrate the mild and facile construction of carboxylic acids from readily available starting materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin C Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Drason H Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Wanli Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Abigail H Soliven
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - William M Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Alektiar SN, Han J, Dang Y, Rubel CZ, Wickens ZK. Radical Hydrocarboxylation of Unactivated Alkenes via Photocatalytic Formate Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10991-10997. [PMID: 37186951 PMCID: PMC10636750 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Herein we disclose a strategy to promote the hydrocarboxylation of unactivated alkenes using photochemical activation of formate salts. We illustrate that an alternative initiation mechanism circumvents the limitations of prior approaches and enables hydrocarboxylation of this challenging substrate class. Specifically, we found that accessing the requisite thiyl radical initiator without an exogenous chromophore eliminates major byproducts that have plagued attempts to exploit similar reactivity for unactivated alkene substrates. This redox-neutral method is technically simple to execute and effective across a broad range of alkene substrates. Feedstock alkenes, such as ethylene, are hydrocarboxylated at ambient temperature and pressure. A series of radical cyclization experiments indicate how the reactivity described in this report can be diverted by more complex radical processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara N. Alektiar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jimin Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Y Dang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Camille Z. Rubel
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Zachary K. Wickens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Fan J, Koh AP, Zhou J, Zhang ZF, Wu CS, Webster RD, Su MD, So CW. Tetrakis( N-heterocyclic Carbene)-Diboron(0): Double Single-Electron-Transfer Reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11669-11677. [PMID: 37201187 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The use of 1,3,4,5-tetramethylimidazol-2-ylidene (IMe) to coordinate with diatomic B2 species afforded a tetrakis(N-heterocyclic carbene)-diboron(0) [(IMe)2B-B(IMe)2] (2). The singly bonded B2 moiety therein possesses a valence electronic configuration 1σg21πu21πg*2 with four vacant molecular orbitals (1σu*, 2σg, 1πu', 1πg'*) coordinated with IMe. Its unprecedented electronic structure is analogous to the energetically unfavorable planar hydrazine with a D2h symmetry. The two highly reactive πg* antibonding electrons enable double single-electron-transfer (SET) reactivity in small-molecule activation. Compound 2 underwent a double SET reduction with CO2 to form two carbon dioxide radical anions CO2•-, which then reduced pyridine to yield a carboxylated pyridine reductive coupling dianion [O2CNC5(H)5-C5(H)5NCO2]2- and converted compound 2 to the tetrakis(N-heterocyclic carbene)-diborene dication [(IMe)2B═B(IMe)2]2+ (32+). This is a remarkable transition-metal-free SET reduction of CO2 without ultraviolet/visible (UV/vis) light conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fan
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - An-Ping Koh
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Jingsong Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Shiun Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Richard D Webster
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Williams OP, Chmiel AF, Mikhael M, Bates DM, Yeung CS, Wickens ZK. Practical and General Alcohol Deoxygenation Protocol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300178. [PMID: 36840940 PMCID: PMC10121858 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe a practical protocol for the removal of alcohol functional groups through reductive cleavage of their benzoate ester analogs. This transformation requires a strong single electron transfer (SET) reductant and a means to accelerate slow fragmentation following substrate reduction. To accomplish this, we developed a photocatalytic system that generates a potent reductant from formate salts alongside Brønsted or Lewis acids that promote fragmentation of the reduced intermediate. This deoxygenation procedure is effective across structurally and electronically diverse alcohols and enables a variety of difficult net transformations. This protocol requires no precautions to exclude air or moisture and remains efficient on multigram scale. Finally, the system can be adapted to a one-pot benzoylation-deoxygenation sequence to enable direct alcohol deletion. Mechanistic studies validate that the role of acidic additives is to promote the key C(sp3 )-O bond fragmentation step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver P. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - Alyah F. Chmiel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - Myriam Mikhael
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Desiree M. Bates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - Charles S. Yeung
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Zachary K. Wickens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Fu Y, Liu X, Xia Y, Guo X, Guo J, Zhang J, Zhao W, Wu Y, Wang J, Zhong F. Whole-cell-catalyzed hydrogenation/deuteration of aryl halides with a genetically repurposed photodehalogenase. Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
|
42
|
Fors SA, Malapit CA. Homogeneous Catalysis for the Conversion of CO 2, CO, CH 3OH, and CH 4 to C 2+ Chemicals via C–C Bond Formation. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stella A. Fors
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Christian A. Malapit
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hendy CM, Pratt CJ, Jui NT, Blakey SB. Defluoroalkylation of Trifluoromethylarenes with Hydrazones: Rapid Access to Benzylic Difluoroarylethylamines. Org Lett 2023; 25:1397-1402. [PMID: 36848497 PMCID: PMC10012270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report an efficient and modular approach toward the formation of difluorinated arylethylamines from simple aldehyde-derived N,N-dialkylhydrazones and trifluoromethylarenes (CF3-arenes). This method relies on selective C-F bond cleavage via reduction of the CF3-arene. We show that a diverse set of CF3-arenes and CF3-heteroarenes react smoothly with a range of aryl and alkyl hydrazones. The β-difluorobenzylic hydrazine product can be selectively cleaved to form the corresponding benzylic difluoroarylethylamines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia M Hendy
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Cameron J Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Nathan T Jui
- Loxo Oncology, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Simon B Blakey
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Matsuo B, Majhi J, Granados A, Sharique M, Martin RT, Gutierrez O, Molander GA. Transition metal-free photochemical C-F activation for the preparation of difluorinated-oxindole derivatives. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2379-2385. [PMID: 36873833 PMCID: PMC9977406 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06179a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of strategies for single and selective C-F bond activation represents an important avenue to overcome limitations in the synthesis of valuable fluorine-containing compounds. The synthetic and medicinal research communities would benefit from new routes that access such relevant molecules in a simple manner. Herein we disclose a straightforward and mechanistically distinct pathway to generate gem-difluoromethyl radicals and their installation onto N-arylmethacrylamides for the preparation of valuable difluorinated oxindole derivatives. To achieve operational simplicity, the use of a readily available benzenethiol as a photocatalyst under open-to-air conditions was developed, demonstrating the facile multigram preparation of the targeted fluorinated molecules. Additionally, dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT) and empirical investigations provide a new basis to support the proposed reaction pathway, indicating that arene thiolate is an efficient organophotocatalyst for this transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Matsuo
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Jadab Majhi
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Albert Granados
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Mohammed Sharique
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Robert T Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive College Park Maryland 20742 USA
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive College Park Maryland 20742 USA.,Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University 580 Ross St. College Station Texas 77843 USA
| | - Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wang SD, Yang B, Zhang H, Qu JP, Kang YB. Reductive Cleavage of C-X or N-S Bonds Catalyzed by Super Organoreductant CBZ6. Org Lett 2023; 25:816-820. [PMID: 36693162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The reductive cleavage of C(Ar)-X bonds is the key step for the cross coupling of Ar-X with other groups. In this work, under the irradiation of 407 nm LEDs using sodium formate as reductant and thiol as hydrogen atom transfer agent, a variety of (hetero)aryl chlorides, bromides, and iodides could be reduced to corresponding (hetero)arenes. The key intermediates, aryl radicals, could be trapped by either hydrogen, phosphite, or borates. The same reduction conditions can be extended to the deprotection of sulfonamides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Da Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jian-Ping Qu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yan-Biao Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Mangaonkar SR, Hayashi H, Takano H, Kanna W, Maeda S, Mita T. Photoredox/HAT-Catalyzed Dearomative Nucleophilic Addition of the CO 2 Radical Anion to (Hetero)Aromatics. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c06192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeesh R. Mangaonkar
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
- JST, ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hayashi
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
- JST, ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hideaki Takano
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
- JST, ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Wataru Kanna
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
- JST, ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
- Research and Services Division of Materials Data and Integrated System (MaDIS), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Mita
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
- JST, ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Li H, Li S, Hu H, Sun R, Liu M, Ding A, Liu X, Luo W, Fu Z, Guo S, Cai H. Visible-light-induced C(sp 3)-C(sp 3) bond formation via radical/radical cross-coupling. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:1205-1208. [PMID: 36629273 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05840e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Radical/radical cross-coupling remains challenging due to diffusion control issues. Herein, we report a visible-light-induced radical/radical cross-coupling reaction of quaternary ammonium salts and Hantzschs via C-N and C-C bond cleavage. The current synthetic approach furnishes 1,2-diphenylethanes in moderate to good yields and provides a method for the construction of the C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoyuan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, No. 999, Xuefu Rd, Nanchang, 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Sen Li
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, No. 999, Xuefu Rd, Nanchang, 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Huimin Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, No. 999, Xuefu Rd, Nanchang, 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Runbo Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, No. 999, Xuefu Rd, Nanchang, 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Meixia Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, No. 999, Xuefu Rd, Nanchang, 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Anjun Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, No. 999, Xuefu Rd, Nanchang, 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoyong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, No. 999, Xuefu Rd, Nanchang, 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Wenlin Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, No. 999, Xuefu Rd, Nanchang, 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Zhengjiang Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, No. 999, Xuefu Rd, Nanchang, 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Shengmei Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, No. 999, Xuefu Rd, Nanchang, 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Hu Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, No. 999, Xuefu Rd, Nanchang, 330031, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Xu P, Wang S, Xu H, Liu YQ, Li RB, Liu WW, Wang XY, Zou ML, Zhou Y, Guo D, Zhu X. Dicarboxylation of Alkenes with CO 2 and Formate via Photoredox Catalysis. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c06377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Sai Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Yi-Qin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Rui-Bo Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Wen-Wen Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Xing-Yu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Ming-Lin Zou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Dong Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Xu Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Hou J, Hua LL, Huang Y, Zhan LW, Li BD. Visible-Light-Promoted Catalyst-Free Oxyarylation and Hydroarylation of Alkenes with Carbon Dioxide Radical Anion. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201092. [PMID: 36415140 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Visible-light-mediated oxyarylation and hydroarylation of alkenes with aryl halides using formate salts as the reductant and hydrogen source under ambient conditions were developed. These protocols represent rare catalyst-free examples of the realization of such transformations. Using styrenes as substrates, oxyarylation could occur smoothly. Whereas, hydroarylation proceeds employing electron deficient alkenes. Moreover, dehalogenation proceeds successfully in the absence of alkenes. We expected that this method could provide a valuable strategy for the functionalization of aryl halides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hou
- Department College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Li-Li Hua
- Department College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Le-Wu Zhan
- Department College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Bin-Dong Li
- Department College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wu Z, Wu M, Zhu K, Wu J, Lu Y. Photocatalytic coupling of electron-deficient alkenes using oxalic acid as a traceless linchpin. Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|